Institutional betrayal.
Abstract
A college freshman reports a sexual assault and is met with harassment and insensitive investigative practices leading to her suicide. Former grade school students, now grown, come forward to report childhood abuse perpetrated by clergy, coaches, and teachers--first in trickles and then in waves, exposing multiple perpetrators with decades of unfettered access to victims. Members of the armed services elect to stay quiet about sexual harassment and assault during their military service or risk their careers by speaking up. A Jewish academic struggles to find a name for the systematic destruction of his people in Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. These seemingly disparate experiences have in common trusted and powerful institutions (schools, churches, military, government) acting in ways that visit harm upon those dependent on them for safety and well-being. This is institutional betrayal. The purpose of this article is to describe psychological research that examines the role of institutions in traumatic experiences and psychological distress following these experiences. We demonstrate the ways in which institutional betrayal has been left unseen by both the individuals being betrayed as well as the field of psychology and introduce means by which to identify and address this betrayal.
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Betrayal trauma has now been associated with discrimination, workplace exploitation, institutional betrayal, and sexual infidelity.
“Rather than being used exclusively in the context of childhood sexual abuse, betrayal trauma has now been associated with discrimination, workplace exploitation, institutional betrayal, and sexual infidelity (Freyd, 2013; Gomez et al., 2016; Smith & Freyd, 2014).”
From Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) (2020) · cites this paper as Smith & Freyd, 2014
Frustration and regret reported by participants reflected evidence of institutional betrayal trauma.
“frustration and regret reported by participants reflected evidence of institutional betrayal trauma [67] often reported by service organisation who support men with lived experiences of abuse [50].”
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“While entering the criminal justice system often represents a gateway to specialist support [66], frustration and regret reported by participants reflected evidence of institutional betrayal trauma [67] often reported by service organisation who support men with lived experiences of abuse [50].”
- Authors
- Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Carly Parnitzke
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 575-587
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4230102865
- Cited by
- 849
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 193 · 2025: 145 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 50.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- institutional betrayal, institutional harm, sexual assault, childhood abuse, clergy sexual abuse, military sexual harassment, Holocaust, psychological distress, trauma, abuse reporting
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Life Change Events, Social Control, Formal, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Trust
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