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Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Do positive psychology interventions-that is, treatment methods or intentional activities aimed at cultivating positive feelings, positive behaviors, or positive cognitions-enhance well-being and ameliorate depressive symptoms? A meta-analysis of 51 such interventions with 4,266 individuals was conducted to address this question and to provide practical guidance to clinicians. The results revealed that positive psychology interventions do indeed significantly enhance well-being (mean r=.29) and decrease depressive symptoms (mean r=.31). In addition, several factors were found to impact the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions, including the depression status, self-selection, and age of participants, as well as the format and duration of the interventions. Accordingly, clinicians should be encouraged to incorporate positive psychology techniques into their clinical work, particularly for treating clients who are depressed, relatively older, or highly motivated to improve. Our findings also suggest that clinicians would do well to deliver positive psychology interventions as individual (versus group) therapy and for relatively longer periods of time.
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TL;DR
This meta-analysis of 51 positive psychology interventions with 4,266 participants found that such interventions significantly improved well-being and reduced depressive symptoms. Effects were medium-sized and moderated by participant and intervention features, supporting clinical use especially for depressed, older, self-selected clients and individual, longer formats.
Key findings
- Across 49 well-being studies (4,235 participants), the mean effect size was r = .29 (median .24; range −.31 to .84; 96% positive), significant in fixed- and random-effects models; the fail-safe N was 2,519 versus a tolerance level of 255.
- Across 25 depression studies (1,812 participants), the mean effect size was r = .31 (median .26; range −.28 to .81; 80% favoring the intervention), significant in both models; the fail-safe N was 420 versus a tolerance level of 135.
- Moderators: depressed status and self-selection predicted greater benefit in fixed-effects analyses only; older age predicted greater benefit in both models; individual therapy outperformed group and self-administered formats in both models; longer duration predicted greater well-being gains in fixed effects (random-effects p = .09) but not depression; comparison group type moderated well-being in fixed effects only.
- A binomial effect size display indicated that in a hypothetical group of 200, 65 intervention recipients versus 35 controls would improve well-being, and 66 versus 34 would reduce depression.
Methods
- Meta-analysis of English-language positive psychology intervention studies from 1977–2008. Inclusion required an intervention aimed at increasing positive feelings, behaviors, or cognitions; pre- and post-intervention well-being or depression measures; a comparison group; and effect-size information. Physical health/physical activity and mood-induction studies were excluded.
- Coded moderators included depression status, age, self-selection, intervention format, duration, and comparison group type. Effect sizes were computed as r from d, F, t, p, or descriptive statistics; multiple measures were averaged via Fisher Z transformations.
- Analyses used fixed- and random-effects models, Stouffer-combined significance tests, one-sample t-tests on mean Fisher Z effects, fail-safe N and tolerance estimates, chi-square heterogeneity tests, and contrast/correlation tests for moderators.
Limitations
- The authors state that the meta-analysis is not exhaustive and that moderator findings cannot be interpreted causally because studies were not randomly assigned to moderator levels. They also note likely file-drawer bias for well-being, though the fail-safe N exceeded the tolerance level.
- Evident from the text: the review is limited to English-language studies from 1977–2008 and samples adjacent literatures (e.g., mindfulness, life review, forgiveness), which may restrict generalizability. Fixed- and random-effects models disagreed for some moderators (depression status, self-selection, and comparison group type for well-being), and older adults could not be analyzed for depression because too few studies were available.
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In the paper
“For depression, however, the moderating effect of intervention duration was not significant based on both the fixed effects and random effects models.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals who elected to participate in a PPI-perhaps expecting that the intervention would make them happier or less depressed-were more likely to experience greater gains in WB and depression compared with their non-self-selected counterparts, based on the fixed effects model.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Participant Moderators
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results revealed that positive psychology interventions do indeed significantly enhance well-being (mean r 5 .29)and decrease depressive symptoms (mean r 5 .31).”
- Also stated in: § Depression · boosted
“The unweighted mean r of .31 was close to the median r (.26) and was highly significant based on both the fixed effects (one-tailed p 5 2 Â 10 À12 ) and the random effects (one-tailed p 5 .0001)models.”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression? · boosted
“The combined results of 49 studies revealed that PPIs do, in fact, significantly enhance WB, and the combined results of 25 studies showed that PPIs are also effective for treating depressive symptoms.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Depression · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there were not enough studies to include the ''older adult'' group in the moderator analysis for depression, the other age groups nevertheless showed larger decreases in depression as a linear function of age.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Participant Moderators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depressed individuals benefited more from PPIs than nondepressed individuals, according to the fixed effects moderator analysis.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Participant Moderators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The type of comparison group did not have a moderating effect on shifts in depression, based on both the fixed effects and the random effects models.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In addition, causal conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the moderators because the studies were not randomly assigned to particular moderator levels (Rosenthal, 1991b, p. 81).”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rosenthal, 1991b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have found that exerting high levels of effort to practice a happiness-boosting strategy, and continuing to practice it even after the intervention is over, results in greater improvements in WB and depression (e.g., Lyubomirsky et al., 2008;Seligman et al., 2005).”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lyubomirsky et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seligman et al., 2005 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that participation in PPIs may be more effective for relieving depression than participation in a no-treatment control group, placebo activity, or treatment as usual.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The file drawer problem was unlikely to threaten the significant results, given that the fail-safe N was 420, which exceeded the tolerance level of 135.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Depression
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 1,812Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of unpublished studies is not five times greater than the number of published studies.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intervention format had a significant moderating effect on the effectiveness of PPIs, based on both the fixed effects and the random effects models.Specifically, the mean r effect size was greatest for individual therapy, followed by group-administered PPIs, then self-administered PPIs.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, as in the case of well-being, the set of effect sizes was heterogeneous”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Depression
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, studies that compared a PPI to a notreatment control group showed the greatest boost in WB.Positive interventions that were compared with ''treatment as usual'' showed the second greatest benefit, suggesting that PPIs may be more effective than standard treatments.Finally, PPIs also produced greater boosts in WB compared with neutral control and placebo activities.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fixed effects analysis revealed that the type of comparison group used in a PPI moderated the gains in WB but not when computed using the random effects analysis.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longer interventions produced greater gains in WB based on the fixed effects model, and this effect approached significance according to the random effects model (one-tailed p 5 .09).”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Methodological Moderators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the set of effect sizes was heterogeneous (w 2 ð48Þ ¼ 230:92, one-tailed p 5 9 Â 10 À26 ), suggesting the presence of moderator variables.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Well-Being
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the fixed effects and random effects models revealed that the benefits of PPIs increase with age.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Participant Moderators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results revealed that positive psychology interventions do indeed significantly enhance well-being (mean r 5 .29)and decrease depressive symptoms (mean r 5 .31).”
- Also stated in: § Well-Being · plain
“The unweighted mean r (.29) was close in magnitude to the median r (.24) and was highly significant based on both the fixed effects (one-tailed p 5 0) and the random effects (one-tailed p 5 4 Â 10 À9 ) models.”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression? · boosted
“The combined results of 49 studies revealed that PPIs do, in fact, significantly enhance WB, and the combined results of 25 studies showed that PPIs are also effective for treating depressive symptoms.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Well-Being · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Please bear in mind that these findings should be interpreted cautiously, as this meta-analysis is not comprehensive (i.e., does not include all PPI studies ever conducted).”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“PPIs can be especially effective for treating residual symptoms (Fava et al., 1998) and preventing future relapse for formerly depressed clients (Seligman et al., 2006).”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression?
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a hypothetical group of 200 individuals-half the group treated with a PPI, and half the group untreated-65 individuals treated with a PPI would experience gains in WB, compared with only 35 of the individuals in the control group.Similarly, 66 PPI-treated individuals would experience decreased depression, relative to only 34 individuals in the control group.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magnitude of these effects is medium-sized (mean r 5 .29 for WB, mean r 5 .31for depression), indicating that not only do PPIs work, they work well.”
§ Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms With Positive Psychology Interventions: A Practice-Friendly Meta-Analysis m > Clinical Practices Do positive psychology interventions effectively boost well-being and ameliorate depression?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The number of unpublished studies is not five times greater than the number of published studies.
“The tolerance level was also computed to estimate the number of irretrievable studies that possibly exist, based on the assumption that the number of unpublished studies is not five times greater than the number of published ones (Rosenthal & Rosnow, 2008, p. 689).”
The paper relies on this without support.
No systematic quantitative review of positive psychology intervention research had been published before this meta-analysis.
“The general effectiveness of PPIs remains unclear, as no systematic quantitative review of the research has yet been published.”
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“The lack of clarity in the inclusion criteria constitutes a third limitation.”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Their results show that PPIs can indeed be effective in enhancing well-being (r = 0.29, standardized mean difference Cohen’s d = 0.61) and help to reduce depressive symptom levels in clinical populations (r = 0.31, Cohen’s d = 0.65).”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The practice of mindfulness has been found to enhance various qualities including empathy and self-compassion (Birnie et al., 2009), wellbeing and positive emotions (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009), emotional self-regulation and cognitive flexibility, and reduce stress and anxiety (Hölzel et al., 2011;Meiklejohn et al., 2012).”
From The influence of teacher-guided mindfulness practice on inter and intra-personal abilities among Israeli Arab students (2024) · cites this paper as Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses have shown that positive psychology interventions targeting feelings of gratitude, savoring of experiences and sensations, and hope and meaning lead to improved well-being and reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms in both general populations and those considered vulnerable [73-75].”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analytic reviews of positive psychological interventions designed to cultivate well-being have demonstrated that these interventions can not only have robust effects on increasing well-being, they can also decrease associated depressive symptoms (Sin & Lyubmirksy, 2009).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Sin & Lyubmirksy, 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intervention studies, although related to positive psychology but not strictly developed within this new framework (e.g. mindfulness, life-review) were included in the meta-analysis.”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Their results show that PPIs can indeed be effective in enhancing well-being (r = 0.29, standardized mean difference Cohen’s d = 0.61) and help to reduce depressive symptom levels in clinical populations (r = 0.31, Cohen’s d = 0.65).”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, study quality was not addressed as a potential effect moderator.”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, we applied stricter inclusion criteria than those used by Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) and therefore did not include studies on any related areas such as mindfulness and life review therapy.”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Remarkably, effect sizes in the current meta-analysis are around 0.3 points lower than the effect sizes in the meta-analysis by Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) [37].”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two meta-analyses of PPIs for depression and well-being found that these interventions have small to moderate effects in enhancing well-being and decreasing depressive symptoms and that effects are stronger for individual vs. group formats [30, 31].”
From Skills to Enhance Positivity in adolescents at risk for suicide: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“They are effective in the improvement of depression and well-being [36, 37].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis that reviewed 51 positive psychology interventions across a spectrum of domains, found that positive psychology programs significantly increased well-being (mean r=.29) [29] and led to significant reductions in depressive symptoms (mean r=.31).”
From Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: Randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis that reviewed 51 positive psychology interventions across a spectrum of domains, found that positive psychology programs significantly increased well-being (mean r=.29) [29] and led to significant reductions in depressive symptoms (mean r=.31).”
From Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: Randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [29]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“First, the meta-analysis included both randomized studies and quasi-experimental studies.”
From Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (2013) · cites this paper as Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Vlaeyen and colleagues suggest that avoidance behavior persists due to certain beliefs, such as catastrophic cognitions 25, 337, 338.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [338]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of PPIs increased linearly with participant age, and depressed individuals benefitted more than non-depressed individuals252.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of PPIs including data from over four thousand adults indicated a highly significant, moderate effect of PPIs on both well-being (r = 0.29) and depressive symptoms (r = 0.31)252.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of PPIs increased linearly with participant age, and depressed individuals benefitted more than non-depressed individuals252.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
In the citing paper
“Interventions delivered individually were most effective, followed by those administered in a group, then by self-administered PPIs.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of PPIs including data from over four thousand adults indicated a highly significant, moderate effect of PPIs on both well-being (r = 0.29) and depressive symptoms (r = 0.31)252.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
In the citing paper
“Although PPIs are not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for moderate-to-severe MDD, research suggests that PPIs may be useful for the prevention or adjunct treatment of depression252.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [252]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis established that positive psychology interventions as diverse as writing gratitude letters, practising optimistic thinking, replaying positive experiences and socializing have beneficial effects on levels of depression 91.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“The effect of kindness is small-to-mediumcomparable to other positive psychology interventions (such as 'mindfulness', 'positive thinking' and 'counting your blessings'; d = 0.34, Bolier et al., 2013;d = 0.31, Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009;d = 0.44, Weiss, Westerhof, & Bohlmeijer, 2016).”
From Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor (2018) · cites this paper as Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009
In the citing paper
“Interventions that explicitly target positive emotion show promise for improving health outcomes in a number of chronic illnesses, including diabetes [16,17], heart disease [18,19], hypertension [20,21], depression [22,23], and HIV [24].”
In the citing paper
“interventions based on increasing positive emotion have been shown to relieve symptoms of depression in a meta-analysis [23]”
In the citing paper
“Positive psychology (PP) interventions, which utilize systematic exercises to increase optimism, well-being, and positive affect, consistently increase positive states and are easily delivered to patients with chronic illnesses.”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“PP interventions have been used in over 4000 mostly healthy subjects and have been found to increase well-being and decrease depression [41, 43], with effect sizes comparable to other psychological interventions [44, 45].”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“moderation analysis revealed higher effect sizes associated with “shotgun” approaches, that is, packages that incorporate multiple positive psychology strategies.”
From Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with control conditions, positive interventions lead to reliable and moderate boosts in well-being and improvements in depressive symptoms [23].”
From Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Past research in positive psychology interventions has found that variety is an important moderator of intervention gains and that several techniques are more effective than a single technique [23,36].”
From Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Studies supporting the efficacy of positive activity interventions (PAIs) have been primarily conducted in unselected (non-clinical) community samples and examined single positive activities in isolation (for a meta-analysis, see66, 67).”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: Taylor et al. (2017) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“Overall, PP exercises have been successfully used by more than 4000 participants in over 50 clinical trials [20,21], though typically in nonclinical populations.”
From Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“These differences may be related to the fact that the first meta-analyses focused on subjective well-being whereas the second one included 10 different measures of psychological well-being in addition to the PWBS and MHC-SF, for example hope, mastery and purpose in life.”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, both previous meta-analyses focused on specific positive psychological interventions, whereas our study included a number of different therapeutic interventions.”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The effect size of psychological well-being is somewhat lower than the standardized mean difference of .61 that was reported in a meta-analysis by Sin and Lyubomirsky (11) and somewhat higher than the effect of .20 for psychological well-being in a meta-analysis by Bolier et al. [12].”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Positive psychology interventions (PPIs), such as mindful self-awareness, gratitude expression, and identifying and utilizing strengths, have been shown to impact both well-being and depressive symptoms [29-31].”
From MoodHacker Mobile Web App With Email for Adults to Self-Manage Mild-to-Moderate Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
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Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.5.410 · Cited by 5,947
Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity.
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“Third, the benefits of PPIs increased linearly with age, perhaps due to the greater wisdom and more effective emotional regulation and self-regulation associated with older age (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999; Linley et al., 2007).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Della Porta M.D., 2008, Searching for the placebo effect in happiness‐enhancing interventions: An experimental longitudinal study with depressed and nondepressed participants
- *Lyubomirsky S. Dickerhoof R. Boehm J.K. &Sheldon K.M.(2008).Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: Two experimental longitudinal interventions to boost well‐being. Manuscript under review.
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Sinnstiftung als persönliche Ressource bei Altenpflegekräften
Wassermann, M., Hoppe, A., Reis, D., & von Uthmann, L. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000142 · Cited by 5
Knowledge Co-Creation and Co-Created Value in the Service for the Elderly
Quang, B. H., & Shirahada, K. (2016) · International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science · doi:10.4018/ijkss.2016040102 · Cited by 6
Spiritual Coping at the End of Life
Meisenhelder, J. B., D’Ambra, C., & Jabaley, T. (2016) · Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing · doi:10.1097/njh.0000000000000214 · Cited by 5
“For families who are faith based, this concrete formula provides guidance on how to add a spiritual coping strategy to daily care, one that will likely promote positive emotions.(19) The nurse can role model this behavior by responding to complaints with empathy and then sharing something positive about the situation.”
BackgroundChapter 12. Integrating Positive Psychiatry Into Clinical Practice
Boardman, S., & Doraiswamy, P. (2015) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370818.dj12 · Cited by 5
Chapter 4. Positive Social Psychiatry
Blazer, D. G., & Kinghorn, W. A. (2015) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370818.dj04 · Cited by 5
Chapter 3. Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth
Vaillant, G. E. (2015) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370818.dj03 · Cited by 6
Giftedness Plus Talent Plus Disabilities
Olenchak, R., Jacobs, L. T., Hussain, M. R., Lee, K. C., & Gaa, J. P. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-503-6_15 · Cited by 5
이현주, & 엄명용 (2014) · Korean Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.20970/kasw.2014.66.3.005 · Cited by 5
“대상을 달리한 긍정심리치료의 효과검증 연구결과들에서도 긍정심리치료는 전반적으로 우울을 감 소시키고 삶의 만족도와 긍정 정서를 높이고 부정 정서를 감소시켜 주관적 안녕감을 향상시키는 데 효과적이었음을 알 수 있다(임영진, 2010; 윤성민, 2011; 류위자, 2012; Seligman et al, 2005; Seligman et al., 2006; Rashid and Anjum, 2008; Sin and Lyubomirsky, 2009; Mongrain and Anselmo-Matthews, 2012).”
Click, K., Huang, L. V., & Kline, L. M. (2017) · Perspectives Policy and Practice in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13603108.2016.1273260 · Cited by 7
“Both mindfulness (e.g. Carmody and Baer 2008) and well-being (e.g. Sin and Lyubomirsky 2009) can be improved with intervention.”
BackgroundRashid, T., Howes, R. N., & Louden, R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339275.011 · Cited by 6
Luccarelli, V. (2018) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-018-0016-8 · Cited by 5
“Similar to previously studies (Watkins et al. 2003; Sin and Lyubomirsky 2009), Toepfer and Walker (2009) showed that act of writing three letters of gratitude had a positively impact to young adult college students in two sub-domains of wellbeing: happiness and gratitude.”
ResultDozois, D. J. A. (2018) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000135 · Cited by 5
“A meta-analysis of 51 positive psychology interventions (n 4,266 individuals), for instance, demonstrated that these activities significantly enhance well-being (mean r .29) and decrease depressive symptoms (mean r .31; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundResilienz- vs. problemorientierte Beratung von Studierenden
Victor, P. P., Dikloo, A. S., Schwert, P., & Willutzki, U. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000496 · Cited by 5
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Drossaert, C. H. C., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2019) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-018-00013-0 · Cited by 5
Analysis of Domestic Research Trends on Positive Psychological Intervention for Addiction Recovery
김나미, 장세은, & 박경은 (2018) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.19.1.201802.113 · Cited by 5
van der Vaart, L., & den Broeck, A. V. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20583-6_3 · Cited by 5
Feig, E. H., Healy, B. C., Celano, C. M., Nikrahan, G. R., Moskowitz, J. T., & Huffman, J. C. (2019) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v9i2.795 · Cited by 5
“PPIs operate from this conceptualization; wellbeing is not just the absence of mental disorders, but also the presence of positive psychological resources (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialThink and Act Positive: How to Deal with Conformity and Purpose in Life During Adolescence
Jadidi, M., Shahnasi, M., & Zafarghandi, M. B. S. (2019) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.5812/intjsh.79870 · Cited by 5
“The findings of this research were supported by the findings of Sin and Lyubomirsky (21), who reported an increased psychological well-being and decreased symptoms of depression.”
ResultTeaching Well-Being/Quality of Life from a Philosophical Perspective
Weijers, D. (2019) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21551-4_2 · Cited by 5
Karaktererősségek az iskolában
Fodor, S., & Molnár, A. (2020) · Iskolakultúra · doi:10.14232/iskkult.2020.4-5.20 · Cited by 6
Leung, T., Rawana, E. P., & Klein, R. G. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01407-1 · Cited by 6
Psychological capital as an antecedent to servant leadership in the counseling profession
Prasath, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy · doi:10.1080/2326716x.2022.2036269 · Cited by 6
“…development initiatives should incorporate positive psychological interventions to cultivate PsyCap such as writing gratitude letters or gratitude journaling (B. C. Luthans et al., 2014; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) or by using mobile Apps such as Super Better (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017).”
BackgroundShrivastava, A., Azhar, H., & Hyland, L. (2022) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283221106689 · Cited by 10
Écija, C., Catalá, P., Furlong, L. V., Pastor-Mira, M. D. L. Á., & Peñacoba, C. (2022) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2022.05.007 · Cited by 6
Einerson, J., Lundstrom, L. K., Allen, B., Sefandonakis, A., & Terrill, A. L. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2102256 · Cited by 8
Art-of-living at work: interventions to reduce stress and increase well-being
Schwarz, M., Feldmann, F., & Schmitz, B. (2022) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-05-2021-0121 · Cited by 7
Lim, M. H., Thurston, L., Eres, R., Rodebaugh, T. L., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Penn, D. L., Kostakos, V., & Gleeson, J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-07029-7 · Cited by 5
“PPIs are designed to promote positive cognitions, feelings, and behaviours and improve over-all psychological well-being [28].”
Background5Minutes4Myself: Development of a Wellness Program for Caregivers of Children with Autism
Larson, E. A. (2023) · Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie · doi:10.1177/00084174231172036 · Cited by 4
“Caregivers ’ requests for adding this speci fi c positive psychology intervention to the program are well supported (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and was well received in this project.”
BackgroundImproving the Health Care Sector with a Happiness-Based Approach
Weiss, L., Kedzia, S., Francissen, A., & Westerhof, G. J. (2014) · Happiness studies book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06459-8_4 · Cited by 5
Association between age, distress, and orientations to happiness in individuals with disabilities.
Terrill, A. L., Müller, R., Jensen, M. P., Molton, I. R., Ipsen, C., & Ravesloot, C. (2014) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000016 · Cited by 5
“Two recent meta-analyses showed that positive psychology interventions significantly increase subjective and psychological well-being and decrease depressive symptoms (Bolier et al., 2013; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundChapter 6. What Is Well-Being?
Kaplan, R. M., & Smith, W. B. (2015) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370818.dj06 · Cited by 5
Churchyard, J. S., & Buchanan, K. E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.037 · Cited by 8
Slade, M., Oades, L. G., & Jarden, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339275.002 · Cited by 6
Dimensionality of mental health activities in a German sample
Hofmann, H., & Kohlmann, C. (2018) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/day078 · Cited by 6
Ghabrial, M. A., Classen, C. C., & Maggi, J. (2019) · Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services · doi:10.1080/15381501.2018.1530628 · Cited by 5
Pozitív pszichológia: Az elmélettől a gyakorlatig
Nagy, H. (2019) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2019.74.3.2 · Cited by 11
Domínguez, C. D., Barraza, A. R., Córdoba, R. L., et al. (2020) · Investigación en Educación Médica · doi:10.22201/facmed.20075057e.2020.34.19189 · Cited by 5
Zadworna, M., & Kossakowska, K. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01301-3 · Cited by 6
“82); its criterion and construct validity have been established across various populations (Diener et al. 1985; Pavot and Diener 2009; Sin and Lyubomirsky 2009).”
BackgroundHeilmayr, D., & Miller, T. J. (2020) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2019.0074 · Cited by 5
Sasaki, N., Imamura, K., Nishi, D., Watanabe, K., Sekiya, Y., Tsuno, K., Kobayashi, Y., & Kawakami, N. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042167 · Cited by 5
Positive Emotions in Psychotherapy: Conceptual Propositions and Research Challenges
Stalikas, A., Fitzpatrick, M. R., Mistkidou, P., Μπούτρη, Α., & Seryianni, C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_17 · Cited by 7
René, M., Kindynis, S., & Csillik, A. S. (2012) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2012.09.001 · Cited by 5
“En effet, les interventions en psychologie positive (positive psychology interventions ou PPI) s’avèrent très prometteuses puisqu’elles allouent une place très importante aux émotions positives ; ces thérapies englobent plusieurs types de pratiques cliniques [24], ayant pour dénominateur commun la focalisation sur les…”
BackgroundInfluentialIntegrating Positive Psychology Into Counseling Psychology Doctoral Education
Georges, C. M., & Tomlinson‐Clarke, S. (2015) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000015584067 · Cited by 7
“Consequently, Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) suggested that clinicians should encourage clients to regularly practice and keep a record of positive strategies, incorporating them into their everyday lives and turning them into habits.”
BackgroundNormative Influences on Secondary Disturbance: The Role of Social Expectancies
Bastian, B. B. (2013) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12005 · Cited by 5
“Positive emotions have been shown to mitigate the impact of stress on physical health (Tugade, Fredrickson, & Barrett, 2004), and positive psychology interventions have proven effective both for enhancing psychological well-being and reducing depressive symptoms (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundIncreasing Psychological Well-being Through Hypnosis
Guse, T. (2014) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8669-0_6 · Cited by 7
Shankland, R., & André, C. (2017) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040770ar · Cited by 9
“Gratitude et bien-être Les évaluations d’interventions de psychologie positive (pour une méta-analyse, voir Sin et Lyubomirsky, 2009), ont mis en évidence l’efficacité du développement de la gratitude en termes de promotion de la santé globale, telle que définie par l’Organisation mondiale de la…”
BackgroundSchmerzen bei Patienten mit Querschnittlähmung
Landmann, G., Chang, E. C., Dumat, W., Lutz, A., Müller, R., Scheel‐Sailer, A., Schwerzmann, K., Sigajew, N., & Ljutow, A. (2017) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-017-0250-x · Cited by 6
Using Technology to Boost Employee Wellbeing? How Gamification Can Help or Hinder Results.
Pogrebtsova, E., Tondello, G. F., Premsukh, H., & Nacke, L. E. (2017) · Cited by 5
MindMax: Using videogames and sport to engage young men and improve wellbeing
Mitchell, J., Vella, K., Johnson, D. M., Peever, N., Cheng, V. W. S., Davenport, T. A., Burns, J. M., Hickie, I. B., Kyle, A., Hedley, B., et al. (2017) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 5
Positive Psychology and Life Coaching
Tarragona, M. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch15 · Cited by 5
Gilek, M. (2010) · ERA · Cited by 5
Williams, G. (2014) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 5
Positive Psychology: Introduction to the Special Issue (In memoriam: Chris Peterson)
Vázquez, C. (2013) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082013000100001 · Cited by 5
“Most of this research initially comes from highly controlled experimental studies which can then be successfully transferrable to the clinical field (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
Why Clinical Psychology Should Not Go “Positive” – and/or “Negative”
Held, B. S. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch3 · Cited by 5
Positive Psychology Perspectives: A Multifaceted Approach to Human Flourishing
Ahmed, M. F. (2024) · Pakistan Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.67785/pjpp.1.14 · Cited by 5
Prydz, M. B., Bjørndal, L. D., Czajkowski, N. O., Røysamb, E., & Nes, R. B. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104781 · Cited by 5
Therapeutic Positive Autoethnography (ThePosAE)
Mayer, C. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-277-320251007 · Cited by 5
Hope, strength, and survival: exploring positive psychology interventions in breast cancer care
Obeagu, E. I., & Alsadi, R. A. (2025) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000003809 · Cited by 5
“Rather than merely surviving cancer, positive psychology interventions (PPIs) aim to help individuals thrive in spite of it [ 13 ] .”
Song, Y., Luo, Y., & Zhang, R. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105661 · Cited by 4
Wang, J., Tönis, K. J. M., Kraiss, J. T., Drossaert, C. H. C., Schroevers, M. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2025) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2025.2568840 · Cited by 7
“Research demonstrates PPIs effectively improve well-being and reduce depression, anxiety, and stress in both clinical and non-clinical populations, with benefits lasting up to three months (Carr et al., 2021; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
Eilertsen, M., Hansen, T., Bidonde, J., Reneflot, A., Nilsen, T. S., Czajkowski, N. O., & Nes, R. B. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-025-00258-6 · Cited by 7
“These were selected based on prior research (Duan et al., 2022; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009), which suggests that longer interventions may produce stronger effects (Carr et al., 2021), and smaller studies may overestimate effects (Page et al., 2019 1 3 3 Results”
Toprak, B., & Sarı, T. (2023) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00099-x · Cited by 4
“Previous gratitude writing studies have shown positive effects on life satisfaction, happieness, psycholohgical well-being [16, 36, 56], reduction in hopelessness, depression and anxiety levels [12, 15, 32, 46].”
BackgroundFurchtlehner, L. M., Fischer, E., Schuster, R., & Laireiter, A. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00806-y · Cited by 8
“Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) suggest that positive psychology interventions offer a promising approach to increasing well-being and satisfaction with life.”
InfluentialNombela, E., Marchena, C., Duque, A., & Chaves, C. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.006 · Cited by 5
Smith, A., Mangelsdorf, S. N., Baker, S. T. E., Jafari, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Hitchcock, C., & Cross, S. P. M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/73793 · Cited by 4
Cruz-Soto, M. E., Baeza-Torres, E. S., Pelaez, L. M. C., Rojas‐Jaimes, J., & Palacios, J. R. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15060656 · Cited by 7
Letters to the future challenge: A scalable online tool to engage management students with the SDGs
Schippers, M. C., de Jong, E. M., Rus, D., Rommers, H., & Banerjee, S. (2025) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101233 · Cited by 10
From theory to practice: a participatory HR-led training programme for employee wellbeing
Shekhar, A., Saurombe, M. D., & Joseph, R. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2025.1624518 · Cited by 9
Character strengths in leadership
Thun, N. B. (2009) · Saint Mary's University Institutional Repository (Saint Mary's University) · Cited by 6
Gibson, B., Umeh, K. F., Davies, I. G., & Newson, L. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13311 · Cited by 10
“Such interventions have been shown to support behavioural and cognitive change in ways that promote well‐being and overall health.(26) Positive psychology interventions are typically brief and self‐administered,(27) and their effects are not limited by mental health status.”
BackgroundPauletto, M., Grassi, M., Pellizzoni, S., & Penolazzi, B. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045221105189 · Cited by 4
“…from early stages of development, but too scarce for enhancing all the measured outcomes, and leads to hypothesize that longer interventions would be required to give participants the necessary time to transfer their acquirements into positive practices and habits (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundBenasi, G., Malik, A., Cheng, B., Aggarwal, B., Shechter, A., & St‐Onge, M. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2023.2197600 · Cited by 4
“In fact, other well-being interventions have shown a greater effect on measures of distress when performed among people with a diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorders (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundDreisoerner, A., Ferrandina, C., Schulz, P., Nater, U. M., & Junker, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.08.001 · Cited by 5
Measuring Hispanic Optimism and Personal Expectancy
Cervantes, R. C., Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., McCabe, B. E., & Nagy, G. A. (2022) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/07399863231197333 · Cited by 4
“Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and may be associated with expectations and hope in the American Dream.”
BackgroundCox, R. B., Lin, H., Larzelere, R. E., & Bao, J. (2023) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01593-3 · Cited by 4
“Understanding the relationship between hope and ATOD may prove important because hope is a malleable factor that is responsive to interventions designed for adolescents (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of an MPPI: Gratitude-Based Spiritual Group Guidance Program (GSGGP)
Hatipoğlu, F. Ş., & Kaya, Ç. (2023) · Spiritual Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.37898/spc.2023.8.3.190 · Cited by 4
Chen, S., Zhao, W.-W., Cheng, Y., Bian, C., Yan, S.-R., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2332810 · Cited by 5
“…reviews (Bolier, Haverman, Westerhof, et al., 2013; Carr et al., 2021; Chakhssi et al., 2018; Hendriks et al., 2018, 2020; J. Kraiss et al., 2022; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009; Weiss et al., 2016) have been conducted to explore the effects of PPIs, showing small to moderate effects on outcomes such…”
InfluentialPastore, O. L., Herbison, J. D., McBride, C. B., Aslam, L., Casemore, S., Fortier, M., & Sweet, S. N. (2024) · Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling · doi:10.1891/jarc-2023-0022 · Cited by 4
Fu, M. (2024) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/3g493r69 · Cited by 8
“Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) define PPIs as programs, activities, or treatments fostering positive emotions, cognitions, and behaviors [12].”
BackgroundPositive Psychology Intervention (PPI) Program for Persons Who Use Drugs (PWUDS): A Pilot Study
Masanda, A. B. (2024) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319241271909 · Cited by 4
“8 Referred to as “positive activity interventions,” or PAIs, these are defined as “relatively brief, self-administered, and non-stigmatizing exercises that promote positive feelings, positive thoughts, and positive behaviors, rather than directly aiming to fix negative or pathological feelings,…”
Ng, L.-P., Choong, Y. O., Kuar, L.-S., & Teoh, S.-Y. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241282185 · Cited by 4
“Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) further indicate that the utilization of multiple positive boosting strategies can elicit more effective learning than a single positive boosting strategy.”
What if Virtual Reality could be used as a Tool in Positive Psychotherapy in Brazil?
Kunst, M. H., Teixeira, J. M., Peres, F. F. F., & Maurício, C. R. M. (2024) · Symposium on Virtual and Augmented Reality (SVR) · doi:10.1145/3691573.3691609 · Cited by 4
“According to Sin et al. [33], Positive Psychology can “increase well-being through positive psychological interventions, that is, treatment methods or intentional activities that aim to cultivate positive feelings, behaviors, or cognitions.”
Griva, K., Lim, P. X. H., Chan, F. H. F., Wong, Y. P., Loei, J., Thach, T., Moskowitz, J. T., Khan, B. A., & Choo, J. C. J. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae052 · Cited by 5
Urbanowicz, A. M., Shankland, R., Rance, J. Y., Bennett, P. D., & Gauchet, A. (2024) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807241286809 · Cited by 6
van Lonkhuizen, P. J. C., Heemskerk, A., Slutter, L., van Duijn, E., de Bot, S. T., Chavannes, N. H., Meijer, E., Vegt, N., Chavannes, N. H., Heemskerk, A., et al. (2024) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03461-x · Cited by 4
“Techniques from positive psychology or acceptance and commitment therapy can assist with identifying (changes in) meanings and values in life to foster positive emotions and cognitions towards current and future experiences, as well as identify factors that contribute to a meaningful life [61, 62].”
Sumari, M. B., Baharudin, D. F., Yahya, A. N., & Yusop, Y. M. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101294 · Cited by 8
Pira, G. L., & Ruini, C. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-025-00216-2 · Cited by 5
“(Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) With the recent development of digitalization, modern technologies (such as computer, software, apps, virtual reality devices, etc.) can be considered innovative and promising methods to enhance the overall quality of individual experiences.”
Tomczyk, S., & Ewert, C. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70006 · Cited by 4
Blackburn, J. D., Pereira, A., Jefferies, L., Kemp, A. H., & Isham, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314591 · Cited by 6
Integrated Well-being: Positive Psychology and the Natural World
Pluta, A. (2012) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 4
Successful Aging: Implications for Psychiatry
Depp, C. A., Martin, A. S., & Jeste, D. V. (2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.1.3 · Cited by 4
New Challenge for Psychiatry : From Symptomatic Treatment to Mental Health Promotion
Park, Y. N. (2012) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2012.51.3.101 · Cited by 4
Schueller, S. M. (2011) · Cited by 4
Wandell, J. (2016) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs72201615722 · Cited by 6
Chapter 5. Recovery in Mental Illnesses
Rufener, C. A., Depp, C. A., Gawronska, M., & Saks, E. R. (2015) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370818.dj05 · Cited by 4
The Mindful AFL Player: Engagement, Mobile Apps, and Well-Being
Mitchell, J., & Hassed, C. S. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871310.013 · Cited by 6
The Effects of the Well-Being Cognition List Technique on Well-Being and Stress in Female Freshmen
고은미, Kim, J.-H., & Kim, M. (2015) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.1.005 · Cited by 4
Otto, J., & Linden, M. (2017) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2017.201 · Cited by 4
Zeykani, M., & Nikmanesh, Z. (2018) · Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care · doi:10.5812/jjcdc.60809 · Cited by 4
“The results related to the second research hypothesis are consistent with results of studies carried out by Nikmanesh and Zandvakil (16), Ghiyasi (20), Porzor, Alizade Garadel, Yaghooty Zargar, and Basharpor (35), Schueller (36), Layous, Lee, Choi, and Lyubomirsky (17), Sergeant and Mongrain (37), Lyubomirsky and Layo…”
MethodResultInfluentialConflict in the Family of Origin, Subjective Wellbeing, and Mental Health in Adulthood
Hamplová, D., & Trusínová, R. (2018) · Czech Sociological Review · doi:10.13060/00380288.2018.54.2.399 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sin, Nancy L.
- Lyubomirsky, Sonja
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03-19
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 467-487
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2038506024
- Cited by
- 2,955
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 168 · 2023: 196 · 2022: 231 · 2021: 319 · 2020: 257 · 2019: 246 · 2018: 214 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 212 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- positive psychology interventions, well-being, depressive symptoms, depression treatment, intervention effectiveness, self-selection, intervention duration, age differences, clinician guidance
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans, Personal Satisfaction, Psychology, Clinical, Psychotherapy, Treatment Outcome
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