Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment dropout among military and veteran populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Meta-analysis of prevalence

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Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., Resick, P. A., Thurston, V., Orsillo, S. M., Haug, R., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.820 · Cited by 813 · see citing works

Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder

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Multivariate Random-effects Meta-regression: Updates to Mvmeta

White, I. R. (2011) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1101100206 · Cited by 400 · see citing works

PTSD treatment for soldiers after combat deployment: low utilization of mental health care and reasons for dropout

Hoge, C. W., Grossman, S. H., Auchterlonie, J. L., Riviere, L. A., Milliken, C. S., & Wilk, J. E. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300307 · Cited by 368 · see citing works

Effect of Prolonged Exposure Therapy Delivered Over 2 Weeks vs 8 Weeks vs Present-Centered Therapy on PTSD Symptom Severity in Military Personnel: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Zang, Y., Rosenfield, D., Yadin, E., Yarvis, J. S., Mintz, J., Young-McCaughan, S., Borah, E. V., Dondanville, K. A., et al. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21242 · Cited by 357 · see citing works

Treatment initiation and dropout from prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy in a VA outpatient clinic

Kehle-Forbes, S. M., Meis, L. A., Spoont, M. R., & Polusny, M. A. (2016) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000065 · Cited by 322 · see citing works

Multivariate Random-effects Meta-analysis

White, I. R. (2009) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900103 · Cited by 289 · see citing works

A qualitative study of determinants of PTSD treatment initiation in veterans

Sayer, N. A., Friedemann-Sanchez, G., Spoont, M., Murdoch, M., Parker, L. E., Chiros, C., & Rosenheck, R. (2009) · Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes · doi:10.1521/psyc.2009.72.3.238 · Cited by 288 · see citing works

Manualized therapy for PTSD: Flexing the structure of cognitive processing therapy.

Galovski, T. E., Blain, L. M., Mott, J. M., Elwood, L. S., & Houle, T. T. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030600 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Effect of Group vs Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy in Active-Duty Military Seeking Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Resick, P., Wachen, J. S., Dondanville, K., Pruiksma, K., Yarvis, J. S., Peterson, A., Mintz, J., Borah, E. V., Brundige, A., Hembree, E., et al. (2017) · JAMA psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

Telemedicine-Based Collaborative Care for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Fortney, J. C., Pyne, J. M., Kimbrell, T. A., Hudson, T. J., Robinson, D. E., Schneider, R., Moore, W. M., Custer, P., Grubbs, K. M., & Schnurr, P. P. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1575 · Cited by 275 · see citing works

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR) treatment for combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder

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A randomized clinical trial of group cognitive processing therapy compared with group present-centered therapy for PTSD among active duty military personnel.

Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Mintz, J., Young‐McCaughan, S., Roache, J. D., Borah, A. M., Borah, E. V., Dondanville, K. A., Hembree, E. A., Litz, B. T., et al. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000016 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

A Randomized Clinical Trial of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Veterans With PTSD Related to Military Sexual Trauma

Surís, A., Link‐Malcolm, J., Chard, K. M., Ahn, C. W., & North, C. S. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21765 · Cited by 238 · see citing works

Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Delivered to Rural Veterans via Telemental Health: A Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial

Morland, L. A., Mackintosh, M.-A., Greene, C. J., Rosen, C. S., Chard, K. M., Resick, P., & Frueh, B. C. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08842 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure using imaginal exposure vs. virtual reality exposure in active duty soldiers with deployment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Reger, G. M., Koenen-Woods, P., Zetocha, K., Smolenski, D. J., Holloway, K. M., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J., Rizzo, A. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Skopp, N. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000134 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

A Systematic Review of Dropout From Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Iraq and Afghanistan Combat Veterans

Goetter, E. M., Bui, E., Ojserkis, R. A., Zakarian, R. J., Brendel, R. W., & Simon, N. M. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22038 · Cited by 215 · see citing works

First-line Psychotherapies for Military-Related PTSD

Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., & Marmar, C. R. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20825 · Cited by 194 · see citing works

A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder

Forbes, D., Lloyd, D., Nixon, R. D. V., Elliott, P., Varker, T., Perry, D., Bryant, R. A., & Creamer, M. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.006 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

A treatment by disorder meta-analysis of dropout from psychotherapy.

Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2014) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0037512 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

A non-inferiority trial of Prolonged Exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: In person versus home-based telehealth

Acierno, R. E., Knapp, R. G., Tuerk, P. W., Gilmore, A. K., Lejuez, C. W., Ruggiero, K. J., Muzzy, W. A., Egede, L. E., Hernandez‐Tejada, M. A., & Foa, E. B. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.009 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

An investigation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans

Jensen, J. A. (1994) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80290-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Are 60-Minute Prolonged Exposure Sessions With 20-Minute Imaginal Exposure to Traumatic Memories Sufficient to Successfully Treat PTSD? A Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial

Nacasch, N., Huppert, J. D., Su, Y., Kivity, Y., Dinstein, Y., Yeh, R., & Foa, E. B. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.12.002 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Coping with dropouts.

Pekarik, G. (1985) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.16.1.114 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Examining military population and trauma type as moderators of treatment outcome for first-line psychotherapies for PTSD: A meta-analysis

Straud, C. L., Siev, J., Messer, S. C., & Zalta, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102133 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

BIOLOGICAL AND SYMPTOM CHANGES IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER TREATMENT: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Rauch, S. A. M., King, A. P. J., Abelson, J. L., Tuerk, P. W., Smith, E. R., Rothbaum, B. O., Clifton, E. G., Defever, A. M., & Liberzon, I. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22331 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Active duty and ex-serving military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder treated with psychological therapies: systematic review and meta-analysis

Kitchiner, N. J., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1684226 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Art Therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Campbell, M., Decker, K. P., Kruk, K., & Deaver, S. P. (2016) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2016.1226643 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial

Nidich, S. I., Mills, P. J., Rainforth, M. V., Heppner, P. S., Schneider, R. H., Rosenthal, N. E., Salerno, J. W., Gaylord‐King, C., & Rutledge, T. R. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30384-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

High rates of PTSD treatment dropout: A possible red herring?

Szafranski, D. D., Smith, B. N., Grös, D. F., & Resick, P. A. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.01.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Combat- and Terror-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Nacasch, N., Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Tzur, D., Fostick, L., Dinstein, Y., Polliack, M., & Zohar, J. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05682blu · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Glucocorticoid-related predictors and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder treatment response in combat veterans

Yehuda, R., Pratchett, L. C., Elmes, M. W., Lehrner, A. L., Daskalakis, N. P., Koch, E., Makotkine, I., Flory, J. D., & Bierer, L. M. (2014) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2014.0048 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Randomized controlled equivalence trial comparing videoconference and in person delivery of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD

Maieritsch, K. P., Smith, T. L., Hessinger, J. D., Ahearn, E. P., Eickhoff, J. C., & Zhao, Q. (2015) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x15596109 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Predictors of attendance and dropout in three randomized controlled trials of PTSD treatment for active duty service members

Berke, D. S., Kline, N. K., Wachen, J. S., McLean, C. P., Yarvis, J. S., Mintz, J., Young‐McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., Foa, E. B., Resick, P. A., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Differences in Dropout Rates Among Individual, Couple, and Family Therapy Clients

Masi, M. V., Miller, R. B., & Olson, M. M. (2003) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1022558021512 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Present-centered therapy (PCT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults

Belsher, B. E., Beech, E. H., Evatt, D. P., Smolenski, D. J., Shea, M. T., Otto, J. L., Rosen, C. S., & Schnurr, P. P. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012898.pub2 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

A randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure therapy versus relaxation training for older veterans with military-related PTSD

Thorp, S. R., Glassman, L. H., Wells, S. Y., Walter, K. H., Gebhardt, H. M., Twamley, E. W., Golshan, S., Pittman, J. O. E., Penski, K., Allard, C. B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.02.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Face to face but not in the same place: A pilot study of prolonged exposure therapy

Franklin, C. L., Cuccurullo, L. J., Walton, J. L., Arseneau, J. R., & Petersen, N. J. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2016.1205704 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

The Relationship Between Dropout and Outcome in Naturalistic Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Zieve, G. G., Persons, J. B., & Yu, L. A. D. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Randomized clinical trial pilot study of prolonged exposure versus present centred affect regulation therapy for PTSD and anger problems with male military combat veterans

Ford, J. D., Grasso, D. J., Greene, C. A., Slivinsky, M. D., & DeViva, J. C. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2194 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

REM desensitization as a new therapeutic method for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial.

Ahmadi, K., Hazrati, M., Ahmadizadeh, M., & Noohi, S. (2015) · Acta medica Indonesiana · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The efficacy of 90-minute versus 60-minute sessions of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: Design of a randomized controlled trial in active duty military personnel.

Foa, E. B., Zandberg, L. J., McLean, C. P., Rosenfield, D., Fitzgerald, H. E., Tuerk, P. W., Wangelin, B. C., Young‐McCaughan, S., & Peterson, A. L. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000351 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment

Zaretsky, T. G., Jagodnik, K. M., Barsic, R., Antonio, J. H., Bonanno, P. A., MacLeod, C., Pierce, C., Carney, H., Morrison, M. T., Saylor, C. F., et al. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

How is trauma-focused therapy experienced by adults with PTSD? A systematic review of qualitative studies

Gjerstad, S. F., Nordin, L., Poulsen, S., Spadaro, E. F. A., & Palić, S. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01588-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Evidence‐based posttraumatic stress disorder treatment in a community sample: Military‐affiliated versus civilian patient outcomes

Jacoby, V. M., Straud, C. L., Bagley, J. M., Tyler, H. C., Baker, S. N., Denejkina, A., Sippel, L. M., Kaya, R., Rozek, D. C., Fina, B. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22812 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Enhanced Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation versus Treatment as Usual for ICD-11 Complex PTSD: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial (The RESTORE Trial)

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Cloître, M., Busuttil, W., Graham, K., Hendrikx, L. J., Hyland, P., Biscoe, N., & Murphy, D. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000538428 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

A Pilot Study of a Three-Session Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Intervention for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Schuman, D. L., Lawrence, K. A., Boggero, I. A., Naegele, P., Ginsberg, J. P., Casto, A., & Moser, D. K. (2022) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Long-term effectiveness of a prolonged exposure-based intensive outpatient program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

Yasinski, C. W., Watkins, L. E., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Ragsdale, K. A., Sherrill, A. M., Burton, M. S., Rauch, S. A. M., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.029 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, PTSD, and mindfulness among military veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Li, W. W., Nannestad, J., Leow, T. Y. Q., & Heward, C. (2024) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029241302969 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

An Update on Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD

ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Watkins, L. E. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20250110 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Enhancing Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD using physiological biomarker-driven technology

Back, S. E., Acierno, R. E., Saraiya, T. C., Harley, B., Wangelin, B. C., Jarnecke, A. M., McTeague, L. M., Brown, D. G., Ana, E. J. S., Rothbaum, A. O., et al. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100940 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Clinician Concerns About Cognitive Processing Therapy: A Review of the Evidence

LoSavio, S. T., Holder, N. D., Wells, S. Y., & Resick, P. A. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.08.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (prtms®) for post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) in military combat veterans

Makale, M. T., Abbasi, S., Nybo, C., Keifer, J., Christman, L. A., Fairchild, J. K., Yesavage, J. A., Blum, K., Gold, M. S., Baron, D. A., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18943 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Service Dogs for Veterans and Military Members With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Leighton, S. C., Rodriguez, K. E., Jensen, C. L., MacLean, E. L., Davis, L. W., Ashbeck, E. L., Bedrick, E. J., & O’Haire, M. E. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.14686 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Dialectical behavior therapy for justice-involved veterans (DBT-J): Feasibility and acceptability.

Edwards, E. R., Dichiara, A., Epshteyn, G., Snyder, S., Linzer, S., Riglietti, K., Weishoff, N., Lee, A., Tsai, J., Marcano, E., et al. (2022) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000691 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Treatment length and symptom improvement in prolonged exposure and present-centered therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Comparing dose–response and good-enough level models in two manualized interventions.

Thompson‐Hollands, J., Lunney, C. A., Sloan, D. M., Stirman, S. W., & Schnurr, P. P. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000834 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Psychological intervention programme for developing resilience in the military personnel. A randomized controlled trial.

Turliuc, M., & Balcan, A.-D. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3399 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Insomnia predicts treatment engagement and symptom change: a secondary analysis of a web-based CBT intervention for veterans with PTSD symptoms and hazardous alcohol use

Buckheit, K. A., Nolan, J., Possemato, K., Maisto, S. A., Rosenblum, A., Acosta, M. C., & Marsch, L. A. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab118 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Beliefs and Perceived Barriers Regarding Psychedelic-assisted Therapy in a Pilot Study of Service Members and Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury

Gray, J. C., Murphy, M. A., Carter, S. E., Johnson, M. W., Wolfgang, A. S., Roy, M. J., & Maples‐Keller, J. L. (2022) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usac400 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Restore and Rebuild (R&R) – a feasibility pilot study of a co-designed intervention for moral injury-related mental health difficulties

Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Bonson, A., Aldridge, V., Serfioti, D., & Greenberg, N. L. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2256204 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Results of Randomized Controlled Trials Assessing the Effect of Yoga in Adult Women With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: What Is Known So Far

Ali, M., Oble, M. J. P., Sonia, S. N., George, S., Shahi, S. R., Ali, Z., Abaza, A., Jamil, A., Gutlapalli, S. D., & Khan, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.47765 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

A randomized clinical trial comparing Interpersonal Psychotherapy with Prolonged Exposure for the treatment of PTSD in veterans

Shea, M. T., KRUPNICK, J. L., Sautter, F. J., Mete, M., Green, B. L., Norman, S. B., Finley, S. L., & Eaton, E. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102770 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Combined Effects of Nasal Ketamine and Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Case Series

Rohde, J., Hickmann, E., Buchmann, M., Kronenberg, G., Vetter, S., Seifritz, E., Kleim, B., & Olbrich, S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14080717 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

EMDR therapy vs. supportive therapy as adjunctive treatment in trauma-exposed bipolar patients: A randomised controlled trial

Hogg, B., Raduà, J., Gardoki-Souto, I., Fontana-McNally, M., Lupo, W., Reinares, M., Jiménez, E., Madre, M., Blanco, L., Cortizo, R., et al. (2023) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.sjpmh.2023.11.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Effectiveness of Imagery Rescripting Interventions for Military Veterans With Nightmares and Sleep Disturbances: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Hicks, M., Simonds, L. M., & Morison, L. A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Psychedelics Administered to Military Veterans in Naturalistic Retreat Settings

Calnan, M., Blest‐Hopley, G., Busch, C., Adams, M., Ruffell, S., Piper, T., Roseman, L., Kettner, H., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70660 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The effect of a reduction in irrational beliefs on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in a group treatment for post-9/11 Veterans

Grove, A. B., Sheerin, C. M., Wallace, R. E., Green, B. A., Minnich, A. H., & Kurtz, E. D. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2236924 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Participant and trial characteristics reported in predictive analyses of trial attrition: an umbrella review of systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials across multiple conditions

McChrystal, R., Lees, J. S., Gillies, K., McAllister, D., & Hanlon, P. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-08794-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Rates and reasons for veteran mental health service utilization following completion of evidence-based trauma-focused treatment for PTSD.

Baier, A. L., Nugent, S. M., Horton, D. M., Salameh, H. A., & Kehle‐Forbes, S. (2023) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000815 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Systematic review and meta-analysis of neurofeedback training efficacy and neural mechanisms in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

Berman, D. E., Cowansage, K. P., Bellanti, D. M., Nair, R., Boyd, C. C., Beech, E. H., Reddy, M. K., Recker, R. S., Belsher, B. E., & Kelber, M. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1658652 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Retention in Individual Trauma-Focused Treatment Following Family-Based Treatment Among US Veterans

Dodge, J., Sullivan, K. S., Grau, P. P., Chen, C., Sripada, R. K., & Pfeiffer, P. N. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49098 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

High-intensity interval training in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Schoofs, N., Pieper, A., Meyer, K., Herrmann, S., Jäger, A., Wülfing, F., Grummt, M., Wolfarth, B., Ströhle, A., & Priebe, K. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100579 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth Among U.S. Military Veterans: Evaluating an Innovative Training Program

Kelley, C., Garner, S.-B., Tedeschi, R. G., Moore, B. A., Alldredge, C. T., Kinman, J., Greene, T. C., & Elkins, G. R. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2448332 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A Paradigm Shift in Trauma Treatment: Converging Evidence for a Novel Adaptation of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Talbot, J. D., de la Salle, S., & Jaworska, N. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221142283 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Social support and treatment utilization for posttraumatic stress disorder: Examining reciprocal relations among active duty service members

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Expressive writing treatments to reduce PTSD symptom severity and negative alcohol-related outcomes among trauma-exposed sexual minority women and transgender/nonbinary people: Study protocol for a mixed-method pilot trial

Scheer, J. R., Behari, K., Schwarz, A. A., Cascalheira, C. J., Helminen, E. C., Pirog, S., Jaipuriyar, V., Sullivan, T. P., Batchelder, A., & Jackson, S. D. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101197 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Novel psychedelic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and their promise for precision medicine

Dodds, C., Dawson, R. L., Lim, A., Tye, S. J., & Nasrallah, F. A. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251396255 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Accommodation of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A scoping review of the literature

Talbot, M., & Thompson‐Hollands, J. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23112 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Evidence‐based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder decreases suicidal ideation by reducing perceived burdensomeness among veterans in an outpatient program

Blain, R. C., Martin, C. E., Ehlinger, C. C., & Chard, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Dropout in a clinical trial for comorbid PTSD and MDD among US service members: Are pretreatment characteristics predictive?

Kline, A. C., Otis, N. P., Norman, S. B., Hunt, W. M., & Walter, K. H. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2325519 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Pilot outcomes and exploration of treatment mechanisms using a culturally adapted version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to improve mental health symptoms, alcohol misuse, functional outcomes, and sleep quality in emergency responders

Meyer, E. C., Roth, S. G., Coe, E., Taylor, D. J., & Gulliver, S. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2025.1452976 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Feasibility of a family-involved intervention to increase engagement in evidenced-based psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study.

Shepherd‐Banigan, M. E., Shapiro, A. S., Stechuchak, K. M., Glynn, S. M., Calhoun, P. S., Ackland, P. E., Bokhour, B. G., Edelman, D. E., Falkovic, M., Weidenbacher, H. J., et al. (2024) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001623 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Impact of an interoception intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder in military service members: The role of the acceptance of internal sensations

Kearns, N. T., Trachik, B. J., & Smith, A. R. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23189 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Effect of patient characteristics on posttraumatic stress disorder treatment retention among veterans: A systematic review

Maglione, M., Chen, C., Franco, M., Gizaw, M., Shahidinia, N., Baxi, S. M., & Hempel, S. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22757 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Addressing Attrition from Psychotherapy for PTSD in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

Lee, A. J., & LaFreniere, L. S. (2023) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare3040024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

MDMA for treatment of PTSD and neurorehabilitation in military populations

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Examining treatment outcomes for military service members in an intensive treatment program for posttraumatic stress disorder

Murphy, J. W., Smith, D. L., Hiner, K., Zolper, J., Pridgen, S., Schroedter, B. S., & Held, P. (2025) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2025.2521951 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Improvement in Veterans' Openness to Seeking Professional Psychological Help After Participating in Therapeutic Adventure Trips

Bettmann, J. E., Cambron, C., & Long, E. (2022) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2022.0040 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Examining the Efficacy and Feasibility of a Residential Retreat Program for First Responders and Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study

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Widening the scope of intensive treatment for PTSD in the military health system

Murphy, J. W. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2249798 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Changes in Dispositional Mindfulness Predict Veterans’ Symptom Severity After an Intensive Cognitive Processing Therapy Program with Mindfulness Components

Szoke, D. R., Murphy, J. W., Smith, D. L., & Held, P. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02377-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Predictors and Patterns of Dropout From Psychiatric Treatment Among Trauma‐Affected Refugees: A Large Data Pool Analysis

Vindbjerg, E., Sandahl, H., Lindberg, L. G., Attardo, H. L., Mortensen, E. L., & Carlsson, J. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Was it helpful? Treatment outcomes and practice assignment adherence and helpfulness among U.S. service members with PTSD and MDD

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Considerations Around the Use of Intensive Outpatient Programs for Service Members Who Experienced Sexual Trauma in the U.S. Military

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Comparative Analysis of the U.S. and Armenian Veteran Mental Health Services

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Trauma-Informed Training for Veterans Treatment Court Professionals: Program Development and Initial Feedback

Desai, A. (2023) · Federal Practitioner · doi:10.12788/fp.0358

A Narrative Commentary on the Use of a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy-Informed Group to Address Irrational Beliefs, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Comorbidities

Grove, A. B., Green, B. A., Kaye, S. M., & Sheerin, C. M. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14020129

Longitudinal Links between PTSD and Physical Activity in 9/11 World Trade Center First Responders

Shteynberg, Y. A. (2024) · doi:10.12794/metadc2356127

Equine-Facilitated Cognitive Processing Therapy (EF-CPT) for Psychotherapy with Adults

Wharton, T., Whitworth, J., & Malone, M. D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74426-6_6

An Examination of Early Termination from Trauma-Focused Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Literature Review and Mixed Methods Study Proposal

Lathrop, L. M. (2025) · doi:10.56902/etdcrp.2025.5

Hydrocortisone for Secondary Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report

Harrison, V. H., Ameli, P., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaf587

Additional file 3 of How is trauma-focused therapy experienced by adults with PTSD? A systematic review of qualitative studies

Gjerstad, S. F., Nordin, L., Poulsen, S., Spadaro, E. F. A., & Palić, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26691124

Additional file 1 of How is trauma-focused therapy experienced by adults with PTSD? A systematic review of qualitative studies

Gjerstad, S. F., Nordin, L., Poulsen, S., Spadaro, E. F. A., & Palić, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26691118

Additional file 2 of How is trauma-focused therapy experienced by adults with PTSD? A systematic review of qualitative studies

Gjerstad, S. F., Nordin, L., Poulsen, S., Spadaro, E. F. A., & Palić, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26691121

Prolonged Exposure and Emotion Regulation Skills Training: A Pilot Study Among Veterans with Military Sexual Trauma-Related PTSD and Difficulties with Emotion Regulation

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Intermittent theta burst stimulation in Canadian soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder

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3MDR: From rehabilitation technology to a transformative trauma therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder

Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Jetly, R., Roy, M. J., Sessoms, P. H., Nijdam, M. J., Burback, L., & Brémault‐Phillips, S. (2026) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0014

EXPLORING THE FEASIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF A NON-INVASIVE SOUND THERAPY DEVICE IN REDUCING SYMPTOMS OF TINNITUS IN MILITARY VETERANS

Howlett, P., & Murphy, D. (2026) · Journal of Hearing Science · doi:10.17430/jhs/216757

Virtual confrontation, real-life recovery: A feasibility pilot for a novel virtual reality exposure therapy in military personnel

van Zijderveld, R., Geuze, E., van der Woude, H., van Koningsbrugge, S., Ambaum, J., Avazverdi, N., Westrik, I. G., van Dort, E., de Weijer, A. D., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2026.100587

Psychothérapies EMDR et TCC-CT auprès de patients souffrant de trouble de stress post traumatique : impacts neurocognitifs & corrélats neuronaux

Durand, F. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9de4ddcdzc32bz44bezbe3ez91904f8c6479

Evidence-based culturally informed mental health treatment for Veterans and their family members: A non-VA U.S. telehealth pilot program

Coe, E., Torres, V. A., Beattie, E. H., Thomas, K. L., Rostockyj, J. A., Pennington, M. L., Cardenas, M. N., Strack, J. E., Dupree, J., Lewis, J. E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2024-0025

Factors associated with mental health discharge status among military-service members, veterans, and their adult family members

Wortham, W. K., Sullivan, K. S., Huang, Y., Kim, S., Lancaster, S. L., Linkh, D. J., Renno, S., & Hassan, A. M. (2026) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2026.2659398

A non-trauma-focused equine-assisted intervention was associated with reductions in all four PTSD symptom clusters in treatment-resistant military veterans

Kapteijn, C. M., Fennema, R. A., van Huffelen, R., Endenburg, N., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Rodenburg, T. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1787669

The Richards Trauma Process: a before-after single-arm feasibility trial of a novel psychotherapy

Barson, P., MacIsaac, P., Sanci, L., Temple-Smith, M. J., Trevena, J. A., Laughlin, A., & Chondros, P. (2026) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-026-01856-0

Horsepower: equine-assisted interventions are associated with reduced PTSD symptoms, improved sleep quality, and quality of life in military veterans with treatment-resistant PTSD

Kapteijn, C. M., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Rodenburg, T. B., & Endenburg, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768001

Psychiatric Outcomes and Treatment Utilization Among Post-9/11 Veterans with PTSD: The Impact of Current and Remitted Substance Use Disorders

Meckes, S. J., Grove, J. L., Kearns, J. C., Miao, J. W., Bridges‐Curry, Z., Wiese, J. D., Kimbrel, N. A., Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., & Calhoun, P. S. (2026) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2026.2676697

Telehealth delivered art therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A single-arm multi-modal feasibility pilot

Jones, L. C., Spooner, H., Waters, A. B., Penhale, S. H., Lamb, D. G., Levy, C. E., Malhotra, B., Stickley, K. S., Valldejuli, K., Kaimal, G., et al. (2026) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2026.102517

Body-based therapies and transcranial magnetic stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: a proposed integrative approach

Heilbroner, L. M., Areda, Y. A., & Philip, N. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1963097

The FRAME model for manualization: Developing a flexible and responsive telehealth art therapy approach for military PTSD

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Treatment retention profiles for combat veterans in individual and group therapy following the October 7th War

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Veteran Monitoring initiative for non-invasive physiology and depression (V-MIND). Assessing the feasibility of using wearable tech devices to monitor veterans' health outcomes: recruitment, retention, and data availability. (Preprint)Preprint

Dryden, D., Gillings, E., Leightley, D., & Murphy, D. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.114317

Dropout from guideline-recommended psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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The protocol matters: A meta-analysis of psychotherapy dropout from specific PTSD treatment approaches in U.S. service members and veterans.

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Dropout in the treatment of PTSD : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reinders, L. A. (2019)

Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder

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Dropout from psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis

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