Evaluation of Hepatic Clearance Prediction Using In Vitro Data: Emphasis on Fraction Unbound in Plasma and Drug Ionisation Using a Database of 107 Drugs
Abstract
Underprediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) of unbound drug from human hepatic in vitro systems using physiological extrapolation methodology is accepted as a common outcome. Poulin et al. (2012. J Pharm Sci 101:838-851) recently proposed an approach involving determination of effective fraction unbound in plasma (fu(p)) based on albumin-facilitated hepatic uptake of acidic/neutral drugs which improved prediction accuracy and precision for 25 drugs highly bound to plasma proteins. This approach includes correction of unbound drug according to the ionisation fraction either side of the plasma membrane based on pH difference. Here, we assessed the proposed method using a larger database of predictions of CL(int) for 107 drugs involving hepatocytes (89 drugs) and microsomes (64 drugs). The proposed method was similarly effective in minimising average prediction bias (to within twofold), unlike the conventional fu(p) correction method. However, precision was similar between methods and there was no evidence in the larger database that prediction bias was associated with fu(p). Prediction bias for hepatocytes was clearance dependent by either method, indicating important sources of bias from in vitro methodology. Therefore, to progress beyond empirical correction of bias, there is further need of mechanistic elucidation to improve prediction methodology.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hallifax and Houston reported fewer differences in accuracy for the prediction of in vivo CL calculated by Berezhkovskiy and Poulin using conventional methods.
“Despite several attempts to accurately predict drug concentrations in the liver where metabolism takes place, the comparative analysis from Hallifax and Houston [85] reported fewer differences in accuracy for the prediction in vivo CL, calculated by Berezhkovskiy and Poulin, using conventional methods.”
From Interpretation of Non-Clinical Data for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters: In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Cites
Ring, B. J., Chien, J. Y., Adkison, K. K., Jones, H. M., Rowland, M., Jones, R. D., Yates, J. W. T., Ku, M. S., Gibson, C. R., He, H., et al. (2011) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.22552 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Hallifax, D., Foster, J. A., & Houston, J. B. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0218-3 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationGleeson, D. C., Smith, N. D., & Boyer, J. L. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114156 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Poulin, P., Kenny, J. R., Hop, C. E. C. A., & Haddad, S. (2012) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.22792 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Kinetic determinants of hepatic clearance: Plasma protein binding and hepatic uptake
Baker, M., & Parton, T. A. H. (2007) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/00498250701658296 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Zanelli, U., Caradonna, N. P., Hallifax, D., Turlizzi, E., & Houston, J. B. (2011) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.111.042309 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationBerezhkovskiy, L. M. (2011) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.22324 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Blanchard, N., Hewitt, N. J., Silber, P. M., Jones, H. M., Coassolo, P., & Lavé, T. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/jpp.58.5.0008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Use of intrinsic clearance for prediction of human hepatic clearance
Chao, P., Uss, A. S., & Cheng, K. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425250903405622 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Foster, J. A., Houston, J. B., & Hallifax, D. (2010) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498254.2010.530700 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationHallifax, D., & Houston, J. B. (2009) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/138920009787846341 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidermal growth factor and cyclic AMP stimulate Na+/H+ exchange in isolated rat hepatocytes
MOULE, S. K., & McGivan, J. D. (1990) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15353.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effect of pH on membrane potential and K+ conductance in cultured rat hepatocytes
Fitz, J., Trouillot, T. E., & Scharschmidt, B. F. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.6.g961 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hepatocyte [3H]-palmitate uptake: effect of albumin surface charge modification
Burczynski, F. J., Wang, G.-Q., Elmadhoun, B., She, Y., Roberts, M. S., & Standing, K. G. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-79-10-868 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hepatocyte [<sup>3</sup>H]-palmitate uptake: effect of albumin surface charge modification
Burczynski, F. J., Wang, G. Q., Elmadhoun, B., She, Y. M., Roberts, M. S., & Standing, K. G. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y01-072 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fitz, J., Lidofsky, S. D., Xie, M. H., & Scharschmidt, B. F. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.9.4197 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The intracellular pH of the isolated perfused rat liver
Calvey, T. N. (1971) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02147589 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Iles, R. A., & Cohen, R. D. (1974) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0460277 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 21 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Godoy, P., Hewitt, N. J., Albrecht, U., Andersen, M. E., Ansari, N., Bhattacharya, S., Bode, J. G., Bolleyn, J., Borner, C., Böttger, J., et al. (2013) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5 · Cited by 1,280 · see citing works
Self-citationKazmi, F., Hensley, T. N., Pope, C. A., Funk, R. S., Loewen, G. J., Buckley, D. B., & Parkinson, A. (2013) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.112.050054 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for high throughput prioritization and decision making
Bell, S. M., Chang, X., Wambaugh, J. F., Allen, D., Bartels, M., Brouwer, K. L. R., Casey, W., Choksi, N. Y., Ferguson, S., Fraczkiewicz, G., et al. (2017) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.016 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Dostálek, M., Gardner, I. B., Gurbaxani, B. M., Rose, R. H., & Chetty, M. (2013) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-012-0027-4 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Wood, F. L., Houston, J. B., & Hallifax, D. (2017) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.117.077040 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationChan, T. S., Yu, H., Moore, A., Khetani, S. R., & Tweedie, D. (2013) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.113.053397 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Lucas, A. J., Sproston, J. L., Barton, P., & Riley, R. J. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2019.1660642 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Kratochwil, N. A., Meille, C., Fowler, S. M., Klammers, F., Ekiciler, A., Molitor, B., Simon, S., Walter, I., McGinnis, C., Walther, J., et al. (2017) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-016-0019-7 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bowman, C. M., & Benet, L. Z. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Grime, K., Barton, P., & McGinnity, D. F. (2012) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp300476z · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Choi, G.-W., Lee, Y.-B., & Cho, H.-Y. (2019) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11040168 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“As shown in these results of Houston [46] and Lavé et al. [47], appropriate scaling factors are important in the IVIVE model to improve the predictability.”
ResultInfluentialBaneyx, G., Parrott, N. J., Meille, C., Iliadis, A., & Lavé, T. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hammill, J. T., Bhasin, D., Scott, D. C., Min, J., Chen, Y., Lü, Y., Yang, L., Kim, H. S., Connelly, M., Hammill, C. V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01282 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Poulin, P., Hop, C. E. C. A., Ho, Q., Halladay, J. S., Haddad, S., & Kenny, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23288 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Naga, D., Parrott, N. J., Ecker, G. F., & Olivares‐Morales, A. (2022) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00040 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
López‐Arnau, R., Martínez-Clemente, J., Carbó, M., Pubill, D., Escubedo, E., & Camarasa, J. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Yadav, J., Hassani, M. E., Sodhi, J. K., Lauschke, V. M., Hartman, J. H., & Russell, L. E. (2021) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kimoto, E., Mathialagan, S., Tylaska, L. A., Niosi, M., Lin, J., Carlo, A. A., Tess, D. A., & Varma, M. V. S. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.118.252049 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ye, M., Nagar, S., & Korzekwa, K. (2015) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.1996 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Poulin, P., & Haddad, S. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23502 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bowman, C. M., & Benet, L. Z. (2016) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.116.071514 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Schmitt, M. V., Lienau, P., Fricker, G., & Reichel, A. (2018) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.118.084541 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chan, T. S., Yu, H., Moore, A., Khetani, S. R., & Tweedie, D. (2018) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.113.053397fullarticlecorrection · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jones, R. S., Leung, C., Chang, J. H., Brown, S., Liu, N., Yan, Z., Kenny, J. R., & Broccatelli, F. (2022) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.121.000784 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Olivares‐Morales, A., Kamiyama, Y., Darwich, A. S., Aarons, L. J., & Rostami‐Hodjegan, A. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hansmann, S., Darwich, A., Margolskee, A., Aarons, L., & Dressman, J. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.12618 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Poulin, P. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23562 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Benet, L. Z., & Sodhi, J. K. (2020) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-020-00501-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
In Vitro - in Vivo Extrapolation of Hepatic Clearance in Preclinical Species
Tess, D. A., Ryu, S., & Di, L. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-022-03205-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Schaefer, M., Schänzle, G., Bischoff, D., & Süßmuth, R. D. (2015) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.115.067348 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Olivares‐Morales, A., Ghosh, A., Aarons, L. J., & Rostami‐Hodjegan, A. (2016) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-016-9965-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cleary, Y., Gertz, M., Morcos, P. N., Yu, L. J., Youdim, K. A., Phipps, A., Fowler, S. M., & Parrott, N. J. (2017) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.956 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Keefer, C. E., Chang, G., Di, L., Woody, N. A., Tess, D. A., Osgood, S. M., Kapinos, B., Racich, J., Carlo, A. A., Balesano, A., et al. (2023) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00502 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Plasma protein-mediated uptake and contradictions to the free drug hypothesis: a critical review
Schulz, J., Stresser, D. M., & Kalvass, J. C. (2023) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wood, F. L., Houston, J. B., & Hallifax, D. (2017) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.117.078949 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPoulin, P., & Haddad, S. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23602 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Eng, H. F., Bi, Y., West, M. A., Ryu, S., Yamaguchi, E., Kosa, R. E., Tess, D. A., Griffith, D. A., Litchfield, J., Kalgutkar, A. S. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.120.000457 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lignet, F., Sherbetjian, E., Kratochwil, N. A., Jones, R., Suenderhauf, C., Otteneder, M. B., Singer, T., & Parrott, N. J. (2016) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-016-1982-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
From Genotype to Phenotype: Cytochrome P450 2D6-Mediated Drug Clearance in Humans
Gao, J., Tian, X., Zhou, J., Cui, M., Zhang, H., Gao, N., Wen, Q., & Qiao, H. (2017) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00920 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Galetin, A. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_13 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Real-world application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in drug discovery
Santos, L. G. A.-A., Jaiswal, S., Chen, K., Jones, H. M., & Templeton, I. E. (2023) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.122.001036 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Introducing the Dynamic Well-Stirred Model for Predicting Hepatic Clearance and Extraction Ratio
Yan, Z., Ma, L., Carione, P., Huang, J., Hwang, N., Kenny, J. R., & Hop, C. E. C. A. (2024) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gao, J., Wang, J., Gao, N., Tian, X., Zhou, J., Fang, Y., Zhang, H., Wen, Q., Jia, L.-J., Zou, D., et al. (2017) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20171161 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Midazolam as a Probe for Heterotropic Drug-Drug Interactions Mediated by CYP3A4
Denisov, I. G., Grinkova, Y. V., McLean, M. A., Camp, T., & Sligar, S. G. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12060853 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Schneider, D., Oskamp, A., Holschbach, M. H., Neumaier, B., Bauer, A., & Bier, D. D. (2019) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph12020057 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nordell, P., Svanberg, P., Bird, J., & Grime, K. (2013) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.112.050377 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nichols, J. W., Fitzsimmons, P. N., Hoffman, A. D., & Wong, K. (2023) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5626 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Design of Dual EP2/EP4 Antagonists through Scaffold Merging of Selective Inhibitors
Corminboeuf, O., Diethelm, S., Zumbrunn, C., Lyothier, I., Niggli, N., Gnerre, C., Jeay, S., Lehembre, F., & Boss, C. (2023) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.202300606 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Langthaler, K., Jones, C. R., Christensen, R. B., Eneberg, E., Brodin, B., & Bundgaard, C. (2022) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/00498254.2022.2115425 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Schulz, J., Sande, E., Feng, M., Wang, Y.-T., Stresser, D. M., & Kalvass, J. C. (2024) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.124.001768 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Srinivas, N. R. (2015) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498254.2015.1121554 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The role of drug metabolism in drug discovery and development : case ospemifene
Uusitalo, J. (2015) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kazmi, F. (2015) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chan, T. S., Yu, H., Moore, A., Khetani, S. R., & Tweedie, D. (2013) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Integrated Lead Optimization: Translational Models as We Advance Toward the Clinic
Liederer, B. M., Liu, X., Wong, S. G. W., & Mudra, D. R. (2017) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50042-3_6
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of human hepatic and renal clearance
Alluri, R. V., & Varma, M. V. S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820018-6.00022-3
Extracellular Matrix Abnormalities in Major Psychoses: CS-6 Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Ronxhi, J. (2017) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Yan, F., Wang, J., Liu, D., Li, J., Tian, X., Gao, N., Zhang, H., Wen, Q., & Qiao, H. (2026) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/j.dmd.2026.100264
Lee, H., Kang, H., Jungwoo, C., Yun, H.-Y., Goo, S., Namgoong, H., & Jung, S. (2026) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2026.109456
Abisogun, A. A., Krishnan, S., Lindsley, C. W., & Boutaud, O. G. (2026) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18101254
- Authors
- Hallifax, D., & Houston, J. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hallifax, David
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2645-2652
- ISSN
- 0022-3549 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996949498
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Manchester
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
- Keywords
- intrinsic clearance, hepatocytes, microsomes, prediction bias, plasma protein binding, drug metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Liver, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Microsomes, Liver, Models, Biological, Pharmacokinetics, Hepatocytes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review