Solutions for a cultivated planet
Open accessAbstract
Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
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Cropland occupies 1.53 billion hectares of Earth's land surface.
“The area of Earth’s land surface devoted to cropland already occupies 1.53 billion hectares (83)”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [83]
Without gains in yield and efficiency of agricultural systems, the expansion of human populations will inevitably continue to reduce and fragment natural areas.
“Without gains in yield and efficiency of agricultural systems (83), the expansion of human populations will inevitably continue to reduce and fragment natural areas.”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [83]
Rates of growth in the global extent and per capita use of land for agriculture seem to be declining even as human populations increase beyond seven billion and per capita demand for food is increasing.
“Even as human populations increase beyond seven billion and per capita demand for food is increasing, rates of growth in the global extent and per capita use of land for agriculture seem to be declining (22).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
Depending on location, there is still strong potential for further intensification of agricultural land use.
“Recent studies indicate that, depending on location, there is still strong potential for further intensification of agricultural land use (22, 104, 126).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
Practices that increase C inputs include improved varieties or species with greater root mass, crop rotations that provide greater C inputs, more residue retention, and cover crops during fallow periods.
“Practices that increase C inputs include (i) improved varieties or species with greater root mass to deposit C in deeper layers where turnover is slower 21 , (ii) adopting crop rotations that provide greater C inputs 22 , (iii) more residue retention 23 , and (iv) cover crops during fallow periods to provide year-round C inputs (Fig. 1).22,24”
From Climate-smart soils (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., Balzer, C., Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R., Hill, J., Monfreda, C., Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., Tilman, D., & Zaks, D. P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Foley, Jonathan A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 478
- Issue
- 7369
- Pages
- 337-342
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2126902408
- Cited by
- 8,476
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 616 · 2024: 731 · 2023: 710 · 2022: 738 · 2021: 821 · 2020: 814 · 2019: 685 · 2018: 586 · 2017: 489 · 2016: 477 · 2015: 404 · 2014: 348 · 2013: 294 · 2012: 167
- FWCI
- 230.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Climate change impacts on agriculture
- Keywords
- food security, agricultural expansion, yield gap, dietary change, food production growth, environmental impact of agriculture, land degradation, energy crops, animal feed, food waste, population growth
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources, Diet, Environment, Food Supply, Humans, Models, Theoretical
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