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Long-term accumulation of microglia with proneurogenic phenotype concomitant with persistent neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone after stroke
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult rat subventricular zone (SVZ) generate new striatal neurons during several months after ischemic stroke. Whether the microglial response associated with ischemic injury extends into SVZ and influences neuroblast production is unknown. Here, we demonstrate increased numbers of activated microglia in ipsilateral SVZ concomitant with neuroblast migration into the striatum at 2, 6, and 16 weeks, with maximum at 6 weeks, following 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In the peri-infarct striatum, numbers of activated microglia peaked already at 2 weeks and declined thereafter. Microglia in SVZ were resident or originated from bone marrow, with maximum proliferation during the first 2 weeks postinsult. In SVZ, microglia exhibited ramified or intermediate morphology, signifying a downregulated inflammatory profile, whereas amoeboid or round phagocytic microglia were frequent in the peri-infarct striatum. Numbers of microglia expressing markers of antigen-presenting cells (MHC-II, CD86) increased in SVZ but very few lymphocytes were detected. Using quantitative PCR, strong short- and long-term increase (at 1 and 6 weeks postinfarct) of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene expression was detected in SVZ tissue. Elevated numbers of IGF-1-expressing microglia were found in SVZ at 2, 6, and 16 weeks after stroke. At 16 weeks, 5% of microglia but no other cells in SVZ expressed the IGF-1 protein, which mitigates apoptosis and promotes proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. The long-term accumulation of microglia with proneurogenic phenotype in the SVZ implies a supportive role of these cells for the continuous neurogenesis after stroke.
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“Igf1 is abundantly expressed by microglia during postnatal development, aging or following brain injuries and plays a vital role in promoting neuronal survival (59,63–66).”
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“Some features and feature combinations may concentrate in some brain structures and may not be distributed throughout others, such as the proliferative potential (Walton et al., 2006; Marshall et al., 2008; Thored et al., 2009).”
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“…and maintenance of neurogenesis in the SGZ neurogenic niche (Sierra et al., 2010) given that they impact on the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (Gebara et al., 2013); also they are particularly relevant in modulating the SEZ in response to brain injury (Thored et al., 2009).”
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“IGF-1 produced by microglia in the SVZ can promote proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells [”
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“…Changes in the Cytoarchitecture of the SVZ Microenvironment Previous studies demonstrated that the SVZ microenvironment can affect the neurogenic capacity (Ihrie and Alvarez- Buylla, 2011; Kazanis et al., 2010; Lim et al., 2000; Shen et al., 2008; Tavazoie et al., 2008; Thored et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAn update on the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease
Imbimbo, B. P. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543780903066780 · Cited by 109
“Under pathological conditions, there is accumulation of microglia with proneurogenic phenotype in the adult rat subventricular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, implying a supportive role of these cells for the continuous neurogenesis after damage [108].”
Backgroundvan Buel, E. M., Patas, K., Peters, M., Bosker, F. J., Eisel, U. L. M., & Klein, H. C. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.100 · Cited by 112
Venkatesan, C., Chrzaszcz, M., Choi, N., & Wainwright, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-7-32 · Cited by 103
Microglia dynamics and function in the CNS
Parkhurst, C. N., & Gan, W.-B. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.002 · Cited by 132
“Microglial proliferation within the subventricular zone of hypoxic mouse brain peaks at two weeks after insult [30].”
Hippocampal adult neurogenesis: Does the immune system matter?
de Miranda, A. S., Zhang, C., Katsumoto, A., & Teixeira, A. L. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.052 · Cited by 103
Fonseca, R. S., Mahesula, S., Apple, D. M., Raghunathan, R., Dugan, A. M., Cardona, A. E., O’Connor, J. C., & Kokovay, E. (2016) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2015.0319 · Cited by 104
“Likewise, NSC proliferation is increased in many animal models of brain pathology associated with microglia activation and brain inflammation such as ischemia [66], traumatic brain injury [67], and multiple sclerosis [33], and this is thought to be important in the endogenous repair response.”
BackgroundMacrophages are essential for maintaining a M2 protective response early after ischemic brain injury
Perego, C., Fumagalli, S., Zanier, E. R., Carlino, E., Panini, N., Erba, E., & Simoni, M. G. D. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.017 · Cited by 100
“…microglia can also promote injury resolution and lesion repair (LalancetteHébert et al., 2007) through the removal of toxic glutamate (Nakajima et al., 2008) and cellular debris, and through the production of neurotrophic factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, Thored et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOrtega, F. J., Jolkkonen, J., Mahy, N., & Rodríguez, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.166 · Cited by 99
The evolving role of neuro‐immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke
Wang, X., Xuan, W., Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Zhu, H., Zhu, L., Fu, D. D., Yang, L., Li, P., & Yu, W. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13077 · Cited by 100
Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics
Fang, S., Wu, Z., Guo, Y., Zhu, W., Wan, C., Yuan, N., Chen, J., Hao, W., Mo, X., Guo, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193053 · Cited by 107
Mending the broken brain: neuroimmune interactions in neurogenesis
Molina‐Holgado, E., & Molina‐Holgado, F. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06849.x · Cited by 96
L’Episcopo, F., Tirolo, C., Testa, N., Caniglia, S., Morale, M. C., Impagnatiello, F., Pluchino, S., & Marchetti, B. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3206-12.2013 · Cited by 96
“…with the process of aging and PD, the neurogenic potential is dramatically reduced in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles (Tropepe et al., 1997; Enwere et al., 2004; Höglinger et al., 2004; Maslov et al., 2004; Luo et al., 2006; Ahlenius et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNeuroinflammation and central nervous system regeneration in vertebrates
Kyritsis, N., Kızıl, Ç., & Brand, M. (2013) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2013.08.004 · Cited by 97
Ajmone‐Cat, M. A., Salvatori, M. L., Simone, R. D., Mancini, M., Biagioni, S., Bernardo, A., Cacci, E., & Minghetti, L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22783 · Cited by 99
“As demonstrated by our group and other groups, after classical acute stimulation, microglial cells and their products, such as IL-6, TNF-a, IL-18, and IL-1a, hamper neurogenesis by reducing survival and/or differentiation of NSC and hippocampal progenitors and strongly promote gliogenesis.”
BackgroundRobel, S., Bardehle, S., Lepier, A., Brakebusch, C., & Götz, M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2696-11.2011 · Cited by 95
Classic and novel stem cell niches in brain homeostasis and repair
Lin, R., & Iacovitti, L. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.029 · Cited by 96
Injury and repair in the neurovascular unit
Xing, C., Hayakawa, K., Lok, J. M., Arai, K., & Lo, E. H. (2012) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/1743132812y.0000000019 · Cited by 93
Microglia metabolism in health and disease
Borst, K., Schwabenland, M., & Prinz, M. (2019) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.006 · Cited by 95
Endonuclease VIII-like 3 (Neil3) DNA glycosylase promotes neurogenesis induced by hypoxia-ischemia
Sejersted, Y., Hildrestrand, G. A., Kunke, D., Rolseth, V., Krokeide, S. Z., Neurauter, C. G., Suganthan, R., Atneosen‐Åsegg, M., Fleming, A. M., Saugstad, O. D., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1106880108 · Cited by 89
“Microglial activation occurs early in the striatal peri-infarct area, whereas the presence of these cells peaks first after 6 wk within the SVZ (36).”
BackgroundJiang, T., Zhang, L., Pan, X., Zheng, H., Chen, X., Li, L., Luo, J., & Hu, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00404 · Cited by 91
“IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1. processes, and ameboid microglia with large cell bodies and almost no processes evident (Kreutzberg, 1996; Thored et al., 2009; Xiong et al., 2016; Supplementary Figures S2C–”
Ionic Transporter Activity in Astrocytes, Microglia, and Oligodendrocytes During Brain Ischemia
Annunziato, L., Boscia, F., & Pignataro, G. (2013) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.44 · Cited by 92
Glial-Neuronal Interactions in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury
Lukáčová, N., Kisucká, A., Bimbová, K., Bačová, M., Ileninová, M., Kuruc, T., & Gálik, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413577 · Cited by 94
“insulin-like growth factor-1, which suppresses apoptosis and increases proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells [31].”
BackgroundFriend, Foe or Both? Immune Activity in Alzheimer’s Disease
Frost, G. R., Jonas, L. A., & Li, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00337 · Cited by 88
“Microglia also remove damaged synapses in a neuroprotective process known as synaptic stripping (Trapp et al., 2007; Yamada et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDynamic Modulation of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization by miR-124 after Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Taj, S. H., Kho, W., Aswendt, M., Collmann, F. M., Green, C., Adamczak, J. M., Tennstaedt, A., & Hoehn, M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-016-9700-y · Cited by 88
Current Challenges for the Advancement of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Transplantation Research
Reekmans, K., Praet, J., Daans, J., Reumers, V., Pauwels, P., der Linden, A. V., Berneman, Z. N., & Ponsaerts, P. (2011) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-011-9266-2 · Cited by 87
“Recently, several neuroprotective functions of microglia have been described in animal models for stroke and MS [133, 134].”
BackgroundCan we switch microglia's phenotype to foster neuroprotection? Focus on multiple sclerosis
Giunti, D., Parodi, B., Cordano, C., Uccelli, A., & de Rosbo, N. K. (2013) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12177 · Cited by 87
Neurogenesis in neurological and psychiatric diseases and brain injury: From bench to bedside
Ruan, L., Lau, B. W.-M., Wang, J., Huang, L., Zhuge, Q., Wang, B. Z., Jin, K., & So, K. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.006 · Cited by 89
“Thored et al. (2009) reported that for up to a year after ischemia, neuroblasts in the SVZ could migrate to injured areas like the striatum.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Thored, P., Heldmann, U., Gomes‐Leal, W., Gisler, R., Darsalia, V., Taneera, J., Nygren, J. M., Jacobsen, S. W., Ekdahl, C. T., Kokaia, Z., & Lindvall, O.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lindvall, Olle
- ORCID
- Venue
- Glia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-12-02
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 835-849
- ISSN
- 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1136
- OpenAlex
- W2114303594
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Glia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, subventricular zone, ischemic stroke, adult neurogenesis, neuroblast migration, striatum, microglial activation, insulin-like growth factor I, neurogenesis, MHC class II, CD86, antigen-presenting cells, middle cerebral artery occlusion, stroke recovery
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Cell Movement, Corpus Striatum, Disease Models, Animal, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Functional Laterality, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Microfilament Proteins, Phenotype, Time Factors, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rats, Wistar, Leukocyte Common Antigens, Microglia, Stroke, Lateral Ventricles, Cell Proliferation, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice, Rats, Ectodysplasins, Neurogenesis
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