Reference distributions for serum iron and transferrin saturation: a practical, simple, and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort
Open accessAbstract
The principal considerations driving iron status evaluation are clinical concern for anemia and the possibility of iron‐storage disease. Most often, the circulating levels of transferrin (or total iron binding capacity) and serum iron are measured and the percentage of transferrin saturation (TSAT) is then computed. Optimally, reference ranges for these analytes should exclude the effects of the acute phase response, nutritional status, estrogen effect, specific genetic disorders, liver disease, and blood transfusion. The current study reports reference ranges for serum iron and TSAT within a cohort of over 55,000 Caucasians from northern New England, tested in our laboratory between 1994 and 1999. Measurements were standardized against serum reference material (SRM) 937 (for iron) and certified reference material (CRM) 470 (also called reference preparation for proteins in human serum (RPPHS)) (for transferrin), and analyzed using a previously published approach. Individual cases with evidence of inflammation (C‐reactive protein ≥10 mg/L), or iron overload (TSAT >80% for males and >70% for females) or serum iron values <5 μmol/L, were removed. Among the referent individuals, iron and TSAT levels rose slightly until the teen years, at which time levels in males increased while those in females remained essentially constant. Between 20 and 70 years of age, males had 10–15% higher iron levels and 15–20% higher TSAT levels than females. When values were expressed as multiples of the age‐ and gender‐specific median levels, the serum iron and TSAT observations fit log‐Gaussian distributions reasonably well from the 20th to 99th centile, and the 10th to the 99th centile, respectively. After normalization, the Gaussian parameters can be used to assign a corresponding centile to an individual's measurement, simplifying interpretation. These data provide new and more detailed reference ranges for serum iron and TSAT. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:237–245, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Iron stores tend to increase with age, partly due to dietary reasons.
“Iron stores tend to increase with age [1151-1155], partly due to dietary reasons [1156]”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [1153]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men
Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704033361401 · Cited by 5,504 · see citing works
Transthyretin (Prealbumin) in Health and Disease: Nutritional Implications
Ingenbleek, Y., & Young, V. R. (1994) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.002431 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Association of age, sex, and race with body iron stores in adults: Analysis of NHANES III data
Zacharski, L. R., Ornstein, D. L., Woloshin, S., & Schwartz, L. M. (2000) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.106646 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Suominen, P., Punnonen, K. R. A., Rajamäki, A., & Irjala, K. M. A. (1998) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v92.8.2934 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
New international reference preparation for proteins in human serum (RPPHS)
Whicher, J. T., Ritchie, R. F., JOHNSON, A. M., BAUDNER, S., Bienvenu, J., Blirup-Jensen, S., Carlström, A., Dati, F., Ward, A. M., & Svendsen, P. J. (1994) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.6.934 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationSalicylate-induced increases in free triiodothyronine in human serum
Larsen, P. R. (1972) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci106905 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Elevated levels of acute phase plasma proteins in major depression
Joyce, P. R., Hawes, C. R., Mulder, R., Sellman, J. D., Wilson, D. A., & Boswell, D. R. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90065-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Jilma, B., Dirnberger, E., Löscher, I., Rumplmayr, A., Hildebrandt, J., Eichler, H.-G., Kapiotis, S., & Wagner, O. F. (1997) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90060-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The influence of pregnancy and oral contraceptive steroids on the concentration of plasma proteins
Song, C. S., Merkatz, I. R., Rifkind, A. B., GILLETTE, P. N., & Kappas, A. (1970) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90301-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Variations in iron-status measures during the menstrual cycle
Kim, I., Yetley, E., & Calvo, M. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.705 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Laboratory tests of iron status: correlation or common sense?
Hastka, J., Lasserre, J.-J., Schwarzbeck, A., Reiter, A., & Hehlmann, R. (1996) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/42.5.718 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Influence of Acute Inflammation on Iron and Nutritional Status Indexes in Older Inpatients
Chiari, M. M., Bagnoli, R., Luca, P. D., Monti, M., Rampoldi, E., & Cunietti, E. (1995) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07047.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Serum protein pattern in normal pregnancy with special reference to acute‐phase reactants
Haram, K., Augensen, K., & Elsayed, S. (1983) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1983.tb08898.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Wauters, A., Neels, H. M., Scharpé, S., Gastel, A. V., D'Hondt, P., Peeters, D., Cosyns, P. R., & Desnyder, R. (1995) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)00106-j · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
JA (1986) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.41.6.495 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hypoxia-mediated druGS FOR RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY
ADAMS, G. E. (1981) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19810801)48:3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationHigher concentrations of serum transferrin receptor in children than in adults
Virtanen, M. A., Viinikka, L. U., Virtanen, M., Svahn, J. C. E., Anttila, R., Krusius, T., Cook, J. D., Axelsson, I. E. M., Räihä, N. C. R., & Siimes, M. A. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.2.256 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Methods to Assess Iron Status in Various NHANES Surveys
Looker, A. C., Gunter, E. W., & Johnson, C. L. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb05481.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
McCullen, M., Crawford, D. H., & Hickman, P. E. (2002) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00711-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Statland, B. E., & Winkel, P. (1977) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/67.1.84 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gräsbeck, R., Siest, G., Wilding, P. M., Williams, G. Z., & Whitehead, T. P. (1979) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/25.8.1506 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Vitamin-mineral supplement use: Association with dietary intake and iron status of adults
Looker, A. C., Sempos, C. T., Johnson, C. L., & Yetley, E. A. D. (1988) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)07906-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
MILNE, D. B., Gallagher, S. K., & Nielsen, F. H. (1990) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/36.3.487 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Combination of automatic HPLC‐RIA method for determination of estrone and estradiol in serum
Yasui, T., Yamada, M., Kinoshita, H., Uemura, H., Yoneda, N., Irahara, M., Aono, T., Sunahara, S., Mito, Y., Kurimoto, F., et al. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(1999)13:6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationPorto, G., Vicente, C., Fraga, J., da Silva, B. M., & de Sousa, M. A. B. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ledue, T. B., JOHNSON, A. M., Cohen, L., & Ritchie, R. F. (1998) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/44.4.878 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationProvisional recommendation on the theory of reference values (1978)
(1978) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(78)90193-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
F. Ritchie, R., E. Palomaki, G., M. Neveux, L., Navolotskaia, O., B. Ledue, T., & Y.Craig, W. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.10047 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHiratsuka, N., Shiba, K. S., Nishida, K., Iizima, S., Kimura, M., & Kobayashi, S. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(1998)12:6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationConcentration of Serum Prealbumin and Retinol-Binding Proteins During Pregnancy
Giacoia, G. P. (1984) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-198410000-00014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Iron deficiency: diagnosis and treatment.
Dallman, P. R. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dotchev, D., Liappis, N., & Hungerland, H. (1973) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(73)90088-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Influence of blood donation and iron supplementation on indicators of iron status
Ledue, T. B., Craig, W. J., Ritchie, R. F., & Haddow, J. E. (1994) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1345 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationTwelve‐Protein immunoassay profile on the cobas fara
Hudson, G. A., Poulin, S. E., & Ritchie, R. F. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.1860010208 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Navolotskaia O, Ledue TB, Craig WY. Reference distributions for the negative acute phase proteins, albumin, transferrin and transthyretin: a practical, simple and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort. J Clin Lab Anal 1999;13:273-279.
- Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Navolotskaia O, Ledue TB, Craig WY. Reference distributions for immunoglobulins A, G and M: a practical, simple and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort. J Clin Lab Anal 1998;12:363-370.
- Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Navolotskaia O, Neveux LM, Ledue TB, Craig WY. Reference distributions for the negative acute phase proteins, albumin, transferrin and transthyretin: a practical, simple, and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort. J Clin Lab Anal 1999;13:273-279.
- Thompson DK, Haddow JE, Smith DE, Ritchie RF. Serum protein changes in women with early breast cancer. Cancer 1981;48:793-798.
- Dotchev D, Liappis N, Hingerland H. Sex-specific differences of serum proteins in adults and influence of oral hormonal contraceptives on serum protein compositions. Clin Chim Acta 1973;44:431-435.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kell, D. B. (2009) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Levina, A., Crans, D. C., & Lay, P. A. (2017) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2017.01.002 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The neglected significance of “antioxidative stress”
Poljsak, B., & Milisav, I. (2012) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2012/480895 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
An RNA Alternative to Human Transferrin: A New Tool for Targeting Human Cells
Wilner, S. E., Wengerter, B. C., Maier, K. E., Magalhães, M. D. L. B., del Amo, D. S., Pai, S., Opazo, F., Rizzoli, S. O., Yan, A. C., & Levy, M. (2012) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1038/mtna.2012.14 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ritchie, R. F., Palomaki, G. E., Neveux, L. M., Navolotskaia, O., Ledue, T. B., & Craig, W. Y. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.10100 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of iron indices and type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of observational studies
Orban, E., Schwab, S., Thorand, B., & Huth, C. (2013) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2506 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Population-based pediatric reference intervals for hematology, iron and transferrin
Aldrimer, M., Ridefelt, P., Rödöö, P., Niklasson, F., Gustafsson, J., & Hellberg, D. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365513.2013.769625 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Levina, A., Vieira, A. P., Wijetunga, A. R., Kaur, R., Koehn, J. T., Crans, D. C., & Lay, P. A. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202005458 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hemochromatosis and the enigma of misplaced iron: implications for infectious disease and survival
Moalem, S., Weinberg, E. D., & Percy, M. E. (2004) · BioMetals · doi:10.1023/b:biom.0000018375.20026.b3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Levina, A., Pham, T. H., & Lay, P. A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201602996 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Selecting clinically relevant populations for reference intervals
Ritchie, R. F., & Palomaki, G. E. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2004.120 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Transferrin Receptor Aptamer Inhibits New World Hemorrhagic Fever Mammarenavirus Entry
Maier, K. E., Jangra, R. K., Shieh, K. R., Cureton, D. K., Xiao, H., Snapp, E. L., Whelan, S. P. J., Chandran, K., & Levy, M. (2016) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1038/mtna.2016.32 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Levina, A., & Lay, P. A. (2020) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00926 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Iron Metabolism and Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Renal Dysfunction
Matsuoka, T., Abe, M., & Kobayashi, H. H. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073745 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Leung, K. H., Yip, S. P., Wong, W. S., Yiu, L. S., Chan, K. K., Lai, W. M., Chow, E. Y. D., Lin, C. K., Yam, W. C., & Chan, K. S. (2007) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-19 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Jin, J., Sun, L., Jiao, W., Zhao, S., Li, H., Guan, X., Jiao, A., Jiang, Z., & Shen, A. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/597034 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ritchie, R. F., Palomaki, G. E., Neveux, L. M., Navolotskaia, O., Ledue, T. B., & Craig, W. Y. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.20012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSelected Trace Elements and Their Impact on Redox Homeostasis in Eye Health
Wróblewska, J., Nuszkiewicz, J., Wróblewski, M., Wróblewska, W., & Woźniak, A. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14111356 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Williams, C. V., Junge, R. E., & Stalis, I. H. (2008) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.232.4.578 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Transferrin Cycle and Clinical Roles of Citrate and Ascorbate in Improved Iron Metabolism
Levina, A., & Lay, P. A. (2019) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.8b01100 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Čolak, E., Zoric, L. D., Radosavljević, A., & Ignjatović, S. (2018) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713683.2018.1437452 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Levina, A., Uslan, C., Murakami, H. A., Crans, D. C., & Lay, P. A. (2023) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02561 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Williams, C. V., Campbell, J., & Glenn, K. M. (2006) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20237 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ewang-Emukowhate, M., Harrington, D. J., Botha, A. J., McGowan, B. M., & Wierzbicki, A. S. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12594 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cardiac iron metabolism during aging – Role of inflammation and proteolysis
Walter, S., Mertens, C., Muckenthaler, M. U., & Ott, C. (2023) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2023.111869 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Estimating reliable paediatric reference intervals in clinical chemistry and haematology
Ridefelt, P., Hellberg, D., Aldrimer, M., & Gustafsson, J. (2013) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12438 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ritchie, R. F., Palomaki, G. E., Neveux, L. M., & Navolotskaia, O. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.10095 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive immunity and vaccination – iron in the spotlight
Preston, A. E., Drakesmith, H., & Frost, J. N. (2021) · Immunotherapy Advances · doi:10.1093/immadv/ltab007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Elghetany, M. T., & Bánki, K. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0974-2.00032-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
F. Ritchie, R., E. Palomaki, G., M. Neveux, L., Navolotskaia, O., B. Ledue, T., & Y.Craig, W. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.10047 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical methods used in the calculation of geriatric reference intervals: a systematic review
Arseneau, E., & Balion, C. M. (2015) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0420 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Li, T., Wang, L., Guo, C., Zhang, H., Xu, P., Liu, S., Hu, X., & Gao, Q. (2022) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105202 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Levina, A., Scalese, G., Gambino, D., Crans, D. C., & Lay, P. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Chemical Biology · doi:10.3389/fchbi.2024.1394645 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Levina, A., Pham, T. H., & Lay, P. A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201602996 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Physiological variation of the vertebral bone marrow water T2 relaxation time
Ruschke, S., Syväri, J., Dieckmeyer, M., Junker, D., Makowski, M. R., Baum, T., & Karampinos, D. (2020) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4439 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Levina, A., Wang, B., & Lay, P. A. (2021) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels8010019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Levina, A., Vieira, A. P., Wijetunga, A. R., Kaur, R., Koehn, J. T., Crans, D. C., & Lay, P. A. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202005458 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Guo, W., Zhou, Q., Jia, Y., & Xu, J. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/2018598 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ritchie, R. F., Palomaki, G. E., Neveux, L. M., Ledue, T. B., Craig, W. Y., Marcovina, S. M., & Navolotskaia, O. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.20134 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationTsokkou, S., Konstantinidis, I. K., Papakonstantinou, M., Chatzikomnitsa, P., Gkaitatzi, A. D., Liampou, E., Fantakis, A., Kolympa, G., Toutziari, E., Alexandrou, D., et al. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17223689 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluation of perturbed iron-homeostasis in a prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19
Frost, J. N., Hamilton, F., Arnold, D., Elvers, K. T., Shah, A., Armitage, A. E., Milne, A., McKernon, J., Attwood, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17904.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stewart, C. D., Arman, H. D., Benavides, B. S., & Musie, G. T. (2018) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c8nj01886c · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Soluble transferrin receptor in hemochromatosis patients during phlebotomy therapy
Piéroni, L., Mekhloufi, F., Thiolières, J.-M., Hainque, B., Herson, S., & Jardel, C. (2004) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.10.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gökçay, H., Balcıoğlu, Y. H., & Solmaz, M. (2022) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712422040079 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Holo/apo conversion two-dimensional urea PAGE for speciation of Fe3+-bound transferrin in serum
Saito, S., Ishikawa, J., Ono, M., Tasaki‐Handa, Y., & Shibukawa, M. (2023) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44211-023-00460-z
Transferrin-dependent uptake and distribution of iron in osteoclast-like cells
Dolder, S., Cabra, R. S., Zaugg, J., Albano, G., Fuster, D. G., Albrecht, C., & Hofstetter, W. (2026) · Bone Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2026.101909
Tian, X., Li, L., Yan, C., Wang, Z., Zheng, X., Liu, B., Chen, L., Li, S., Shang, M., Li, C., et al. (2026) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2026.127837
Developmental Trends in Serum Iron, Transferrin, and Transferrin Saturation From Birth to 12 Months
Larsson, S. M., Hellström-Westas, L. K., Askelöf, U., Gotherstrom, C. O. T., Domellöf, M., & Andersson, O. (2026) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.70558
- Authors
- Ritchie, R. F., Palomaki, G. E., Neveux, L. M., Navolotskaia, O., Ledue, T. B., & Craig, W. Y.
- Affiliations
- Foundation for Blood Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ritchie, Robert F.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 237-245
- ISSN
- 0887-8013 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2825
- PMC
- PMC6807751
- OpenAlex
- W2119231723
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
- Keywords
- serum iron, transferrin saturation, reference values, reference distribution, iron status, anemia, iron overload, iron storage disease, C-reactive protein, sex differences, age differences, certified reference materials
- MeSH terms
- Acute-Phase Proteins, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Iron, Male, Middle Aged, New England, Reference Values, Transferrin, Cohort Studies, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
