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National Estimates of Exposure to Traumatic Events and PTSD Prevalence Using DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria: DSM-5 PTSD Prevalence
Open accessAbstract
Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) defined according to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fifth edition (DSM-5; 2013) and fourth edition (DSM-IV; 1994) was compared in a national sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,953) recruited from an online panel. Exposure to traumatic events, PTSD symptoms, and functional impairment were assessed online using a highly structured, self-administered survey. Traumatic event exposure using DSM-5 criteria was high (89.7%), and exposure to multiple traumatic event types was the norm. PTSD caseness was determined using Same Event (i.e., all symptom criteria met to the same event type) and Composite Event (i.e., symptom criteria met to a combination of event types) definitions. Lifetime, past-12-month, and past 6-month PTSD prevalence using the Same Event definition for DSM-5 was 8.3%, 4.7%, and 3.8% respectively. All 6 DSM-5 prevalence estimates were slightly lower than their DSM-IV counterparts, although only 2 of these differences were statistically significant. DSM-5 PTSD prevalence was higher among women than among men, and prevalence increased with greater traumatic event exposure. Major reasons individuals met DSM-IV criteria, but not DSM-5 criteria were the exclusion of nonaccidental, nonviolent deaths from Criterion A, and the new requirement of at least 1 active avoidance symptom.
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“With 73% earning graduate or doctoral degrees, the sample represents the top 5–10% of educational attainment [170], and lower-than-average rates of mental illness and trauma exposure [171, 172], which are known to be inversely correlated to educational attainment [173, 174].”
From The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists (2017) · cites this paper as [171]
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“there is evidence that the prevalence of PTSD may change somewhat with DSM-5 criteria (Kilpatrick et al., 2013)”
From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Kilpatrick et al., 2013
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“That is, persons working in public safety tend to experience PPTEs at much higher frequencies than the general public [3,4,5].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kilpatrick, Dean G.
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 537-547
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4096796
- OpenAlex
- W2132981258
- Cited by
- 1,929
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 140 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 195 · 2023: 179 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 212 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 176 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 59.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 CX000431)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000062)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018869)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023099)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR029882)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, trauma exposure, DSM-5, DSM-IV, diagnostic criteria comparison, functional disability, gender differences, avoidance symptoms, lifetime prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Death, Sudden, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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