Specificity of Homework Compliance Effects on Treatment Outcome in CBT: Evidence from a Controlled Trial on Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Homework Effects in CBT for Panic Disorder
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Although homework assignments are an integral component of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and relate to positive therapy outcomes, it is unclear whether specific homework types and their completion have specific effects on outcome. METHOD: Data from N = 292 patients (75% female, mean age 36 years) with panic disorder and agoraphobia and treated with standardized CBT were analyzed with homework compliance quality and quantity for different types of homework serving as predictors for different outcome variables. RESULTS: Quality ratings of homework completion were stronger outcome predictors than quantitative compliance ratings. Exposure homework was a better outcome predictor than homework relating to psychoeducation and self-monitoring. CONCLUSION: Different aspects of homework compliance and specific homework types might differentially relate to CBT outcome.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Homework compliance has been found to predict positive psychological outcomes in self-administered and online interventions.
“Since homework compliance has been found to predict positive psychological outcomes in self-administered and online interventions [45–47]”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy adapted for women with infertility: a pilot study of the Infertility ACTion program. (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
Cites
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455 · see citing works
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003 · Cited by 1,607 · see citing works
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.52.6.1090 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.52.6.1090 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Jasin, S. E., Gracely, E. J., & Williams, C. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90140-8 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Shear, M. K., Vander Bilt, J., Rucci, P., Endicott, J., Lydiard, B., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Chandler, L., Williams, J., Ali, A., et al. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1033 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Homework assignments in cognitive and behavioral therapy: a meta-analysis
Kazantzis, N., Deane, F. P., & Ronan, K. R. (2000) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.2.189 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of homework effects in cognitive and behavioral therapy: A replication and extension.
Kazantzis, N., Whittington, C., & Dattilio, F. (2010) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01204.x · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Burns, D. D., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.3.441 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Homework Compliance and Therapy Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Mausbach, B. T., Moore, R., Roesch, S., Cardenas, V., & Patterson, T. L. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9297-z · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Predictors of dropout and outcome in cognitive therapy for depression in a private practice setting
Persons, J. B., Burns, D. D., & Perloff, J. M. (1988) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01205010 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The face of 2010: A Delphi poll on the future of psychotherapy.
Norcross, J. C., Hedges, M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2002) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.316 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Cognitive therapy for depression: Individual differences and the process of change
Fennell, M. J. V., & Teasdale, J. D. (1987) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183269 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Burns, D. D., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.3.441 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Gloster, A. T., Wittchen, H.-U., Einsle, F., Lang, T., Helbig-Lang, S., Fydrich, T., Fehm, L., Hamm, A. O., Richter, J., Alpers, G. W., et al. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023584 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationAddis, M., & Jacobson, N. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005563304265 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Schmidt, N. B., & Woolaway-Bickel, K. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.1.13 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Assessing compliance with homework assignments: Review and recommendations for clinical practice
Kazantzis, N., Deane, F. P., & Ronan, K. R. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10239 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Boschen, M. J., Neumann, D. L., & Waters, A. M. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802607154 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Schmidt, N. B., & Woolaway-Bickel, K. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.13 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Relationship Between Homework Completion and Outcome in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Rees, C. S., McEvoy, P. M., & Nathan, P. R. (2005) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070510011548 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS).
Bandelow, B. (1999) · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A national survey of practicing psychologists’ use and attitudes toward homework in psychotherapy
Kazantzis, N., Lampropoulos, G. K., & Deane, F. P. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.4.742 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Gloster, A., Wittchen, H., Einsle, F., Höfler, M., Lang, T., Helbig-Lang, S., Fydrich, T., Fehm, L., Hamm, A., Richter, J., et al. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0065-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationPower to detect homework effects in psychotherapy outcome research.
Kazantzis, N. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.166 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Startup, M., & Edmonds, J. E. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02355669 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The role of homework in cognitive-behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence.
Gonzalez, V. M., Schmitz, J. M., & DeLaune, K. A. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.633 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The use of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale in a clinical trial
Bandelow, B., Brunner, E., Broocks, A., Beinroth, D., Hajak, G., Pralle, L., & Rüther, E. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(97)00118-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chambless, D. L., Sharpless, B. A., Rodriguez, D., McCarthy, K. S., Milrod, B. L., Khalsa, S., & Barber, J. P. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Does Homework Compliance Enhance Recovery from Depression?
Burns, D. D., & Auerbach, A. H. (1992) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19920901-07 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Yovel, I., & Safren, S. A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9065-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stephenson, R., Marchand, A., & Lavallée, M.-C. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/028457199440016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Helbig-Lang, S., Hagestedt, D., Lang, T., & Petermann, F. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000106 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kazantzis, N., Whittington, C., Zelencich, L., Kyrios, M., Norton, P. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.05.002 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Supporting Homework Compliance in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Essential Features of Mobile Apps
Tang, W., & Kreindler, D. M. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5283 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of the relation of goal consensus and collaboration to psychotherapy outcome.
Tryon, G. S., Birch, S. E., & Verkuilen, J. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000170 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Okamoto, A., Dattilio, F. M., Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2019) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000088 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Fidelity to the Cognitive Processing Therapy Protocol: Evaluation of Critical Elements
Farmer, C. C., Mitchell, K. S., Parker-Guilbert, K. S., & Galovski, T. E. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Silk, J. S., Pramana, G., Sequeira, S. L., Lindhiem, O. J., Kendall, P. C., Rosen, D. K., & Parmanto, B. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Homework in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Kazantzis, N., Brownfield, N. R., Mosely, L., Usatoff, A. S., & Flighty, A. J. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Conklin, L. R., & Strunk, D. R. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cooper, A. A., Kline, A. C., Graham, B., Bedard‐Gilligan, M. A., Mello, P. G., Feeny, N. C., & Zoellner, L. A. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.013 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gloster, A. T., Hauke, C., Höfler, M., Einsle, F., Fydrich, T., Hamm, A. O., Sthröhle, A., & Wïttchen, H. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.09.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPittig, A., Hengen, K. M., Bublatzky, F., & Alpers, G. W. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.04.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationDanko, C. M., Brown, T. M., Schoick, L. V., & Budd, K. S. (2015) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-015-9339-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Straube, B., Lueken, U., Jansen, A., Konrad, C., Gloster, A. T., Gerlach, A. L., Ströhle, A., Wittmann, A., Pfleiderer, B., Gauggel, S., et al. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000359955 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationYew, R. Y., Dobson, K. S., Zyphur, M. J., & Kazantzis, N. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10059-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mobile-assisted cognitive-behavioral social skills training in older adults with schizophrenia
Granholm, E. L., Holden, J. L., Dwyer, K., & Link, P. C. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.03.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Eskildsen, A., Reinholt, N., van Bronswijk, S. C., Brund, R. B. K., Christensen, A. B., Hvenegaard, M., Arendt, M. C. B. B., Alrø, A. J., Poulsen, S., Rosenberg, N., et al. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10116-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Homework adherence predicts therapeutic improvement from behavior therapy in Tourette's disorder
Essoe, J. K.-Y., Ricketts, E. J., Ramsey, K. A., Piacentini, J. C., Woods, D. W., Peterson, A. L., Scahill, L. D., Wilhelm, S., Walkup, J. T., & Mcguire, J. F. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103844 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
What the future holds: Machine learning to predict success in psychotherapy
Taubitz, F.-S., Büdenbender, B., & Alpers, G. W. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104116 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationConklin, L. R., Curreri, A. J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.01.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pessimism and Homework in CBT for Depression
Sachsenweger, M., Fletcher, R. B., & Clarke, D. E. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22227 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Conelea, C. A., Jacob, S., Redish, A. D., & Ramsay, I. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660180 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kato, K., Matsumoto, Y., & Hirano, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895086 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Klein, A., Hagen, A., Mobach, L., Zimmermann, R., Baartmans, J. M. D., Rahemenia, J., de Gier, E., Schneider, S., & Ollendick, T. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00476-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kraepelien, M., Blom, K., Lindefors, N., Johansson, R., & Kaldo, V. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2351 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The role of homework in exposure-based CBT outcome for problem gambling
Riley, B. J. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1062532 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ito, M., Okumura, Y., Horikoshi, M., Kato, N., Oe, Y., Miyamae, M., Hirabayashi, N., Kanie, A., Nakagawa, A., & Ono, Y. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0779-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Espel-Huynh, H. M., Wang, L., Lattie, E. G., Wickham, R. E., Varra, A., Chen, C. E., Lungu, A., & Lee, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60502 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Domschke, K., Kapfhammer, H., & Deckert, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_69 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite, A. P., Umpfenbach, K., & Alpers, G. (2014) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0036538 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRadziwon, C. D., Quigley, B. M., Vargovich, A. M., Krasner, S. S., Gudleski, G. D., Mason, S. R., Borden, A. B., & Lackner, J. M. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104063 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Balsom, A. A., Klest, B., Sander, B., & Gordon, J. L. (2024) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-024-01766-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Since homework compliance has been found to predict positive psychological outcomes in self-administered and online interventions [45–47], it seems worthwhile attempting to increase the time spent completing home-work.”
BackgroundSchwartz, R. A., Chambless, D. L., Barber, J. P., & Milrod, B. L. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.12.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bennion, M., Lovell, K., Blakemore, A., Vicary, E., & Bee, P. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2369939 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fehm, L., & Fehm‐Wolfsdorf, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54911-7_42 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSamantaray, N. N., Singh, P., & Sudhir, P. M. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103069 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Homework Assignments in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Soylu, C., & Topaloğlu, C. (2014) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/cap.20141029012248 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Diemer, J., Sich, M., Lange, B., Müller, M., Koller, M., Schäfer, P., Meixner, G., Brunnauer, A., & Zwanzger, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1536968 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Domschke, K., Kapfhammer, H., & Deckert, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_69-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPain part 5b: non-odontogenic dysfunctional pain
Renton, T. F., & Egbuniwe, O. (2015) · Dental Update · doi:10.12968/denu.2015.42.9.856 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Therapeutenbegleitete und patientengeleitete Exposition bei Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie
Klan, T., Persike, M., & Hiller, W. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000348 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
van Steenwijk, M. V. G.-D. V., de Leeuw, A., van Megen, H. J. G. M., Selier, J., & Visser, H. A. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.662069 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does Expectancy and Homework Compliance Predict Change in CBT?
Schroder, A. (2017) · Acta Psychopathologica · doi:10.4172/2469-6676.100133 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Telephone-delivered group CBT for anxiety: Experiences of group members
Coughtrey, A. E. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Therapeutische Vereinbarungen: Hausaufgaben und Verhaltensverträge
Fehm, L., & Helbig‐Lang, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_34
Self-citationIncreasing Psychiatric Treatment Engagement and Adherence in the College Population
Bardin, A., Cheney, B., & Braider, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12665-0_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mintz, E. H., Kothari, D., Hotchkin, C. M., Joseph, A.-L. C., & Baker, A. W. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91439-3_13
Spies, J., Lang�, T., Gerlach, A. L., Kircher, T. T. J., Hamm, A. O., Alpers, G. W., Fydrich, T., Arolt, V., Deckert, J., Ströhle, A., et al. (2025) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.70012
Self-citationInvestigating the psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire— Short Form
Marshall, S. C., Scott, A. M., Elcock, A., Key, B. L., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2025) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2025.89.3.214
Balsom, A. A., Klest, B., Sander, B. J., & Gordon, J. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26702290
Angst- oder furchtbezogene Störungen
Domschke, K., & Zwanzger, P. (2026) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_69-2
- Authors
- Cammin-Nowak, S., Helbig-Lang, S., Lang, T., Gloster, A. T., Fehm, L., Gerlach, A. L., Ströhle, A., Deckert, J., Kircher, T., Hamm, A. O., Alpers, G. W., Arolt, V., & Wittchen, H.-U.
- Affiliations
- University of Bremen (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Universität Greifswald (DE)
- University of Mannheim (DE)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Technical University of Dresden - Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-03-15
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 616-629
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1938481354
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 7.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MADOC (University of Mannheim) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- homework compliance, cognitive behavioral therapy, panic disorder, agoraphobia, treatment outcomes, psychoeducation, self-monitoring, homework quality, prognostic factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agoraphobia, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Panic Disorder, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review