MRI assessment of iron deposition in multiple sclerosis
Open accessAbstract
Iron deposition in the human brain tissue occurs in the process of normal aging and in many neurodegenerative diseases. Elevated iron levels in certain brain regions are also an increasingly recognized finding in multiple sclerosis (MS). The exact mechanism(s) for this phenomenon and its implication in terms of pathophysiology and clinical significance are still largely unknown and debated. Reliable methods to exactly quantify brain iron are a first step to clarify these issues. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present currently available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for the assessment of brain iron. These include relaxation time mapping, phase imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, susceptibility mapping, magnetic field correlation imaging, and direct saturation imaging. After discussing their advantages and disadvantages, existing MRI clinical correlations with brain iron concentration in MS are summarized and future research directions are shown.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Iron concentrations increase in many deep grey matter structures as multiple sclerosis progresses.
“Iron concentrations increase in many deep grey matter structures as multiple sclerosis progresses.156,157”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [157]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL
Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E. J., Johansen-Berg, H., Bannister, P. R., De Luca, M., Drobnjak, I., Flitney, D. E., et al. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051 · Cited by 13,630 · see citing works
Andrews, N. C. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199912233412607 · Cited by 2,130 · see citing works
The effect of age on the non-haemin iron in the human brain
Hallgren, B., & Sourander, P. (1958) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12607.x · Cited by 1,427 · see citing works
Theory of NMR signal behavior in magnetically inhomogeneous tissues: The static dephasing regime
Yablonskiy, D. A., & Haacke, E. M. (1994) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910320610 · Cited by 1,201 · see citing works
The Immunopathology of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview
Lassmann, H., Brück, W., & Lucchinetti, C. F. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Technical Aspects and Clinical Applications, Part 1
Haacke, E. M., Mittal, S., Wu, Z., Neelavalli, J., & Cheng, Y. N. (2008) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1400 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging
Haacke, E. M., Cheng, N. Y. C., House, M. J., Liu, Q., Neelavalli, J., Ogg, R. J., Khan, A., Ayaz, M., Kirsch, W., & Obenaus, A. (2005) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2004.10.001 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Technical Aspects and Clinical Applications, Part 2
Mittal, S., Wu, Z., Neelavalli, J., & Haacke, E. M. (2009) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1461 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Schweser, F., Deistung, A., Lehr, B. W., & Reichenbach, J. R. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.070 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Ferritin and the response to oxidative stress
Orino, K., Lehman, L. J., Tsuji, Y., Ayaki, H., Torti, S. V., & Torti, F. M. (2001) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3570241 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Ferritin and the response to oxidative stress
ORINO, K., LEHMAN, L., TSUJI, Y., AYAKI, H., TORTI, S. V., & TORTI, F. M. (2001) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3570241 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Quantitative MR Imaging of Brain Iron: A Postmortem Validation Study
Langkammer, C., Krebs, N., Goessler, W., Scheurer, E., Ebner, F., Yen, K., Fazekas, F., & Ropele, S. (2010) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.10100495 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Self-citationMarques, J. P., & Bowtell, R. W. (2005) · Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B · doi:10.1002/cmr.b.20034 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Gelman, N., Gorell, J. M., Barker, P. B., Savage, R. M., Spickler, E. M., Windham, J. P., & Knight, R. A. (1999) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99fe41759 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Iron Toxicity in Diseases of Aging: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Atherosclerosis
Altamura, S., & Muckenthaler, M. U. (2009) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-1010 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Vymazal, J., Righini, A., Brooks, R. A., Canesi, M., Mariani, C. B., Leonardi, M., & Pezzoli, G. (1999) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.211.2.r99ma53489 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
High‐field magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron: birth of a biomarker?
Schenck, J. F., & Zimmerman, E. A. (2004) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.922 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Characterizing iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions using susceptibility weighted imaging
Haacke, E. M., Makki, M., Ge, Y., Maheshwari, M., Sehgal, V., Hu, J., Selvan, M., Wu, Z., Latif, Z., Xuan, Y., et al. (2009) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.21676 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Theory of 1/T1 and 1/T2 NMRD profiles of solutions of magnetic nanoparticles
Koenig, S. H., & Kellar, K. E. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910340214 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Iron in Chronic Brain Disorders: Imaging and Neurotherapeutic Implications
Stankiewicz, J. M., Panter, S. S., Neema, M., Arora, A., Batt, C. E., & Bakshi, R. (2007) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.006 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Cusack, R., & Papadakis, N. G. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1092 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Susceptibility contrast in high field MRI of human brain as a function of tissue iron content
Yao, B., Li, T., van Gelderen, P., Shmueli, K., de Zwart, J. A., & Duyn, J. H. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.029 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Hammond, K. E., Metcalf, M., Carvajal, L. E., Okuda, D. T., Srinivasan, R., Vigneron, D. B., Nelson, S. J., & Pelletier, D. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21582 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Sensitivity of MRI resonance frequency to the orientation of brain tissue microstructure
Lee, J., Shmueli, K., Fukunaga, M., van Gelderen, P., Merkle, H., Silva, A. C., & Duyn, J. H. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910222107 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Iron deposits in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease brains
LeVine, S. M. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00470-8 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
T2 Hypointensity in the Deep Gray Matter of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Bakshi, R., Benedict, R. H. B., Bermel, R. A., Caruthers, S. D., Puli, S. R., Tjoa, C. W., Fabiano, A. J., & Jacobs, L. R. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.1.62 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Magnetic susceptibility-weighted MR phase imaging of the human brain.
Rauscher, A., Sedlacik, J., Barth, M., Mentzel, H., & Reichenbach, J. R. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Overview and Mechanisms of Iron Regulation
Bothwell, T. H. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb05480.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Anomalous Venous Blood Flow and Iron Deposition in Multiple Sclerosis
Singh, A. V., & Zamboni, P. (2009) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.180 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Iron deposits surrounding multiple sclerosis plaques.
Craelius, W., Mw, M., Luessenhop, C. P., Sugar, A. W., & Mihalakis, I. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Drayer, B. P., Burger, P. C., Hurwitz, B. J., Dawson, D. V., & Cain, J. (1987) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.149.2.357 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The relation between brain iron and NMR relaxation times: An in vitro study
Vymazal, J., Brooks, R. A., Baumgarner, C. D., Tran, V., Katz, D., Bulte, J. W. M., Bauminger, E. R., & Chiro, G. D. (1996) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910350108 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Hammond, K. E., Lupo, J., Xu, D., Metcalf, M., Kelley, D. A. C., Pelletier, D., Chang, S. M., Mukherjee, P., Vigneron, D. B., & Nelson, S. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.037 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Brass, S. D., Benedict, R. H. B., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Munschauer, F., & Bakshi, R. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135248506ms1301oa · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ma, J., & Wehrli, F. W. (1996) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Series B · doi:10.1006/jmrb.1996.0060 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Ge, Y., Jensen, J. H., Lu, H., Helpern, J. A., Miles, L., Inglese, M., Babb, J. S., Herbert, J., & Grossman, R. I. (2007) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a0646 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Neema, M., Arora, A., Healy, B. C., Guss, Z. D., Brass, S. D., Duan, Y., Buckle, G. J., Glanz, B. I., Stazzone, L., Khoury, S. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2008.00296.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Age‐related changes in Brain T1 are correlated with iron concentration
Ogg, R. J., & Steen, R. G. (1998) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910400516 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Khalil, M., Enzinger, C., Langkammer, C., Tscherner, M., Wallner-Blazek, M., Jehna, M., Ropele, S., Fuchs, S., & Fazekas, F. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458509106609 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationT1 and t2 of ferritin at different field strengths: effect on mri
Vymazal, J., Brooks, R. A., Zak, O., McRill, C., Shen, C., & Chiro, G. D. (1992) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910270218 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Using magnetic field simulation to study susceptibility-related phase contrast in gradient echo MRI
Schäfer, A., Wharton, S., Gowland, P. A., & Bowtell, R. W. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.093 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Automated unwrapping of MR phase images applied to BOLD MR‐venography at 3 Tesla
Rauscher, A., Barth, M., Reichenbach, J. R., Stollberger, R., & Moser, E. (2003) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.10346 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Tjoa, C. W., Benedict, R. H. B., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Fabiano, A. J., & Bakshi, R. (2005) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.02.009 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bermel, R. A., Puli, S. R., Rudick, R. A., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Fisher, E., Munschauer, F. E., & Bakshi, R. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.9.1371 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
MRI T2 shortening (‘black T2’) in multiple sclerosis: frequency, location, and clinical correlation
Bakshi, R., Shaikh, Z. A., & Janardhan, V. (2000) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200001170-00004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron in health and disease
Vymazal, J., Brooks, R. A., Patronas, N. J., Hájek, M., Bulte, J. W. M., & Chiro, G. D. (1995) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(95)00204-f · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Magnetic field correlation imaging
Jensen, J. H., Chandra, R., Ramani, A., Lu, H., Johnson, G., Lee, P., Kaczynski, K., & Helpern, J. A. (2006) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.20907 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Zivadinov, R., Schirda, C., Dwyer, M. G., Haacke, M. E., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Menegatti, E., Heininen‐Brown, M., Magnano, C. R., Malagoni, A. M., Wack, D. S., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
High field MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: high field–high yield?
Wattjes, M. P., & Barkhof, F. (2009) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-009-0512-0 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationShared k‐space echo planar imaging with keyhole
Zaitsev, M., Zilles, K., & Shah, N. J. (2001) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200101)45:1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mitsumori, F., Watanabe, H., & Takaya, N. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.22097 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brain iron detected by SWI high pass filtered phase calibrated with synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence
Hopp, K., Popescu, B. F. G., McCrea, R. P. E., Harder, S. L., Robinson, C. A., Haacke, M. E., Rajput, A. H., Rajput, A. H., & Nichol, H. (2010) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.22201 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ceccarelli, A., Rocca, M. A., Neema, M., Martinelli, V., Arora, A., Tauhid, S., Ghezzi, A., Comi, G., Bakshi, R., & Filippi, M. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458509350310 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationT2 hypointensity in the deep gray matter of patients with benign multiple sclerosis
Ceccarelli, A., Filippi, M., Neema, M., Arora, A., Valsasina, P., Rocca, M. A., Healy, B. C., & Bakshi, R. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458509103611 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationBurgetová, A., Seidl, Z., Krásenský, J., Horáková, D., & Vaněčková, M. (2010) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000279305 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: Decreased signal in thalamus and putamen
Drayer, B. P., Burger, P. C., Hurwitz, B. J., Dawson, D. V., Cain, J., Leong, J., Herfkens, R. J., & Johnson, G. A. (1987) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410220418 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zabad, R., Wei, X., Metz, L., Hill, M. D., & Mitchell, J. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507076411 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Direct saturation MRI: Theory and application to imaging brain iron
Smith, S. A., Bulte, J. W. M., & van Zijl, P. C. M. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21980 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jensen, J. H., Szulc, K. U., Hu, C., Ramani, A., Lu, H., Xuan, L., Falangola, M. F., Chandra, R., Knopp, E. A., Schenck, J. F., et al. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.21823 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Variable‐field relaxometry of iron‐containing human tissues: a preliminary study
Hocq, A., Brouette, N., Saussez, S., Luhmer, M., Gillis, P., & Gossuin, Y. (2009) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1002/cmmi.275 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Diagnostic criteria for primary progressive mutiple sclerosis: a position paper.
(2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Glover (2000) · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200007)44:1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implica- tions for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000;47: 707-717.
- Gelman N, Ewing JR, Gorell JM, Spickler EM, Solomon EG. Interregional variation of longitudinal relaxation rates in human brain at 3.0 T: relation to estimated iron and water contents. Magn Reson Med 2001;45:71-79.
- Jensen JH, Chandra R. NMR relaxation in tissues with weak magnetic inhomogeneities. Magn Reson Med 2000;44: 144-156.
- Jensen JH, Chandra R, Ramani A, et al. Magnetic field correla- tion imaging. Magn Reson Med 2006;55:1350-1361.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders
Ward, R. J., Zucca, F. A., Duyn, J. H., Crichton, R. R., & Zecca, L. (2014) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis
Filippi, M., Rocca, M. A., Barkhof, F., Brück, W., Chen, J. T., Comı, G., DeLuca, G. C., Stefano, N. D., Erickson, B. J., Evangelou, N., et al. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70003-0 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and their involvement in brain diseases
Costa, I., Barbosa, D. J., Benfeito, S., Silva, V., Chavarria, D., Borges, F., Remião, F., & Silva, R. (2023) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108373 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Iron in multiple sclerosis: roles in neurodegeneration and repair
Stephenson, E. L., Nathoo, N., Mahjoub, Y., Dunn, J. F., & Yong, V. W. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.118 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging
Ciccarelli, O., Barkhof, F., Bodini, B., Stefano, N. D., Golay, X., Nicolay, K., Pelletier, D., Pouwels, P. J. W., Smith, S. A., Wheeler‐Kingshott, C. A. M. G., et al. (2014) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70101-2 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationBackground field removal by solving the Laplacian boundary value problem
Zhou, D., Liu, T., Spincemaille, P., & Wang, Y. (2014) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.3064 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions at Various Ages
Chen, W., Gauthier, S. A., Gupta, A. K., Comunale, J. P., Liu, T., Wang, S., Pei, M., Pitt, D., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.13130353 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: Contrast Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Liu, C., Wei, H., Gong, N., Cronin, M., Dibb, R., & Decker, K. (2015) · Tomography · doi:10.18383/j.tom.2015.00136 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Sudre, C. H., Cardoso, M. J., Bouvy, W. H., Biessels, G. J., Barnes, J., & Sebastien Ourselin, A. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2015.2419072 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
Miljković, D. M., & Spasojević, I. (2013) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.5068 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Determinants of brain iron in multiple sclerosis
Khalil, M., Langkammer, C., Ropele, S., Petrovic, K., Wallner-Blazek, M., Loitfelder, M., Jehna, M., Bachmaier, G., Schmidt, R., Enzinger, C., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318236ef0e · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationIron in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Noninvasive Imaging with Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping
Stüber, C., Pitt, D., & Wang, Y. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17010100 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Stankiewicz, J., Neema, M., & Ceccarelli, A. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.039 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Improved differentiation between MS and vascular brain lesions using FLAIR* at 7 Tesla
Kilsdonk, I. D., Wattjes, M. P., Lopez-Soriano, A., Kuijer, J. P. A., de Jong, M. C., de Graaf, W. L., Conijn, M. M. A., Polman, C. H., Luijten, P. R., Geurts, J. J. G., et al. (2013) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-013-3080-y · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relevance of Metals in the Pathophysiology of Neurodegeneration, Pathological Considerations
Jellinger, K. A. (2013) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410502-7.00002-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Gauthier, S. A., Gupta, A. K., Comunale, J. P., Chiang, G. C.-Y., Zhou, D., Chen, W., Giambrone, A. E., Zhu, W., & Wang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.25144 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Han, Y.-H., Lee, J., Kang, B., Mun, C., Baik, S. K., Shin, Y., & Park, K.-H. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.11.009 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Advanced MRI unravels the nature of tissue alterations in early multiple sclerosis
Bonnier, G., Roche, A., Romascano, D., Simioni, S., Meskaldji, D. E., Rotzinger, D. C., Lin, Y., Menegaz, G., Schluep, M., Pasquier, R. D., et al. (2014) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.68 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
de Graaf, W. L., Kilsdonk, I. D., Lopez-Soriano, A., Zwanenburg, J. J. M., Visser, F., Polman, C. H., Castelijns, J. A., Geurts, J. J. G., Pouwels, P. J. W., Luijten, P. R., et al. (2012) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2619-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamics of brain iron levels in multiple sclerosis
Khalil, M., Langkammer, C., Pichler, A., Pinter, D., Gattringer, T., Bachmaier, G., Ropele, S., Fuchs, S., Enzinger, C., & Fazekas, F. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001679 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Gauthier, S. A., Gupta, A. K., Chen, W., Comunale, J. P., Chiang, G. C.-Y., Zhou, D., Askin, G., Zhu, W., Pitt, D., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a4825 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Identification of mineral deposits in the brain on radiological images: a systematic review
Hernández, M. D. C. V., Maconick, L. C., Tan, M. J. E., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2012) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2494-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ageing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Ward, R. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Scholar · doi:10.2741/s433 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pain in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies
Seixas, D., Foley, P., Palace, J., Lima, D., Ramos, I., & Tracey, I. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.014 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: classification, terminology, and clinical significance
Dal‐Bianco, A., Oh, J., Sati, P., & Absinta, M. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864241306684 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Joint estimation of chemical shift and quantitative susceptibility mapping (chemical QSM)
Dimov, A., Liu, T., Spincemaille, P., Ecanow, J. S., Tan, H., Edelman, R. R., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.25328 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Determinants of iron accumulation in deep grey matter of multiple sclerosis patients
Ropele, S., Kilsdonk, I. D., Wattjes, M. P., Langkammer, C., de Graaf, W. L., Frederiksen, J. L., Larsson, H. B. W., Yiannakas, M. C., Wheeler‐Kingshott, C. A. M. G., Enzinger, C., et al. (2014) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458514531085 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationShifting imaging targets in multiple sclerosis: From inflammation to neurodegeneration
Vigeveno, R. M., Wiebenga, O. T., Wattjes, M. P., Geurts, J. J. G., & Barkhof, F. (2012) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.23578 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantitative high-field imaging of sub-cortical gray matter in multiple sclerosis
Lebel, R. M., Eissa, A., Seres, P., Blevins, G., & Wilman, A. H. (2011) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458511428464 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
What Went Wrong? the Flawed Concept of Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency
Valdueza, J. M., Doepp, F., Schreiber, S. J., van Oosten, B. W., Schmierer, K., Paul, F., & Wattjes, M. P. (2013) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.31 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Gauthier, S. A., Gupta, A. K., Tu, L., Comunale, J. P., Chiang, G. C.-Y., Chen, W., Salustri, C., Zhu, W., & Wang, Y. (2016) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a4856 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Morphological features of MS lesions on FLAIR* at 7 T and their relation to patient characteristics
Kilsdonk, I. D., Lopez-Soriano, A., Kuijer, J. P. A., de Graaf, W. L., Castelijns, J. A., Polman, C. H., Luijten, P. R., Geurts, J. J. J. G., Barkhof, F., & Wattjes, M. P. (2014) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7351-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Z.-H., Zhang, Y., Ji, M.-L., Wu, C.-L., Zhang, Y.-X., & Ji, S. (2024) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116777 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Thalamic Iron Differentiates Primary-Progressive and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Burgetová, A., Dušek, P., Vaněčková, M., Horakova, D., Langkammer, C., Krásenský, J., Sobíšek, L., Matras, P., Mašek, M., & Seidl, Z. (2017) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a5166 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationSheelakumari, R., Madhusoodanan, M., Radhakrishnan, A., Ranjith, G., & Thomas, B. (2015) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a4524 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ferroptosis and central nervous system demyelinating diseases
Qin, D., Li, D., Wang, C., & Guo, S. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15831 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Structural and functional quantitative susceptibility mapping from standard fMRI studies
Sun, H., Seres, P., & Wilman, A. H. (2016) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.3619 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Restoring statistical validity in group analyses of motion‐corrupted MRI data
Lutti, A., Corbin, N., Ashburner, J., Ziegler, G., Draganski, B., Phillips, C. L. M., Kherif, F., Callaghan, M. F., & Domenicantonio, G. D. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25767 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Miyagawa, M., Maeda, M., Umino, M., Kagawa, K., Nakamichi, K., Sakuma, H., & Tomimoto, H. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.018 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Chen, X., Zeng, C., Luo, T., Ouyang, Y., Lv, F., Rumzan, R., Wang, Z., Li, Q., Wang, J., Hou, H., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.01.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Iron content of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is increased in adolescent multiple sclerosis
Hagemeier, J., Yeh, E. A., Brown, M. H., Bergsland, N., Dwyer, M. G., Carl, E. M., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Zivadinov, R. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458512459289 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Free serum haemoglobin is associated with brain atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Lewin, A., Hamilton, S., Witkover, A., Langford, P. R., Nicholas, R. S., Chataway, J., & Bangham, C. R. M. (2016) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9967.1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sheelakumari, R., Kesavadas, C., Varghese, T., Sreedharan, R. M., Thomas, B., Verghese, J., & Mathuranath, P. S. (2017) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a5339 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lai, P. H., Chang, H., Chuang, T. C., Chung, H., Li, J. Y., Weng, M., Fu, J. H., Wang, P. C., Li, S., & Pan, H. (2012) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2866 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Inflammation high-field magnetic resonance imaging.
Kilsdonk, I., de Graaf, W. D., Barkhof, F., & Wattjes, M. (2012) · Neuroimaging clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2012.02.010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationClosed‐form solution for T2 mapping with nonideal refocusing of slice selective CPMG sequences
Petrovič, A., Scheurer, E., & Stollberger, R. (2014) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.25170 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Magnetic resonance imaging signatures of vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis
Utriainen, D. T., Trifan, G., Sethi, S. K., Elias, S. N., Hewett, J., Feng, W., & Haacke, E. M. (2012) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/1743132812y.0000000078 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gray matter SWI-filtered phase and atrophy are linked to disability in MS
Hagemeier, J. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e634 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Khalil, M., Renner, A., Langkammer, C., Enzinger, C., Ropele, S., Stojaković, T., Scharnagl, H., Bachmaier, G., Pichler, A., Archelos, J.-J., et al. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515624560 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationRaz, E., Branson, B., Jensen, J. H., Bester, M., Babb, J. S., Herbert, J., Grossman, R. I., & Inglese, M. (2014) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7569-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Emamnejad, R., Pagnin, M., & Petratos, S. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105788 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Multicenter mapping in the healthy brain
Ropele, S., Wattjes, M. P., Langkammer, C., Kilsdonk, I. D., de Graaf, W. L., Frederiksen, J. L., Fuglø, D., Yiannakas, M. C., Wheeler‐Kingshott, C. A. M. G., Enzinger, C., et al. (2013) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.24772 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Brain Iron Deposition in Patients With Recurrent Depression
Duan, X., Xie, Y., Zhu, X., Chen, L., Li, F., Feng, G., & Li, L. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0110 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Advances in Imaging to Support the Development of Novel Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis
Miller, D. H., Altmann, D. R., & Chard, D. (2012) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.349 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Xia, S., Zheng, G., Shen, W., Liu, S., Zhang, L. J., Haacke, E. M., & Lu, G. (2014) · Acta Radiologica · doi:10.1177/0284185114525374 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
CCSVI and MS: no meaning, no fact
Baracchini, C., Atzori, M., & Gallo, P. (2012) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1101-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid transferrin levels are reduced in patients with early multiple sclerosis
Khalil, M., Riedlbauer, B., Langkammer, C., Enzinger, C., Ropele, S., Stojaković, T., Scharnagl, H., Culea, V., Petzold, A., Teunissen, C. E., et al. (2014) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458514530020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHernández, M. D. C. V., Glatz, A., Kiker, A. J., Dickie, D. A., Aribisala, B. S., Royle, N. A., Maniega, S. M., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24348 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Qu, Y., Li, N., Xu, M., Zhang, D., Xie, J., & Wang, J. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03658-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Glatz, A., Hernández, M. D. C. V., Kiker, A. J., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Diagnostics and Treatments of Iron-Related CNS Diseases
Xiong, H., Tuo, Q., Guo, Y., & Lei, P. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9589-5_10 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lee, J. Y., Biemond, M., & Petratos, S. (2015) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.15.50 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aydın, Ö., Büyükkaya, R., & Hakyemez, B. (2017) · Polish Journal of Radiology · doi:10.12659/pjr.900374 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an update for 2014.
Fernández, Ó., Martinꝉ, R., Rovira, À., Llufriú, S., Vidal‐Jordana, Á., Fernández-Sánchez, V. E., Alvarez-Cermeño, J. C., Izquierdo, G., Arroyo-González, R., Antigüedad, A. R., et al. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Quantitative assessment of brain iron by R 2* relaxometry in patients with cervical dystonia
Aschermann, Z., Perlaki, G., Orsi, G., Nagy, S. A., Horváth, A., Bóné, B., Bihari, K., Ács, P., Janszky, J., Komoly, S., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26306 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Serum hepcidin levels in multiple sclerosis
Bsteh, G., Haschka, D., Tymoszuk, P., Berek, K., Petzer, V., Hegen, H., Wurth, S., Auer, M., Zinganell, A., Pauli, F. D., et al. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217319885984 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration and Multiple Sclerosis
Petzold, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Litvinenko, I., Вячеславович, К. И., & Trufanov, A. G. (2018) · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy · doi:10.32863/1682-7392-2018-3-63-68-77 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rovira, À., & Montalbán, X. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318236f120 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Longitudinal reproducibility of brain and spinal cord quantitative MRI biomarkers
Boudreau, M., Karakuzu, A., Boré, A., Pinsard, B., Zelenkovski, K., Alonso‐Ortiz, E., Boyle, J., Bellec, P., & Cohen‐Adad, J. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00409 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Galbusera, R., Parmar, K., Boillat, Y., Fartaria, M. J., Todea, R., Brien, K. O., Smolinski, A., Kappos, L., van der Zwaag, W., & Granziera, C. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217320961409 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Thalamic paramagnetic iron by T2* relaxometry correlates with severity of multiple sclerosis
Baranovičová, E., Ema, K., Kalenská, D., Lichardusová, L., Bittšanský, M., & Dobrota, D. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.7555/jbr.31.20160023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Choi, J. Y., Lee, J., Nam, Y., Lee, J., & Oh, S. (2018) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.26522 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Brain and Spinal Cord MRI in Multiple Sclerosis: an Update
Wattjes, M. P., & Raab, P. (2017) · Neurology International Open · doi:10.1055/s-0043-118111 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Loenen, M. R., Remie, L. B., van Trijp, M. P. H., Jansen, M. G., Marques, J. P., Claassen, J. A. H. R., van de Rest, O., Vermeiren, Y., Smidt, N., Sikkes, S. A. M., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/69814 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A proposal: How to study pro-myelinating proteins in MS
Brod, S. A. (2021) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102924 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Petrovič, A., Aigner, C. S., Rund, A., & Stollberger, R. (2019) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Deep learning‐regularized, single‐step quantitative susceptibility mapping quantification
Wang, Z., Mak, H. K., & Cao, P. (2022) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4849 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.
Lien, F. R. (2014) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yu, S., Wu, S., & Xie, Y. (2013) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/202309 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reynolds, R., & Crichton, R. R. (2013) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849735896-00163 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zerebrale und spinale Bildgebung der Multiplen Sklerose: ein Update
Wattjes, M. P., & Raab, P. (2017) · Aktuelle Neurologie · doi:10.1055/s-0043-118215 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationIt's not what you look at that matters, it's what you see
Glazebrook, W. (2010) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.2010.096974 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anemia and dysregulation of iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis
Belova, A. N., Solovieva, V. S., & Boyko, A. N. (2018) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201811808210 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Longitudinal stability of brain and spinal cord quantitative MRI measuresPreprint
Boudreau, M., Karakuzu, A., Boré, A., Pinsard, B., Zelenkovski, K., Alonso‐Ortiz, E., Boyle, J., Bellec, P., & Cohen‐Adad, J. (2023) · doi:10.55458/neurolibre.00018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
van Loenen, M. R., Remie, L. B., van Trijp, M. P. H., Jansen, M. G., Marques, J. P., Claassen, J. A. H. R., van de Rest, O., Vermeiren, Y., Smidt, N., Sikkes, S. A. M., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.69814 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ventura, I., Revert‐Ros, F., Revert, F., Prieto-Ruiz, J. Á., & Hernández‐Andreu, J. M. (2025) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-025-03868-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Correlation between SPGR MR signal intensity and iron concentration: Phantom study
Yang, C.-H., Hong, S.-H., Jao, J., Tsai, S.-N., Shiao, C.-C., Yeung, K.-W., & Chen, P.-C. (2013) · Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.gmbhs.2013.04.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Voltin, J. R., Nunn, L. M., Watson, Z., Brasher, Z. E., Adisetiyo, V., Hanlon, C. A., Nietert, P. J., McRae‐Clark, A. L., & Jensen, J. H. (2023) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.5072 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Application of Iron Related Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Neurological Disorders
Kim, T., & Lee, J. (2014) · Korean Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.14253/kjcn.2014.16.1.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multiple Sclerosis: A Practical Manual for Hospital and Outpatient Care
Pérez, C. A., Smith, A. L., & Nelson, F. M. (2021) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
De-ting, M., Liu, C., Kong, Q., Xie, Y., & Chen, X. (2012) · Clinical Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.04.002
Differentiation of Calcified Regions and Iron Deposits in the Ageing Brain on Conventional
Glatz, A., Kiker, A. J., Dickie, D. A., Aribisala, B. S., Royle, N. A., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2013)
Laaksonen, J. (2015) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
Role of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis
Rovira, À., & Auger, C. (2012) · European Neurological Review · doi:10.17925/enr.2012.07.03.181
Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI): Contributions to Multiple Sclerosis
Peralbo, R. M. R., Álvarez, B. B., Zubillaga, M. A., Martin, C. P., Hernando, C. G., Rivera, I., Jaramillo, A. M., Ruiz, C. D. L. R., & García, L. E. (2015)
Quantitative assessment of brain iron content as a function of age using magnetic resonance imaging
Ghassaban, K. (2016) · Human Biology
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Human Brain: Methods Development and Applications
Sun, H. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3qz22r3x
Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Mimics
Pérez, C. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108907484.007
- Authors
- Ropele, S., de Graaf, W., Khalil, M., Wattjes, M. P., Langkammer, C., Rocca, M. A., Rovira, A., Palace, J., Barkhof, F., Filippi, M., & Fazekas, F.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ropele, Stefan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-22
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-21
- ISSN
- 1053-1807 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2586
- OpenAlex
- W2045673120
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, brain iron accumulation, iron quantification, phase imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, susceptibility mapping, neurodegeneration, MRI techniques
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Iron, Macrophages, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetics, Models, Biological, Multiple Sclerosis, Time Factors, Oxidative Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
