Effectiveness of landscape‐based green infrastructure for stormwater management in suburban catchments
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Abstract Land cover changes associated with urbanization have negative effects on downstream ecosystems. Contemporary urban development attempts to mitigate these effects by designing stormwater infrastructure to mimic predevelopment hydrology, but their performance is highly variable. This study used in situ monitoring of recently built neighbourhoods to evaluate the catchment‐scale effectiveness of landscape decentralized stormwater control measures (SCMs) in the form of street connected vegetated swales for reducing runoff volumes and flow rates relative to curb‐and‐gutter infrastructure. Effectiveness of the SCMs was quantified by monitoring runoff for 8 months at the outlets of 4 suburban catchments (0.76–5.25 ha) in Maryland, USA. Three “grey” catchments installed curb‐and‐gutter stormwater conveyances, whereas the fourth “green” catchment built parcel‐level vegetated swales. The catchment with decentralized SCMs reduced runoff, runoff ratio, and peak runoff compared with the grey infrastructure catchments. In addition, the green catchment delayed runoff, resulting in longer precipitation–runoff lag times. Runoff ratios across the monitoring period were 0.13 at the green catchment and 0.37, 0.35, and 0.18 at the 3 grey catchments. Runoff only commenced after 6 mm of precipitation at the decentralized SCM catchment, whereas runoff occurred even during the smallest events at the grey catchments. However, as precipitation magnitudes reached 20 mm, the green catchment runoff characteristics were similar to those at the grey catchments, which made up 37% of the total precipitation in only 10 of 72 events. Therefore, volume‐based reduction goals for stormwater using decentralized SCMs such as vegetated swales require additional redundant SCMs in a treatment train as source control and/or end‐of‐pipe detention to capture a larger fraction of runoff and more effectively mimic predevelopment hydrology for the relatively rare but larger precipitation events.
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Small-scale projects may be the better alternatives to large projects that must overcome limited space and uncooperative landowners, particularly in areas with no opportunity to retrofit pre-existing stormwater management structures.
“Small-scale projects may be the better alternatives to large projects that must overcome limited space and uncooperative landowners (Backhaus et al. 2012;Malinowski et al. 2018;Woznicki et al. 2018), particularly in areas with no opportunity to retrofit pre-existing stormwater management structures.”
From Phase II MS4 challenges: moving toward effective stormwater management for small municipalities (2022) · cites this paper as Woznicki et al. 2018
The Implications section (page not provided) reports that parcel-level swales reduced runoff for most rainfall events, supporting the potential value of small-scale measures. But the Introduction says space constraints can hinder decentralized measures, and the Conclusions recommend combining them with an end-of-pipe measure for larger storms. The paper does not establish that small projects are better than large ones because of uncooperative landowners or a lack of retrofit opportunities. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, C., Chen, L., Cai, J., & Wang, J. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16121636
Investigation of the effects of different plant groups on surface runoff
Kutay, M. E., & Ekşi, M. (2025) · Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17474/artvinofd.1636744
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Thompson, T. W., Sample, D. J., Miller, A., Al-Smadi, M., Khan, S. T., Alsmadi, M., & Maliha, M. (2024) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m25r3r-mqlq
A comparative SWOT analysis of urban green infrastructure in the Global South
Bereded, B., Taylor, M., Rahman, M., Good, K. D., Ilemobade, A. A., Sample-Lord, K. M., & Smith, V. B. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44395-7
Tribhuwana, A., Wahyudi, S. I., Niam, M. F., & Adi, H. P. (2026) · MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL · doi:10.14710/mkts.v31i2.70837
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- Authors
- Woznicki, S. A., Hondula, K. L., & Jarnagin, S. T.
- Affiliations
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Woznicki, Sean A.
- Venue
- Hydrological Processes
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-07-03
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2346-2361
- ISSN
- 0885-6087 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1085
- OpenAlex
- W2801022423
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Hydrological Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (DW14921533, DW14921811, DW14922385)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
- Keywords
- stormwater management, green infrastructure, vegetated swales, suburban catchments, runoff volume reduction, runoff coefficient, peak runoff, source control, treatment train, urbanization, land cover change
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