THE INFLUENCE OF RACE AND ETHNICITY IN CLIENTS’ EXPERIENCES OF MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
Open accessAbstract
Clinicians and researchers have pointed to the need for culturally sensitive mental health interventions. Yet it has not been determined if the inclusion of cultural elements affects the way mental health clients experience services. This study examined 102 clients who had received mental health treatment from outpatient mental health clinics to investigate whether culturally related elements involving race and ethnicity were important to clients and whether they were related to client satisfaction and perceived treatment outcomes. Ethnic minority clients generally felt that issues regarding race and ethnicity were more important than did White clients. When these elements were considered important but were not included in their care, clients were less satisfied with treatment. Consistent with the notion of cultural responsiveness, these findings provide empirical evidence that culturally relevant aspects of the mental health service experience are salient to ethnic minority clients and can affect how they respond to services.
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Existing evidence-based techniques adapted for use with gender minority populations hold different efficacies dependent on cultural considerations.
“Existing, evidence-based techniques which have been adapted for use with gender minority populations are shown to hold different efficacies dependent on cultural considerations, and researchers have long called for culturally-specific interventions for a variety of populations (Chan & Leung, Citation2021; Meyer & Zane, Citation2013; Sue & Sue, Citation1999).”
From Proposed Self-as-Context Interventions for Gender Minority Clients (2025) · cites this paper as Meyer & Zane, 2013
The Discussion (page unavailable) calls for more validated strategies addressing race and ethnicity in treatment for ethnic minority clients, supporting the sentence’s call for culturally specific care. It does not study adapted techniques for gender minority populations or show that their efficacy varies with cultural considerations; the Discussion says the cultural elements examined were not related to perceived treatment outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResearchers have long called for culturally-specific interventions for a variety of populations.
“Existing, evidence-based techniques which have been adapted for use with gender minority populations are shown to hold different efficacies dependent on cultural considerations, and researchers have long called for culturally-specific interventions for a variety of populations (Chan & Leung, Citation2021; Meyer & Zane, Citation2013; Sue & Sue, Citation1999).”
From Proposed Self-as-Context Interventions for Gender Minority Clients (2025) · cites this paper as Meyer & Zane, 2013
Ethnic minority clients often perceive issues of race and ethnicity as more salient to their therapeutic experiences compared to White clients, and failure to integrate these experiences into treatment is associated with lower treatment satisfaction.
“Research indicates that ethnic minority clients often perceive issues of race and ethnicity as more salient to their therapeutic experiences compared to White clients, and failure to integrate these experiences into treatment is associated with lower treatment satisfaction.9”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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BackgroundRating satisfaction research: Is it poor, fair, good, very good, or excellent?
di Palo, M. T. (1997) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1790100610 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Internalization of therapeutic relationships in short-term psychotherapy.
Quintana, S. M., & Meara, N. M. (1990) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.37.2.123 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is troubling given that the client’s evaluation of the therapy relationship (as opposed to the counselor’s view) is most strongly associated with therapy outcome (Betancourt, Green, Carrillo, & Ananeh-Firempong, 2003; Horvath & Bedi, 2002; Quintana & Meara, 1990; Safran & Segal, 1990).”
BackgroundThe MHSIP Mental Health Report Card
Teague, G. B., Ganju, V. K., Hornik, J. A., Johnson, J. R., & McKinney, J. (1997) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x9702100307 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Experiences and Beliefs as Predictors of Ethnic Identity and Intergroup Relations
Wright, M. O., & Littleford, L. N. (2002) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2002.tb00474.x · Cited by 40 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…is no strong agreement regarding the construct in psychological research (Cokley, 2007; Helms, Jernigan, & Mascher, 2005), race is an important topic to study because it is particularly salient for ethnic and racial minorities (Comas-Dıaz & Jacobsen, 1991; Helms, 2007; Wright and Littleford, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Working Alliance and Client-Clinician Ethnic Match on Recovery Status
Chao, P., Steffen, J. J., & Heiby, E. M. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9423-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Therapeutic Beliefs of Asian American Therapists: Views from an Ethnic-Specific Clinic
Ito, K. L., & Maramba, G. G. (2002) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/136346150203900102 · Cited by 29 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Some studies (e.g., Ito & Maramba, 2002; Maxie, Arnold, & Stephenson, 2006) have investigated therapists’ perspectives regarding their practices, but there has been a lack of empirical research describing how clients actually experience therapy with regards to racial issues (Chang & Berk, 2009).”
BackgroundDana, R. H., Gamst, G. C., Der‐Karabetian, A., & Kramer, T. (2001) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Utility of retrospective pretest ratings of patient satisfaction with health status§
Kreulen, G. J., Stommel, M., Gutek, B. A., Burns, L. R., & Braden, C. J. (2002) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.10031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of Racial Match on Asian American Mental Health Consumer Satisfaction
Gamst, G. C., Aguilar-Kitibutr, A., Herdina, A., Hibbs, S., Krishtal, E., Lee, R., Roberg, R., Ryan, E., Stephens, H., & Martenson, L. (2003) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026224901243 · Cited by 19 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, global assessment scores, substance use reduction), lower treatment dropout, and greater satisfaction (Blank, Tetrick, Brinkley, Smith, & Doheny, 1994; Flaskerud & Liu, 1991; Flicker, Waldron, Turner, Brody, & Hops, 2008; Gamst, Dana, Der-Karabetian, & Kramer, 2001; Gamst et al., 2003; LaVeist & Nuru-Jeter, 2002; O’…”
Guidelines and Principles for Accreditation of Programs in Professional Psychology.
(2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e302352004-001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Constructing Race and Deconstructing Racism: A Cultural Psychology Approach
Jones, J. M. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976008.n14 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In view of these findings, it is not surprising that those minority clients who were with care providers who did not acknowledge and process the reality of living in a racialized society (Jones, 2003) experienced poorer quality of care.”
BackgroundTimimi, S. B. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.6.540 · Cited by 8 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the terms race and ethnicity are varied and distinguishing between these two concepts is often challenging, as indicated by the fact that these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, despite their individual nuances (Bhugra & Bhui, 2002; Bhui, 2002; Helms & Cook, 1999; Helms & Talleyrand, 1997).”
BackgroundOwen, J. J. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e653172011-001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Arneill-Py A 2004 Measurement invariance of the Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program Consumer Survey Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 65 6-B 3215
- Harley DA Jolivette K McCormick K Tice K 2002 Race, class, and gender: A constellation of positionalities with implications Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development Special Issue: Race, ethnicity, gender, and social class in counseling 30 216 238
- Institute of Medicine 2002 Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Washington, DC National Academy Press
- Leff HL Camacho-Gonsalves T Shin SM Cortés D Altschul D Levy R Elmore S 2003 Cultural Acceptability of Treatment Survey (CATS) Cambridge, MA Human Services Research Institute, the Evaluation Center at HSRI
- Napoles AM Gregorich SE Santoyo-Olsson J O’Brien H Stewart AL 2009 Patient characteristics that impact health and use Health Services Research 44 1326 1344 19490162 PMC2714869
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning
Sun, M. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.12.006 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Moore, C., Coates, E. E., Watson, A., de Heer, R., McLeod, A. B., & Prudhomme, A. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01435-y · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“Previous research has found that minoritized patients were more likely to report higher perceived quality of care and greater levels of satisfaction of care when racially matched with a mental healthcare provider [10].”
BackgroundShepherd, S. M., Esqueda, C. W., Paradies, Y., Sivasubramaniam, D., Sherwood, J., & Brockie, T. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0744-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Participants also showed a slight preference for health care professionals from their own cultural background, supporting previous work [38, 39].”
BackgroundResultThe Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Zaretsky, T. G., Jagodnik, K. M., Barsic, R., Antonio, J. H., Bonanno, P. A., MacLeod, C., Pierce, C., Carney, H., Morrison, M. T., Saylor, C. F., et al. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wong‐Padoongpatt, G., Zane, N. W. S., Okazaki, S., & Saw, A. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000217 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationCultural influences in mental health treatment
Huang, C. Y., & Zane, N. W. S. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.009 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationManejo Clínico das Repercussões do Racismo entre Mulheres que se “Tornaram Negras”
Tavares, J. S. C., & Kuratani, S. M. D. A. (2019) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703003184764 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Behind the Masks: Experiences of Mental Health Practitioners of Color During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Miu, A. S., & Moore, J. R. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01427-w · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Valentine, S. E., Borba, C. P. C., Dixon, L., Vaewsorn, A. S., Gallegos-Guajardo, J., Resick, P. A., Stirman, S. W., & Marques, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22337 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…previous studies have demonstrated lower client satisfaction among racial and ethnic minority clients receiving nonculturally adapted services (Meyer & Zane, 2013), and poorer treatment response to EBTs among racial and ethnic minority clients, as compared to non-Latino White clients (Castro,…”
BackgroundMcCalman, J., Campbell, S., Jongen, C. S., Langham, E., Pearson, K., Fagan, R., Martin‐Sardesai, A., & Bainbridge, R. G. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4580-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Clinical Implications for Culturally Informed Counseling with Incarcerated Individuals
Tadros, E., & Owens, D. L. (2020) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2020.1813659 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In fact, a study with African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans displayed low satisfaction, dissatisfaction with the counselor, and less confidence due to a lack of culturally responsive counseling (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
BackgroundResultChallenges and Coping Mechanisms of Whites Committed to Antiracism
Malott, K. M., Schaefle, S. E., Paone, T. R., Cates, J. T., & Haizlip, B. (2019) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12238 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient Experiences with Psychotherapy in the Community
Craven, M. R. A., Quinton, S., & Taft, T. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-018-9576-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Children of Incarcerated Parents
Morgan-Mullane, A. (2017) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-017-0642-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Given this disturbing association between incarceration and race, clinicians need to be especially aware of issues around cultural sensitivity and should acknowledge and respond to these differences to maximize therapeutic input (Meyer and Zane 2013).”
Strategies for Incorporating Culture into Psychosocial Interventions for Youth of Color
Park, A. L., Rith‐Najarian, L., Saifan, D., Gellatly, R., Huey, S. J., & Chorpita, B. F. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2022.2025629 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Additionally, EBIs are not culturally neutral, and it would be a disservice not to attend to cultural factors1 that may impact psychotherapy engagement and response (Meyer & Zane, 2013; Sorenson & Harrell, 2021).”
BackgroundMikrut, E. E., Keating, L., Barnwell, P. V., Cioffi, L., Vega, D., Contrada, R. J., & Brondolo, E. N. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114558 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pruitt, L. D., Vuletic, S., Smolenski, D. J., Wagner, A., Luxton, D. D., & Gahm, G. A. (2019) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x18784103 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kock, C. D. (2019) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-019-00113-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The cost of intersectionality: Motherhood, mental health, and the state of the country
McKinney, J. L. G., & Meinersmann, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12539 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hytman, L., Amestoy, M. E., Ueberholz, R. Y., & Fiocco, A. J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02501-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Although such changes are surface level, research suggests that culturally related elements of race and ethnicity are important to ethnic minority clients and contribute to treatment satisfaction with mental health interventions (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Ertl, M. M., Mann-Saumier, M., Martin, R. A., Graves, D. F., & Altarriba, J. (2019) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.41.4.03 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Women's Menopausal Experiences in the UK: A Systemic Literature Review of Qualitative Studies
Anto, A., Basu, A., Selim, R., & Eisingerich, A. B. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70167 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Critical Humanism in Music Therapy: Imagining the Possibilities
Hadley, S. J., & Thomas, N. (2018) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miy015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Robinson, L. E., Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., Ingram, K. M., Sheikh, A. J. E., Torgal, C., Mintz, S., & Kuehl, T. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09419-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Trevino, A. Y., Tao, K. W., & Epps, J. V. (2021) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000360 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Depauw, H., Hiel, A. V., Clercq, B. J. D., Bracke, P., & de Putte, B. V. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2156307 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The inclusion of such conversations benefits the counselling process—especially for ethnic minority clients (Meyer & Zane, 2013)—and helps building a safe and comfortable place for the client to be able to talk freely without restrictions (Choi et al., 2015; Day-Vines et al., 2007; Drinane et al.,…”
BackgroundConnors, E. H., Arora, P. G., Resnick, S. G., & McKay, M. M. (2022) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000617 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Discrimination and mental health among Latinos: variation by place of origin
Held, M. L., & Lee, S. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1207220 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“With interactions. addition to knowledge on discrimination history, are important to minority consumers of mental health services (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
BackgroundTesting a Package of Evidence-Based Practices in School Mental Health
Weist, M. D., Hoover, S., Lever, N. A., Youngstrom, E. A., George, M. R. W., McDaniel, H. L., Fowler, J., Bode, A. A., Bradley, W. J., Taylor, L. K., et al. (2019) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-019-09322-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flow State as an Existential Tool to Increase Optimal Experience and Life Enjoyment
Burt, I., & Gonzalez, T. (2021) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12165 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Watt, T. T., Hartfield, K., Kim, S., & Ceballos, N. A. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1947838 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Implementing Person-Centered Care Planning: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Stanhope, V., Choy-Brown, M., Williams, N. J., & Marcus, S. C. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000361 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cultural competence in a multinational group of sport psychology professionals
Quartiroli, A., Schinke, R. J., Giffin, C. E., Vosloo, J., & Fisher, L. A. (2022) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2022.2140224 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“As a result, race — as well as other cultural identities — is rarely explicitly addressed with clients (Sue, 2016), leading clients to be less satisfied with the consulting interactions (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
BackgroundChiang, M., Chang, J., Nakash, O., Cruz-Gonzalez, M. A., Fillbrunn, M. K., & Alegria, M. M. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800216 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“involve patient-clinician miscommunication (53, 54) and patient dropout (33, 55).”
BackgroundAshley, W., & Brown, J. C. (2015) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934715590406 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Racism is insidious in mental health treatment (Barbee, 2002; Meyer & Zane, 2013; Wallace, 2012; Williams & Williams-Morris, 2000).”
BackgroundAggarwal, N. K., Chen, D., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2022) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210040 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Thomas, N., & Blanc, V. (2021) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2021.101765 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Partavian, A., & Kyriakopoulos, A. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12501 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dhir, P., Maynard, M. J., Drew, K. J., Homer, C. V., Bakhai, C., & Ells, L. J. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079939 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Day‐Vines, N. L., Zhang, J., Cluxton‐Keller, F., Hicks, D., Jones, C. T., Spann, R. T., Daga, D., & Agorsor, C. F. (2024) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12300 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Muroff, J. R., Do, D., Brinkerhoff, C. A., Chassler, D., Alfaro-Cortés, M. M., Baum, M., Guzman-Betancourt, G., Reyes, D. R., López, L. M., Roberts, M., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-14983-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chakawa, A., Throckmorton‐Belzer, L., Crawford, T. P., & Brei, N. G. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1796549 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Health Risks of Practicing Correctional Medicine
Hart, D. A. (2019) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2019.540 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clients’ perceptions of positive regard across four therapeutic orientations.
Suzuki, J. Y., Mandavia, A. D., & Farber, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000186 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Culture and Psychological Interventions
Huang, C. Y., & Zane, N. W. S. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190679743.003.0015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationEscovar, E. L., Bocanegra, E. S., Craske, M., Bystritsky, A., Roy-Byrne, P., Sherbourne, C., Stein, M., Sullivan, G., & Chavira, D. (2023) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001533 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Murphy, J. L., Kim, Y., & Kerr, K. (2024) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-024-09705-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Studies have found the importance of school staff race/ethnicity as a factor in service use (Calkins, 2020; Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Fettes, D. L., Sklar, M., Green, A. E., Sandhu, A., Hurlburt, M. S., & Aarons, G. A. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900256 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Townley, G., & Terry, R. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12210 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, Flynn, Balch, Lewis and Katz (1981) assessed client satisfaction with community mental health services; and Meyer and Zane (2013) investigated whether culturally relevant elements of mental health treatment plans predicted client satisfaction and treatment outcomes.”
BackgroundCultural Considerations in the Treatment of Latina Survivors of Sexual Assault
Amaya, S., & Gray, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2021.1926175 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Depauw, H., & Hiel, A. V. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3067 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Schaechter, T., Flowers, S. N., Weiss, M., Becker‐Haimes, E. M., & Sanchez, A. L. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01833-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Between and within race differences in patient-centeredness and activation in mental health care
Hack, S. M., Muralidharan, A., & Abraham, C. R. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.05.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Role of Human Support on Engagement in an Online Depression Prevention Program for Youth
Rogers, J., Gladstone, T. R. G., Voorhees, B. W. V., & Bunge, E. L. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10080285 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ramos, A., Moors, A. C., Dours, N., & Jonathan, N. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-09956-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Given that cues of inclusion are critical for people with marginalized identities (e.g., Hou & Shim, 2010; Meyer & Zane, 2013), understanding how people in diverse intimate relationships are represented in mental health resources is an important step to address.”
BackgroundCultural and Social Aspects of Anxiety Disorders
Holly, L. E. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.04.017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mathis, E. T., Hawkins, J., Charlot-Swilley, D., Spencer, T., Lingo, K. J., Trachtenberg, D., McPherson, S. K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Shapiro, A., Williams, J. C., et al. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02320-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…have positively contributed, as the benefits of racial concordance between therapists and clients for intervention outcomes, intervention dropout, and client satisfaction have been well-documented (Gamst et al, 2003; Maramba & Hall, 2002; Meyer & Zane, 2013; O’Sullivan & Lasso, 1992; Ward, 2005).”
Canie, J., Tobah, S., Sanchez, A.-M., & Wathen, C. N. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621241254883 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Common lived experiences and shared understanding of how being Black can impact various aspects of an individual ’ s day-to-day life and health provide an important foundation for the therapeutic relationship for some ACB people (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Tucker, A. R., Norton, C. L., DeMille, S. M., Talbot, B., & Keefe, M. (2022) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14567-4_21 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hampton-Anderson, J. N., Novacek, D. M., Zhen‐Duan, J., Latimer, S., Perry, T., & Renard, D. (2023) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2022.307194 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chiu, M., Gatov, E., Zaheer, J., Lebenbaum, M., Fu, L., Newman, A. M., & Kurdyak, P. A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020156 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Assigning individuals to ethnically focused inpatient units has also been shown to increase the likelihood of patients accepting outpatient referrals and decrease the likelihood of readmissions.(35) 36 The combination of reduced acute care encounters and increased outpatient service utilisation postdischarge suggests…”
Johnson, M. H., McNeish, R., & Vargo, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01750-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Social Determinants of Mental Health
Fink-Samnick, E. (2021) · Professional Case Management · doi:10.1097/ncm.0000000000000518 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Disparities in Offered Anxiety Treatments Among Minorities
Samander, L. J., & Harman, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319211065807 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Luna, O., Petri, J. M., & Nuhu, N. N. (2022) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-022-00117-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…professions, like clinical psychology, BIPOC clients were more likely than White clients to believe issues of race/ ethnicity were important, and they were less satisfied with treatment when racial issues were not included or addressed in their care (Meyer & Zane, 2013; Thompson & Jenal, 1994).”
BackgroundAndretta, J. R., Worrell, F. C., Watkins, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Thompson, A. D., & Woodland, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798418821278 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stockwell, D. W., Roche, M., & Billings, J. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2390381 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Patients frequently encounter practitioners that are from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds to theirs, with evidence suggesting that this can lead to poorer therapeutic relationships and subsequent care (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Talking With white Clients About Race
Drustrup, D. (2021) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-021-00037-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tram, J. M., Huang, A., & Lopez, J. M. (2023) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807231157044 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It is not uncommon for the topic of identity to arise in therapy, especially for ethnic minority clients whom view issues around race and ethnicity to be more important than those who are White (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
InfluentialCultural Competence Issues in Counseling and Therapy for Asian Americans
Thao, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Review of School-Based Interventions for Black Boys’ School Success
Gale, A., Lateef, H. A., Boyd, D. T., & Williams, E. G. (2023) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-023-00685-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Thus, the current review joins the chorus of mental health research showing that the connection between the intervention(ist) and the client should consider their culture (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Yoo, N., Park, M., & Chang, D. F. (2025) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/738140 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Multicultural Considerations for Behaviorally-Focused Consultation: A Systematic Review
Ragan, K., & Parker, B. S. (2023) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation · doi:10.1080/10474412.2023.2286258 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This literature suggests that match (or mismatch) may impact variables such as retention and alliance (e.g., Meyer & Zane, 2013; Wintersteen et al., 2005).”
The Role of Digital Therapy in Promoting Post-Secondary Student Mental Health
Austin, S., Bandealy, A., & Cawley, E. (2025) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770241280027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…culturally relevant services has unique strengths; in fact, help-seeking may be even more beneficial in this case, as these individuals may be able to develop a stronger therapeutic alliance, which is one of the most significant predictors of positive mental health outcomes (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Psychosocial Experiences of African American Parents of Children With Cancer
Eche, I. J., Aronowitz, T. B., Broden, E. G., Merz, A. F., White-Hammond, G. E., Umaretiya, P. J., Bullock, K., Brock, K. E., Johnston, E. E., Wolfe, J., et al. (2025) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-070319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Philip, J. S., & Maimon, M. R. (2023) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn28.1.67 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does Hovering Matter? The Effect of Helicopter Parenting on Adolescents’ Suicidal Ideation
Karunaharan, S., Ganaprakasam, C., & Selvarajah, T. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210423.030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Comprehending gender and ethnic differences is a crucial element to consider when developing a genderbased and culturally-competent psychological intervention (27,28).”
BackgroundTorkington, C., Anderson, A., & Millar, C. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13036-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Missed opportunities to address race-related issues are particularly concerning given evidence that clients from minoritised ethnic backgrounds report lower satisfaction when culture is not explicitly included in mental health treatment [39].”
Paniak, I., Cohen, E., Studzinski, C. M., & Tsotsos, L. E. (2025) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti9100109 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Roman, J., Hoberg, H. L. N., Ekberg, S., Rogers, J., Combo, M., Henaway, C., Mushin, I., Meuter, R. F. I., Burke, K., Spinks, J., et al. (2026) · First Nations Health and Wellbeing - The Lowitja Journal · doi:10.1016/j.fnhli.2026.100119 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Client‐rated facilitators and barriers to long‐term youth anxiety disorder recovery
Casline, E. P., Ogle, R. R., Peris, T. S., Kendall, P. C., Piacentini, J. C., Compton, S. N., Keeton, C. P., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23400 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ayeni, O. O. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2089861 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with previous research that highlights racial match as an important element of care in predicting client satisfaction (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
ResultSasa, S. M., Dillon, F. R., Lobos, J., Eklund, A. C., & Ebersole, R. C. (2023) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Les facteurs qui entravent l’accès aux soins de santé mentale en contexte migratoire
Ourhou, A., Bergeul, S., & Habimana, E. (2023) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1100439ar · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social Anxiety in University Students: Towards an Intentional Life-Skills Based Prevention Model
Ali, H., & Joordens, S. (2023) · JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.29245/2578-2959/2023/3.1282 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Therapists’ Experiences With Integrating Neurofeedback Into Therapy for Complex/Developmental Trauma
Tsuji-Lyons, A., & White, M. B. (2023) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.10.4.220 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Therapist experiences working with Asian American college students
Liu, L., Thapar-Olmos, N., Fung, J. J., Ho, L. Y., & Lau, A. S. (2024) · Cogent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28324765.2024.2338052 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…to address racial/ethnic background and perceptions of match/mismatch in therapy is also consistent with research that has found the acknowledgment of issues related to race and ethnicity is particularly important to ethnic minority clients compared to White clients (O. L. Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Impacts of Racial and Gender Identities on Individuals’ Intentions to Seek a Counselor
Romy, R. W., & Joyce, N. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0521 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pun, J., Franklin, J., & Ryan, C. G. (2024) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2024.103196 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leadership expectation gap and LMX quality: ethnic and nationality dissimilarities as moderator
Subramaniam, A., & Sambasivan, M. (2018) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/ict-05-2018-0042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Accessible Mental Health Care Is Available, Approachable, and Affordable
Okoli, C. T. C. (2023) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903231180187 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“When health care settings have a diverse array of providers who reflect the populations for whom care is provided, patients’ perceptions of and receptivity to mental health care are often bolstered (Alegría et al., 2013; Meyer & Zane, 2013; Moore et al., 2022; Nazione et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRecognize and Refer? Differences by Gender, Ethnicity, and Help‐Seeking History
Kalkbrenner, M. T., Arroyos, E. C., & Mims, T. D. (2021) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12183 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An exploration of counselors of color working in the eating disorder field
Biang, A., Merlin‐Knoblich, C., & Lim, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12532 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Population Needs: Cross-Cultural Considerations
Ibrahim, H. A., Innocent, M., & Patel, A. N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4738-2_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Donkin, V., Clarkin, C. L., Gambin, A., Sanches, M., VanderSluis, K., & Crawford, A. S. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01424-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…to the field (≤ 4yrs), which may be indicative of a shift in recruitment practices as our understanding of the importance of diverse representation in mental health service provision continues to develop (e.g. Atkin-son et al., 1990; Townes et al., 2009; Meyer & Zane, 2013, Olaniyan & Hayes, 2022).”
Culturally Adapting a Social-Emotional Program for Black Youth with Internalizing Symptoms
Johnson, C., & Whitcomb, S. A. (2025) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-025-00555-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…racial/ethnic match cautions that these effects are not sustained; rather, it is the interventionist’s openness to discuss cultural and racial issues during treatment, an aspect of cultural responsiveness, that is important to the therapeutic relationship and client outcomes (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Racial biases in psychopathology undermine support for race conscious mental health programs
Wideman, J., & Kunstman, J. W. (2025) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2025.44.4.300 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Training, Recruiting, and Retaining African American Mental Health Professionals
Austin, J. T., & Austin, J. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77131-7_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jones, V. N., Dopwell, D. M., & Curry, L. C. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4507-5.ch032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Three-Phase Methodology for Conducting Equity-Focused Needs Assessments
Zanti, S., & Culhane, D. P. (2022) · Human Services Organizations Management Leadership & Governance · doi:10.1080/23303131.2022.2118916 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Another dimension of equity within the supply of service providers is the relative representation of clients and staff by race, ethnicity, sex, or other demographic characteristics (Meyer & Zane, 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Meyer, O. L., & Zane, N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, Oanh L.
- Venue
- Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-07-22
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 884-901
- ISSN
- 0090-4392 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6629
- PMC
- PMC4228688
- OpenAlex
- W1718717471
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000002)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH073511, T32MH018261)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD007475)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- race and ethnicity, ethnic minority clients, cultural responsiveness, culturally sensitive mental health services, client satisfaction, psychiatric outpatient clinic
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