Development of deep eutectic solvent–based microwave‐assisted extraction combined with temperature controlled ionic liquid–based liquid phase microextraction for extraction of aflatoxins from cheese samples
Open accessAbstract
In this study, for the first time, a deep eutectic solvent‐based microwave‐assisted extraction was combined with ionic liquid–based temperature controlled liquid phase microextraction for the extraction of several aflatoxins from cheese samples. Briefly, the analytes are extracted from cheese sample (3 g) into a mixture of 1.5 mL choline chloride:ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent and 3.5 mL deionized water by exposing to microwave irradiations for 60 s at 180 W. The liquid phase was taken and mixed with 55 μL 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. By cooling the solution in the refrigerator centrifuge, a turbid state was obtained and the analytes were extracted into the ionic liquid droplets. The analytes were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector. Low limits of detection (9–23 ng kg–1) and quantification (30–77 ng kg–1), high extraction recovery (66%–83%), acceptable enrichment factor (40–50), and good precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 5.2%) were obtained using the offered approach. These results reveal the high extraction capability of the method for determination of aflatoxins in the cheese samples. In this method, there was no need for organic solvents and it can be considered as green extraction method.
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Many researchers have increased the synthesis of hydrophobic DES for efficient isolation of contaminants from both liquid and solid matrices.
“Thus, in recent years, many researchers have also increased the syn thesis of hydrophobic DES (water-immiscible DES) for efficient isolation of contaminants from both liquid and solid matrices (58-62).”
From Evaluating the green credentials and performance of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of antibiotics and mycotoxins in foods (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
The Introduction describes DES-based methods for extracting compounds from dairy products, and the Conclusions report DES-assisted extraction of aflatoxins from solid cheese samples. But §2.2 and §3.1 specify that this paper synthesized and used water-miscible DESs; they do not establish an increased synthesis of hydrophobic DESs for contaminants in both liquid and solid matrices. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe application of hydrophilic DES in the extraction of chemical compounds from aqueous samples is limited due to their interaction with water through hydrogen bonding.
“Due to their interaction with water through hydrogen bonding, however, their appli cation in the extraction of chemical compounds from aqueous samples is limited (58,59).”
From Evaluating the green credentials and performance of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of antibiotics and mycotoxins in foods (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
Section 2.2 describes the DESs as water-miscible and identifies their hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, but does not discuss hydrogen bonding with water. Section 3.1 uses those DESs with water to extract analytes from a solid cheese matrix; it does not address whether their use for extraction from aqueous samples is limited. Searches for that proposed limitation and mechanism found no supporting passage in our copy (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“This DES was applied to a vortex-assisted DLLME method for the determination of enrofloxacin in honey samples; they obtained an average recovery value of 98% (56).”
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- Authors
- Kaboodi, A., Mirzaei, H., Katiraee, F., Javadi, A., & Afshar Mogaddam, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University of Tabriz (IR)
- University of Tabriz (IR)
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Corresponding author
- Mirzaei, Hamid
- Venue
- Journal of Separation Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-07-05
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- e2300068-e2300068
- ISSN
- 1615-9306 (ISSN-L)
- 1615-9314
- OpenAlex
- W4383215150
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Separation Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Keywords
- aflatoxins, cheese, deep eutectic solvents, microwave-assisted extraction, choline chloride-ethylene glycol, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, green extraction, mycotoxin detection, food safety
- MeSH terms
- Deep Eutectic Solvents, Cheese, Microwaves, Solvents, Temperature, Ionic Liquids, Limit of Detection, Liquid Phase Microextraction
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