Antioxidant assays – consistent findings from FRAP and ORAC reveal a negative impact of organic cultivation on antioxidant potential in spinach but not watercress or rocket leaves
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Watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) are commercial crops reported to have high concentrations of antioxidants, possibly contributing to disease prevention following human consumption. Following analysis of supermarket-purchased salad leaves, we report the antioxidant content potential of these species using two comparable techniques assessing the consistency between the assays - by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The leaves were harvested from both conventionally and organically managed crops, to investigate whether organic agriculture results in improved crop quality. Watercress had the highest FRAP and ability to scavenge free radicals, followed by spinach and rocket. For watercress and rocket, there was no significant effect of organic agriculture on FRAP and ORAC, but for spinach, the antioxidant potential was reduced and this was significant at the 5% level of probability for FRAP but not ORAC, although the trend was clear in both tests. We conclude that there is variation in salad crop antioxidant potential and that FRAP and ORAC are useful techniques for measuring antioxidants in these salad crops with similar ranking for each salad crop studied.
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In plants, antioxidants work in two major pathways, i.e., hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET).
“In plants, antioxidants work in two major pathways, i.e., hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) [30].”
From Optimization of Cold Brew Coffee Using Central Composite Design and Its Properties Compared with Hot Brew Coffee (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Payne, A. C., Mazzer, A., Clarkson, G. J. J., & Taylor, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Vitacress (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Gail
- ORCID
- Taylor, Gail
- Venue
- Food Science & Nutrition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-10-16
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 439-444
- ISSN
- 2048-7177 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3951540
- OpenAlex
- W2143948890
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Science & Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Southampton
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Keywords
- antioxidant capacity, organic farming, spinach, watercress, wild rocket, FRAP, ORAC, free radical scavenging, antioxidant assays, crop quality, Diplotaxis tenuifolia
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