The influence of thermal reaction and microbial transformation on the odour of human urine
Abstract
The typical stale urine odour is the consequence of thermal or bacterial degradation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, equipped with a multi‐sniffing port for olfactive evaluation (GC‐MS‐O), was performed to analyse an organic extract of boiled urine originating from seven male donors. This analysis stressed the importance of guaiacol, 2‐methoxy‐4‐ and ‐6‐methyl phenol, 4‐vinyl‐guaiacol, indole, skatole and vanillin in urine malodour. Analysis of the headspace of the highly volatile compounds showed the occurrence of trimethylamine, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. However, odour artefacts such as pyrazines, acetyl thiazole and sugar degradation products were formed during the boiling process and represented important background noise. In parallel, fermented urine samples were judged by sniffing to be more characteristic of a urine smell, due to the presence of methional, phenol, p ‐cresol and α ‐androstenol. The two urine‐isolated Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia fergusonii and Morganella morganii (urease positive), were particularly efficient at increasing urine pH and generating phenol, p ‐cresol, indole, dimethyl sulfide and trimethylamine after 3 days of incubation of sterile male urine at 37 °C. Streptococcus agalactiae produced a high level of α ‐androstenol, whereas Micrococcus luteus CIP 103664 and isolated anaerobic bacteria did not produce any malodours. Analytical comparisons between boiled and fermented aged urine revealed that incubation of sterile urine with a bacterial mixture of E. fergusonii , Enterococcus faecalis , Citrobacter koseri , S. agalactiae and M . morganii produced a representative aged urine odour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Fermenting urine resulting from enzymatic cleavage of urea by ureases has been noted to be representative of the smell found in public pit latrines.
“Fermenting urine resulting from enzymatic cleavage of urea by ureases has been noted to be representative of the smell found in public pit latrines [78, 79].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
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Loos, H. M., Kiavar, L., & Carkit-Yilmaz, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30752-1_14
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Applications in plant science and breath analysis
Alivelu, M. S. B. S. D. S. S. A. V. (2015)
- Authors
- Troccaz, M., Niclass, Y., Anziani, P., & Starkenmann, C.
- Affiliations
- Firmenich (Switzerland) (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Starkenmann, Christian
- Venue
- Flavour and Fragrance Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-01-25
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 200-211
- ISSN
- 0882-5734 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1026
- OpenAlex
- W1588432493
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Flavour and Fragrance Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Odor and Emission Control Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Keywords
- urine odour, malodor, thermal degradation, bacterial degradation, guaiacol, indole, skatole, 4-vinylguaiacol, trimethylamine, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, Escherichia fergusonii, Morganella morganii, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterobacteriaceae, phenols, p-cresol
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