The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics
Open accessAbstract
Vertical farming systems (VFS) have been proposed as an engineering solution to increase productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production into the vertical dimension. To test whether this approach presents a viable alternative to horizontal crop production systems, a VFS (where plants were grown in upright cylindrical columns) was compared against a conventional horizontal hydroponic system (HHS) using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. “Little Gem”) as a model crop. Both systems had similar root zone volume and planting density. Half‐strength Hoagland's solution was applied to plants grown in perlite in an indoor controlled environment room, with metal halide lamps providing artificial lighting. Light distribution (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) and yield (shoot fresh weight) within each system were assessed. Although PPFD and shoot fresh weight decreased significantly in the VFS from top to base, the VFS produced more crop per unit of growing floor area when compared with the HHS. Our results clearly demonstrate that VFS presents an attractive alternative to horizontal hydroponic growth systems and suggest that further increases in yield could be achieved by incorporating artificial lighting in the VFS.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2025) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 352,181
The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil
Hoagland, D. R., & Arnon, D. I. (1938) · Cited by 11,217
The Water-Culture Method of Growing Plants without Soil.
Hoaglang, D. R. (1950) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,555
Solutions for a cultivated planet
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10452 · Cited by 8,476
Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116437108 · Cited by 7,692
Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity
Lambin, E. F., & Meyfroidt, P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1100480108 · Cited by 3,160
The effects of light-emitting diode lighting on greenhouse plant growth and quality
Olle, M., & Viršile, A. (2013) · Agricultural and Food Science · doi:10.23986/afsci.7897 · Cited by 487
Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review
Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y · Cited by 470
Son, K.-H., & Oh, M.-M. (2013) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.48.8.988 · Cited by 393
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Health Synthesis
Corvalan, C. F., Hales, S., McMichael, A. J., Butler, C. D., Campbell-Lendrum, D. H., Confalonieri, U., Leitner, K., Lewis, N. S., Patz, J., Polson, K. A., et al. (2005) · Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) · Cited by 389
Cited by
Dou, H., Niu, G., Gu, M., & Masabni, J. G. (2018) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci12785-17 · Cited by 151
The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems – The environmental credentials
Schmidt Rivera, X., Rodgers, B., Odanye, T., Jalil-Vega, F., & Farmer, J. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160420 · Cited by 38
Avgoustaki, D. D. (2019) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en12203980 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Touliatos, D., Dodd, I. C., & McAinsh, M.
- Venue
- Food and Energy Security
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 184-191
- ISSN
- 2048-3694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2471294595
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 27
- FWCI
- 18.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
