Dangerous Safe Havens: Institutional Betrayal Exacerbates Sexual Trauma
Abstract
Research has documented the profound negative impact of betrayal within experiences of interpersonal trauma such as sexual assault (Freyd, 1994, 1996; Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007). In the current study of college women (N = 345, 79% Caucasian; mean age = 19.69 years, SD = 2.55), we examined whether institutional failure to prevent sexual assault or respond supportively when it occurs may similarly exacerbate posttraumatic symptomatology-what we call "institutional betrayal." Almost half (47%) of the women reported at least one coercive sexual experience and another 21% reported no coercion, but at least one unwanted sexual experience (total reporting unwanted sexual experiences, N = 233). Institutional betrayal (e.g., creating an environment where these experiences seemed more likely, making it difficult to report these experiences) was reported across different unwanted sexual experiences (47% and 45% of women reporting coercion and no coercion, respectively). Those women who reported institutional betrayal surrounding their unwanted sexual experience reported increased levels of anxiety (R(2) = .10), trauma-specific sexual symptoms (R(2) = .17), dissociation (R(2) = .11), and problematic sexual functioning (R(2) = .12). These results suggest that institutions have the power to cause additional harm to assault survivors.
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Lack of support exacerbates trauma and is a form of institutional betrayal.
“Post-secondary school scholars find that lack of support also exacerbates trauma and call it a form of institutional betrayal (Smith and Freyd 2013) though this conceptual framework has yet to be applied to the study of digital harms in secondary schools.”
From Technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration as a tool for gender policing in secondary schools (2026) · cites this paper as Smith and Freyd 2013
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To Trust is to Survive: Toward a Developmental Model of Moral Injury
Kidwell, M. C., & Kerig, P. K. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00399-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dufour, G. K. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241265382 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Keeping Students Out of Harm’s Way: Reducing Risks of Educator Sexual Misconduct
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Betrayal Trauma Among Homeless Adults
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COVID-19-related institutional betrayal associated with trauma symptoms among undergraduate students
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Self-citationHerres, J. L., Wang, S. B., Bobchin, K., & Draper, J. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518785376 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Police Sexual Misconduct: Arrested Officers and Their Victims
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Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal
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Gynaecological care of women with chronic pelvic pain: Patient perspectives and care preferences
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Carly Parnitzke
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-124
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W1904168428
- Cited by
- 480
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 33.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- institutional betrayal, sexual trauma, sexual assault, female university students, unwanted sexual experiences, sexual coercion, posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, dissociation, institutional failure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Coercion, Dangerous Behavior, Dissociative Disorders, Ethics, Institutional, Humans, Deception, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rape, Risk Factors, Safety, Sex Offenses, Sleep Wake Disorders, Social Environment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Students, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological, Trust, Young Adult
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