Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor gene profiling of cultured human astrocytes after exposure to proinflammatory stimuli

Abstract

Astrocytes play key roles in CNS development, inflammation, and repair by producing a wide variety of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Understanding the regulation of this network is important for a full understanding of astrocyte functioning. In this study, expression levels of 268 genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and their receptors were established in cultured human adult astrocytes using cDNA arrays. Also, changes in this gene profile were determined following stimulation with TNFα, IL‐1β, and IFNγ. The data obtained reveal a highly reproducible pattern of gene expression not only between different astrocyte cultures from a single source, but also between astrocytes from different donors. They also identify several gene products not previously described for human astrocytes, including a.o. IL‐17, CD70, CD147, and BIGH3. When stimulated with TNFα astrocytes respond with increased expression of several genes, notably including those encoding the chemokines CCL2 (MCP‐1), CCL5 (RANTES), and CXCL8 (IL‐8), growth factors including BMP‐2A, BMP‐3, neuromodulin (GAP43), BDNF, and G‐CSF, and receptors such as the CRF receptor, the calcitonin receptor (CTR), and TKT. The response to IL‐1β involves largely the same range of genes, but responses were blunted in comparison to the TNFα response. Treatment with IFNγ had no or only marginal effects on expression of any of the 268 genes analyzed. Astrocytes treated with a mixture of all three stimuli together displayed responses that are largely similar to those found in response to TNFα or IL‐1β alone, with only few additional synergistic effects. The Supplementary Material referred to in this article can be found at the GLIA website (http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0894‐1491/suppmat/2003/v43.html) © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.