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Tailoring Ultra‐High‐Order Optical Skyrmions

Zeng, Xinji, Fang, Jing, Wu, Haijun, Wang, Jinwen, Chen, Yun, Zhou, Yongkun, Yang, Xin, Wang, Chengyuan, Wei, Dong, Chen, Haixia, Gao, Hong, Shen, Yijie·2025·Laser & Photonics Reviews
DOI 10.1002/lpor.202500732
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Abstract

As quasiparticles with topological spin textures, skyrmions have drawn considerable interest from the condensed matter and structured wave communities, offering potential for next‐generation high‐density, robust information technologies. Nevertheless, generating high‐order skyrmions remains a significant challenge, as they have not been reliably observed in any physical system. Here, the method is proposed to create and control ultra‐high‐order skyrmions (skyrmion number up to 400 th ) in a structured light system. The topological state transition between bimerons and skyrmions is also experimentally controlled, the transverse size of an arbitrary‐order skyrmionic beam is tailored independently of the topological number, and ensure the topological stability upon propagation. This work provides solutions for topologically resilient communication and memory, significantly enhancing information capacity.

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Figures

Figure 1 Theoretical concept of ring-shaped skyrmions and bimerons, with columns from left to right representing N´ eel, Bloch, and Anti-types. Top row, skyrmion maps and stokes vectors, the central black and peripheral white represent left - and right - handed circular polarization respectively; bottom row, the bimeron maps and stokes vectors, the central blue and peripheral red represent vertical and horizontal linear polarization respectively. Colorbar is based on the Poincar´ e sphere's azimuth angle Ψ and spatial angle χ . The right column presents the maps of ultra-high-order skyrmions and bimerons along with their local magnified images. The main feature of the ring-shaped quasiparticles is that the center is no longer point-like but disk-like. The simulations are all synthesized by Laguerre-Gaussian beams with opposite unequalorder orbital angular momentum.
Figure 1 Theoretical concept of ring-shaped skyrmions and bimerons, with columns from left to right representing N´ eel, Bloch, and Anti-types. Top row, skyrmion maps and stokes vectors, the central black and peripheral white represent left - and right - handed circular polarization respectively; bottom row, the bimeron maps and stokes vectors, the central blue and peripheral red represent vertical and horizontal linear polarization respectively. Colorbar is based on the Poincar´ e sphere's azimuth angle Ψ and spatial angle χ . The right column presents the maps of ultra-high-order skyrmions and bimerons along with their local magnified images. The main feature of the ring-shaped quasiparticles is that the center is no longer point-like but disk-like. The simulations are all synthesized by Laguerre-Gaussian beams with opposite unequalorder orbital angular momentum.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Experimental setup, ECDL: external cavity diode laser, H: half-wave plate, PBS: polarization beam splitter, SMF: single mode fiber, BS: beam splitter, SLM: spatial light modulator, F1,F2: lens with f = 300 mm, M: mirror, A: aperture, CCD: movable charge-coupled camera, inset is the multiplexing grating. The Stokes parameters are measured using a polarizing analysis setup (not shown here) consisting of a HWP, a quarter-wave plate (QWP), and a PBS.
Figure 2 Experimental setup, ECDL: external cavity diode laser, H: half-wave plate, PBS: polarization beam splitter, SMF: single mode fiber, BS: beam splitter, SLM: spatial light modulator, F1,F2: lens with f = 300 mm, M: mirror, A: aperture, CCD: movable charge-coupled camera, inset is the multiplexing grating. The Stokes parameters are measured using a polarizing analysis setup (not shown here) consisting of a HWP, a quarter-wave plate (QWP), and a PBS.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Comparison of experimental results of disk-shaped and ring-shaped high order skyrmions. The left is 11th-order skyrmions, (a1), (a2) , map and intensity distribution of superimposed modes: R 11 + L 0 and R 8 + L -3 ; (b1), (b2) , radial intensity curves of the two superimposed modes; (c1) , topological number variation with integration radius ( × 10 -3 m). The right is 19th-order skyrmions, captions for the corresponding letters are the same as aforementioned, two superimposed modes are R 19 + L 0 and R 14 + L -5 . R l and L l is the lth RCP and LCP LG mode, respectively. The beam waist w = 0 . 3 mm.
Figure 3 Comparison of experimental results of disk-shaped and ring-shaped high order skyrmions. The left is 11th-order skyrmions, (a1), (a2) , map and intensity distribution of superimposed modes: R 11 + L 0 and R 8 + L -3 ; (b1), (b2) , radial intensity curves of the two superimposed modes; (c1) , topological number variation with integration radius ( × 10 -3 m). The right is 19th-order skyrmions, captions for the corresponding letters are the same as aforementioned, two superimposed modes are R 19 + L 0 and R 14 + L -5 . R l and L l is the lth RCP and LCP LG mode, respectively. The beam waist w = 0 . 3 mm.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Experimental results of ultra-high-order skyrmions. (a1)-(a6) is 27th, 50th, 100th, 200th, 300th and 400th-order skyrmion with each local magnified image, respectively; (b) is topological number variation with integration radius ( × 10 -3 m) of each ultra-high-order skyrmion with local magnified plots, the gray arrow indicates the trend of curve changes. The beam waist is the same as Fig.3.
Figure 4 Experimental results of ultra-high-order skyrmions. (a1)-(a6) is 27th, 50th, 100th, 200th, 300th and 400th-order skyrmion with each local magnified image, respectively; (b) is topological number variation with integration radius ( × 10 -3 m) of each ultra-high-order skyrmion with local magnified plots, the gray arrow indicates the trend of curve changes. The beam waist is the same as Fig.3.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Experimental results of three different types 1st-order PB beams; The top row is N´ eel type, middle row is Bloch type, and bottom row is Anti-type; (a1)-(a3) are polarization distributions, insets are Stokes parameters; (b1-b3) are bimeronic maps; (c1)-(c3) are Stokes vectors distributions. Parameters used are: T = 0 . 25 mm, R 1 = 5 T, R 2 = 4 T .
Figure 5 Experimental results of three different types 1st-order PB beams; The top row is N´ eel type, middle row is Bloch type, and bottom row is Anti-type; (a1)-(a3) are polarization distributions, insets are Stokes parameters; (b1-b3) are bimeronic maps; (c1)-(c3) are Stokes vectors distributions. Parameters used are: T = 0 . 25 mm, R 1 = 5 T, R 2 = 4 T .CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 (a1)-(a5) : Experimental results of 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 20th-order PB beams, parameters are the same as Fig.5; (b) , topological number variation with integration radius ( × 10 -3 m), the gray arrow indicates the trend of curve changes; (c) , radial normalized intensity, inset are ring widths of different orders; (d1), (d2) , results of 50th and 100th order perfect skyrmions and local magnified images, with T = 0 . 1 mm, R 1 = 17 T, R 2 = 14 T , l 1 = 30 , 60 , l 2 = -20 , -40.
Figure 6 (a1)-(a5) : Experimental results of 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 20th-order PB beams, parameters are the same as Fig.5; (b) , topological number variation with integration radius ( × 10 -3 m), the gray arrow indicates the trend of curve changes; (c) , radial normalized intensity, inset are ring widths of different orders; (d1), (d2) , results of 50th and 100th order perfect skyrmions and local magnified images, with T = 0 . 1 mm, R 1 = 17 T, R 2 = 14 T , l 1 = 30 , 60 , l 2 = -20 , -40.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Propagation properties of 1st-order N´ eel-type PB beam (the top row of Fig.5) in z direction. (a) , changes of polarization during propagation; (b) , changes of bimeronic maps; (c) , topological number variation at different z, the gray arrow indicates the trend of curve changes. Data was collected at positions z=0 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm.
Figure 7 Propagation properties of 1st-order N´ eel-type PB beam (the top row of Fig.5) in z direction. (a) , changes of polarization during propagation; (b) , changes of bimeronic maps; (c) , topological number variation at different z, the gray arrow indicates the trend of curve changes. Data was collected at positions z=0 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 The experimental Stokes parameters S 0 -S 3 of the 400th-order skyrmion generated by LG beams, along with local magnified images of S 1 and S 2.
Figure 8 The experimental Stokes parameters S 0 -S 3 of the 400th-order skyrmion generated by LG beams, along with local magnified images of S 1 and S 2.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 The experimental Stokes parameters S 0 -S 3 of the 100th-order skyrmion generated by PV beams, along with local magnified images of S 1 and S 2.
Figure 9 The experimental Stokes parameters S 0 -S 3 of the 100th-order skyrmion generated by PV beams, along with local magnified images of S 1 and S 2.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Zeng, X., Fang, J., Wu, H., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Zhou, Y., Yang, X., Wang, C., Wei, D., Chen, H., Gao, H., & Shen, Y.
Affiliations
  • Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
  • Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences & The Photonics Institute Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637378 Singapore
  • Department of Physics Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
ORCID
Venue
Laser & Photonics Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2025-08
Volume
19
Issue
21
ISSN
  • 1863-8880
  • 1863-8899
DOI
10.1002/lpor.202500732
Cited by
17
References
3
Language
en
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12404390, 12104358, 12104361, 12304406, 12175168, 92476105, 92050103)
  • Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023BSHEDZZ23)
  • Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (xzy012023042)
  • Ministry of Education - Singapore (RG157/23, RT11/23)

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