Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression

McCarrel, Taralyn; Fortier, Lisa

doi:10.1002/jor.20853

Cited by 389Periodontal Regeneration and TreatmentsTendon Structure and TreatmentOrthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation

Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression

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McCarrel, Taralyn, Fortier, Lisa·2009·Journal of Orthopaedic Research

DOI 10.1002/jor.20853

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Abstract

Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has generated substantial interest for tendon and ligament regeneration because of the high concentrations of growth factors in platelet α‐granules. This study compared the temporal release of growth factors from bone marrow aspirate (BMA), PRP, and lyophilized platelet product (PP), and measured their effects on tendon and ligament gene expression. Blood and BMA were collected and processed to yield PRP and plasma. Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon (FDS) and suspensory ligament (SL) explants were cultured in 10% plasma in DMEM (control), BMA, PRP, or PP. TGF‐β1 and PDGF‐BB concentrations were determined at 0, 24, and 96 h of culture using ELISA. Quantitative RT‐PCR for collagen types I and III (COL1A1, COL3A1), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), decorin, and matrix metalloproteinases‐3 and 13 (MMP‐3, MMP‐13) was performed. TGF‐β1 and PDGF‐BB concentrations were highest in PRP and PP. Growth factor quantity was unchanged in BMA, increased in PRP, and decreased in PP over 4 days. TGF‐β1 and platelet concentrations were positively correlated. Lyophilized PP and PRP resulted in increased COL1A1:COL3A1 ratio, increased COMP, and decreased MMP‐13 expression. BMA resulted in decreased COMP and increased MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 gene expression. Platelet concentration was positively correlated with COL1A1, ratio of COL1A1:COL3A1, and COMP, and negatively correlated with COL3A1, MMP‐13, and MMP‐3. White blood cell concentration was positively correlated with COL3A1, MMP3, and MMP13, and negatively correlated with a ratio of COL1A1:COL3A1, COMP, and decorin. These findings support further in vivo investigation of PRP and PP for treatment of tendonitis and desmitis. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1033–1042, 2009

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In equine suspensory ligament samples, PRP showed the greatest upregulation of COL1A1, COMP, decorin and MMP3 genes and decreased COL3A1 and MMP13 gene expression compared to other modalities.
“Compared to all modalities, PRP demonstrated the greatest upregulation of COL1A1, COMP, decorin and MMP3 genes with the simultaneous decrease of COL3A1 and MMP13 gene expression.”
From Molecular and Biologic Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Ligament and Tendon Healing and Regeneration: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The Suspensory Ligament-Matrix Gene Expression results report increased COL1A1 and COMP with PRP, and the metalloproteinase results report increased MMP-3 and decreased MMP-13. But PRP was not greatest across all treatments: its COL3A1 expression did not differ from control, and its decorin expression did not differ from control or BMA. Page numbers were not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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McCarrel et al. [38] detected higher expression of COL1A1, COL1A1:COL3A1 ratio, COMP and MMP3, and decreased expression of COL3A1, decorin and MMP13 genes in PRP-containing media compared to controls.
“After 4 days of culture of the equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in 5 different matrices, McCarrel et al. [38] detected the higher expression of COL1A1, COL1A1:COL3A1 ratio, COMP and MMP3, and the decreased expression of COL3A1, decorin and MMP13 genes in PRP-containing media compared to controls.”
From Molecular and Biologic Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Ligament and Tendon Healing and Regeneration: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Tendon results (Fig. 2A–B) support higher COL1A1:COL3A1 and COMP and lower COL3A1, decorin, and MMP-13 in PRP-treated explants than controls. They do not support higher COL1A1 or MMP-3 with PRP: COL1A1 did not differ between PRP and control, and no treatment increased MMP-3 over control. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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Platelet-Rich Plasma Efficacy Versus Corticosteroid Injection Treatment for Chronic Severe Plantar Fasciitis
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A systematic review of the clinical applications and complications of bone marrow aspirate concentrate in management of bone defects and nonunions
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Lyophilized Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) Promotes Craniofacial Bone Regeneration through Runx2
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Platelet-rich plasma to treat experimentally-induced skin wounds in animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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“[38] 2009 Animal (horse) 5 Suspensory ligament control, PPP, PRP, BMA 96 h ↑ COL1A1, COMP, Decorin, MMP3, COL1A1:COL3A1 ↓ COL3A1, MMP13”
BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: McCarrel, T., & Fortier, L.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Corresponding author: Fortier, Lisa
ORCID: McCarrel, Taralyn
Fortier, Lisa
Venue: Journal of Orthopaedic Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-01-23
Volume: 27
Issue: 8
Pages: 1033-1042
ISSN: 0736-0266 (ISSN-L)
1554-527X
DOI: 10.1002/jor.20853
OpenAlex: W2016774778
Cited by: 389
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 28.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Orthopaedic Research® (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Keywords: platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate, growth factor release, tendon regeneration, ligament regeneration, flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, suspensory ligament, TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, collagen I and III, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, decorin, matrix metalloproteinases, tendinitis, desmitis, gene expression
MeSH terms: Becaplermin, Animals, Blood Platelets, Bone Marrow, Horses, Ligaments, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, RNA, Messenger, Tendons, Trehalose, Gene Expression, Matrix Metalloproteinase 3, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis, Collagen Type I, Collagen Type III, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Matrix Metalloproteinase 13, Platelet-Rich Plasma, Transforming Growth Factor beta1

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Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression

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