Low Serum Hepcidin Is Associated With Reduced Short‐Term Survival in Adults With Acute Liver Failure
Open accessAbstract
The liver has an important role in iron homeostasis through the synthesis of the serum transporter transferrin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The aim of this study was to analyze parameters of iron metabolism in a multicenter cohort of adult patients with acute liver failure (ALF) and in an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced ALF mouse model. A representative subset of 121 adults with ALF (including 66 APAP-related patients) had baseline serum samples tested for ferritin, transferrin, iron, and hepcidin. Outcomes at 3 weeks after enrollment were categorized as spontaneous survivor (SS) versus death/transplantation (NSS). Mice were assessed before (controls) and 4 and 18 hours after injection of 300 mg/kg APAP. Patients with ALF as well as APAP-treated mice displayed increased ferritin and diminished serum hepcidin and hepcidin/ferritin ratio. SS had lower iron (29.1% vs. 34.5 µmol/L; P < 0.05) and transferrin saturation (60.9% vs. 79.1%; P < 0.01), but higher hepcidin levels (8.2 vs. 2.7 ng/mL; P < 0.001) and hepcidin/ferritin ratio (0.0047 vs. 0.0009; P < 0.001) than NSS. In a multivariate analysis, a log-transformed hepcidin-containing model displayed similar prognostic power as the established Acute Liver Failure Study Group index (C-statistic 0.87 vs. 0.85) and was better than Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (C-statistic 0.76). In mice, hepcidin levels inversely correlated with the surrogate of liver injury. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that several serum iron parameters significantly associate with 3-week outcomes in adults with ALF. Among them, hepcidin decreases early during experimental APAP-induced ALF, is an independent predictor and might be a useful component of future prognostic scores.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Paracetamol accounted for a weighted mean of 55.7% (range 50.0-77.8%) of severe acute liver injury (ALI) and/or ALF.
“Overall, paracetamol accounted for a weighted mean of 55.7% (range 50.0-77.8%) of severe acute liver injury (ALI) and/or ALF [201-208] and 7.3% (range 1.2-29.2%) of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) [209-219] (see Figure 7).”
From Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and hepatotoxicity: mechanism, treatment, prevention measures, and estimates of burden of disease (2023) · cites this paper as [205]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Stutchfield, B., Antoine, D., Mackinnon, A. C., Gow, D. J., Bain, C., Hawley, C. A., Hughes, M. J., Francis, B., Wojtacha, D., Man, T. Y., et al. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.053 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
RetractedCamaschella, C. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1401038 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure
Wendon, J. A., Córdoba, J., Dhawan, A. K., Larsen, F. S., Manns, M. P., Nevens, F., Samuel, D., Simpson, K. J., Yaron, I., & Bernardi, M. (2017) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.003 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation
Ganz, T., & Nemeth, E. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3863 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Non-transferrin bound iron: a key role in iron overload and iron toxicity
Brissot, P., Ropert, M., Le Lan, C., & Loréal, O. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.014 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Regulation of the Iron Homeostatic Hormone Hepcidin
Sangkhae, V., & Nemeth, E. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.013961 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Hepcidin in the diagnosis of iron disorders
Girelli, D., Nemeth, E., & Swinkels, D. W. (2016) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2015-12-639112 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Koskenkorva-Frank, T. S., Weiss, G., Koppenol, W. H., & Burckhardt, S. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.001 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Outcomes in Adults With Acute Liver Failure Between 1998 and 2013: An Observational Cohort Study
Reuben, A., Tillman, H., Fontana, R. J., Davern, T., McGuire, B., Stravitz, R. T., Durkalski, V., Larson, A. M., Liou, I., Fix, O., et al. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-2211 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Self-citationRivera, S., Nemeth, E., Gabayan, V., Lopez, M. A., Farshidi, D., & Ganz, T. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1766 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Serum hepcidin: reference ranges and biochemical correlates in the general population
Galesloot, T. E., Vermeulen, S. H., Geurts-Moespot, A. J., Klaver, S. M., Kroot, J. J., van Tienoven, D., Wetzels, J. F. M., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., Sweep, F. C., den Heijer, M., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-02-337907 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Antioxidants as therapeutic agents for liver disease
Singal, A. K., Jampana, S. C., & Weinman, S. A. (2011) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02604.x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice
Mossanen, J. C., & Tacke, F. (2015) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677215570992 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Pietrangelo, A. (2016) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13020 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
McPhail, M. J. W., Farne, H. A., Senvar, N., Wendon, J. A., & Bernal, W. E. (2015) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.10.007 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Development of an Accurate Index for Predicting Outcomes of Patients With Acute Liver Failure
Rutherford, A., King, L. Y., Hynan, L. S., Vedvyas, C., Lin, W., Lee, W. M., & Chung, R. T. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.113 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationThe pathophysiology and pharmacology of hepcidin
Ruchala, P. P., & Nemeth, E. (2014) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2014.01.004 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Development of a Model to Predict Transplant-free Survival of Patients With Acute Liver Failure
Koch, D., Tillman, H., Durkalski, V., Lee, W. M., & Reuben, A. (2016) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.03.046 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Liver in Regulation of Iron Homeostasis
Rishi, G., & Subramaniam, V. N. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00004.2017 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Iron Parameters Determine the Prognosis of Critically Ill Patients*
Tacke, F., Nuraldeen, R., Koch, A. H., Strathmann, K., Hutschenreuter, G., Trautwein, C., & Strnad, P. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001607 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationFlamm, S. L., Yang, Y., Singh, S., Falck-Ytter, Y. T., Flamm, S. L., Lim, J. K., Rubenstein, J. H., Smalley, W. E., Stollman, N., Vege, S. S., et al. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.026 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Studies of the metabolism of I-131-labeled human transferrin.
Awai, M., & BROWN, E. B. (1963) · PubMed · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Maras, J. S., Maiwall, R., Gowda, H., Das, S., Hussain, M. S., Kumar, C., Bihari, C., Rastogi, A., Kumar, M., Trehanpati, N., et al. (2014) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.27636 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bench-to-bedside review: iron metabolism in critically ill patients.
Darveau, M., Denault, A. Y., Blais, N., & Notebaert, É. (2004) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc2862 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The serum hepcidin:ferritin ratio is a potential biomarker for cirrhosis
Tan, T. C. H., Crawford, D. H., Franklin, M. E., Jaskowski, L. A., Macdonald, G. A., Jonsson, J. R., Watson, M. J., Taylor, P. J., & Fletcher, L. M. (2012) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02828.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Karvellas, C. J., Speiser, J. L., Tremblay, M., Lee, W. M., Rose, C. F., & for the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group (2016) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.28945 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum ferritin predicts early mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis
Maiwall, R., Kumar, S., Chaudhary, A. K., Maras, J. S., Wani, Z. A., Kumar, C., Rastogi, A., Bihari, C., Vashisht, C., & Sarin, S. K. (2014) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.027 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bruns, T., Nuraldeen, R., Mai, M., Stengel, S., Zimmermann, H. W., Yagmur, E., Trautwein, C., Stallmach, A., & Strnad, P. (2016) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13211 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationTransferrin as a predictor of survival in cirrhosis
Viveiros, A., Finkenstedt, A., Schaefer, B., Mandorfer, M., Scheiner, B., Lehner, K., Tobiasch, M., Reiberger, T., Tilg, H., Edlinger, M., et al. (2017) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1002/lt.24981 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anastasiou, O. E., Kälsch, J., Hakmouni, M., Kücükoglu, Ö., Heider, D., Korth, J., Manka, P. P., Sowa, J., Bechmann, L. P., Saner, F. H., et al. (2017) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13369 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
In alcoholic cirrhosis, low‐serum hepcidin levels associate with poor long‐term survival
Nahon, P., Nuraldeen, R., Rufat, P., Sutton, A., Trautwein, C., & Strnad, P. (2015) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDonnelly, M. C., Hayes, P. C., & Simpson, K. J. (2016) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1002/lt.24403 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Potaznik, D., Groshen, S. G., Miller, D. R., Bagin, R. G., Bhalla, R. B., Schwartz, M., & de Sousa, M. A. B. (1987) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/00043426-198724000-00014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Combination of automatic HPLC‐RIA method for determination of estrone and estradiol in serum
Yasui, T., Yamada, M., Kinoshita, H., Uemura, H., Yoneda, N., Irahara, M., Aono, T., Sunahara, S., Mito, Y., Kurimoto, F., et al. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(1999)13:6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Plasma Ferritin in Acute Hepatocellular Damage
Bhagat, C. I., Fletcher, S., Joseph, J., & Beilby, J. P. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.6.885 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zider, A. D., Zopey, R., Garg, R., Wang, X., Wang, T. S., & Deng, J. C. (2016) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13073 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acute Liver Failure Prognostic Scores: Is Good Enough Good Enough?
Kamath, P. S., Heimbach, J. K., & Wiesner, R. H. (2015) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.12.025 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Navolotskaia O, Ledue TB, Craig WY. Reference distributions for the negative acute- phase serum proteins, albumin, transferrin and transthyretin: a practical, simple and clinically relevant approach in a large co- hort. J Clin Lab Anal 1999;13:273-279.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chidiac, A. S., Buckley, N. A., Noghrehchi, F., & Cairns, R. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2023.2223959 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Future directions in acute liver failure
Stravitz, R. T., Fontana, R. J., Karvellas, C. J., Durkalski, V., McGuire, B. M., Rule, J. A., Tujios, S. R., Lee, W. M., & for the Acute Liver Failure Study Group (2023) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000000458 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationHepcidin and Iron Metabolism in Experimental Liver Injury
Bloomer, S. A., & Brown, K. E. (2021) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Serum Transferrin Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis
Atkinson, S. R., Hamesch, K., Spivak, I., Güldiken, N., Cabezas, J., Argemí, J., Theurl, I., Zoller, H., Cao, S., Mathurin, P., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000492 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular Targets of Ferroptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liao, H., Shi, J., Wen, K., Lin, J., Liu, Q., Shi, B., Yan, Y., & Xiao, Z. (2021) · Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma · doi:10.2147/jhc.s325593 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tan, L., Zhou, Q., Liu, J., Liu, Z., & Shi, R. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo04082d · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hypoferremia of inflammation: Innate host defense against infections
Ganz, T., & Nemeth, E. (2023) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102777 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mechanisms and aetiology‐dependent treatment of acute liver failure
Lemmer, P., Sowa, J., Bulut, Y., Strnad, P., & Canbay, A. E. (2023) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15739 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute Liver Failure: Biomarkers Evaluated by the Acute Liver Failure Study Group
Rakela, J. L., Karvellas, C. J., Koch, D., Vegunta, S., & Lee, W. M. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000565 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHe, J., Du, C., Li, C., Li, W., Qiu, J., Ma, M., Chen, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103657 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Galarregui, C., Marín-Alejandre, B. A., Pérez-Díaz-del-Campo, N., Cantero, I., Monreal, J. I., Elorz, M., Benito, A., Herrero, J. I., Tur, J. A., Martínez, J. A., et al. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10110917 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Panackel, C., Raja, K., Fawas, M., & Jacob, M. O. (2024) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101957 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Progress on clinical prognosis assessment in liver failure
Cai, X., Chong, Y., Gan, W., & Li, X. (2023) · Liver Research · doi:10.1016/j.livres.2023.05.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Identification of Plasma Free Fatty Acid Carrier Proteins in Mice
Tomoo, K., Zhang, Y., Mohallem, R., Aryal, U. K., Klauda, J. B., & Henderson, G. C. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202501328r · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Umbaugh, D. S., & Jaeschke, H. (2024) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2024.2306219 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Woźnica-Niesobska, E., Leśnik, P., Janc, J., Zalewska, M., & Łysenko, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064846 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The utility of biomarkers in prognosis assessment of patients with acute liver failure
Clercq, P. D., Geerts, A. M., Vlierberghe, H. V., & Verhelst, X. (2021) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.13668 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Remih, K., Hufnagel, F.-M., Karl, A. S., Durkalski‐Mauldin, V. L., Lee, W. M., Karvellas, C. J., Su, Z., Rule, J. A., Tomanová, P., Krieg, L., et al. (2025) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101338 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationBMP6 participates in the molecular mechanisms involved in APAP hepatotoxicity
Marañón, P., Isaza, S. C., Rey, E., Rada, P., García‐García, Y., Dear, J. W., García‐Monzón, C., Valverde, Á. M., Egea, J., & González‐Rodríguez, Á. (2025) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03954-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Minimally invasive clinical biomarkers for use in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
McGill, M. R., & Curry, S. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15877-3.00006-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McGill, M. R. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2025.2481081 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Galarregui, C., Marín-Alejandre, B. A., Pérez-Díaz-del-Campo, N., Cantero, I., Monreal, J. I., Elorz, M., Benito, A., Herrero, J. I., Tur, J. A., Mart�nez, J., et al. (2020)
Report on 2 Liver Damage Cases of Unknown Reason with ANK1 MutationsPreprint
Yu, L., Xiao, Y., Wang, Y., Li, D., & Zhang, T. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-126667/v1
Woźnica-Niesobska, E., Leśnik, P., Woźnica, R., Janc, J., Zalewska, M., & Łysenko, L. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-46756/v2
Woźnica-Niesobska, E., Leśnik, P., Woźnica, R., Janc, J., Zalewska, M., & Łysenko, L. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-46756/v1
Case Report: 2 Hereditary Spherocytosis Cases Featuring Liver Damage Related to Ank1 Mutations
(2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Medical Education Research · doi:10.33140/ijcmer.01.05.03
Özdemir, Ö., Akarsu, M., Taşar, P. T., Yüksel, F., BACAKOĞLU, A., Ünek, T., Demırkan, F., & Karademir, S. (2023) · Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.4274/nkmj.galenos.2023.02411
Innovations to Improve Survival in Acute Liver Failure
Roy, A., & Premkumar, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2025.103190
Role of Hepcidin in Long Term Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency
Rakhmonov, S., Sultonov, I. I., Goyibov, S., Boboyev, S., Nematulloyev, T., Sabirova, D. B., Muminov, A., Ravshanova, M., & Ibragimov, K. (2026) · Кардиология в Беларуси · doi:10.34883/pi.2026.18.1.002
Cao, F., Ge, X., Pi, A., Huang, Q., Pei, L., Chen, R., Cao, W., Ding, Q., Yang, M., Song, Q., et al. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10398-3
Hashim, M., Karim, Z., Abdullah, A., Spitz, F., Sarfaraz, M., Demirors, B., Sethi, V., Mial-Anthony, J., Dharmayan, S., Han, S. P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/08850666261487160
Zhu, H.-L., Cao, P., & Ding, W.-X. (2026) · Exploration of digestive diseases · doi:10.37349/edd.2026.1005138
- Authors
- Spivak, I., Arora, J., Meinzer, C., Durkalski‐Mauldin, V., Lee, W. M., Trautwein, C., Fontana, R. J., & Strnad, P.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Strnad, Pavel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2136-2149
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2905762125
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Sanofi
- American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
- Gilead Sciences
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TRR57, STR 1095/4–1, SFB‐TRR57)
- National Institutes of Health (U-01 58369, SFB/TRR57)
- Genentech
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U‐01 58369)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
- Keywords
- acute liver failure, hepcidin, iron metabolism, iron homeostasis, acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation, prognostic factors, short-term survival, MELD score, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Acetaminophen, Adult, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Iron, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, United States, Liver Failure, Acute, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Hepcidins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
