Deciphering Trifolium pratense L. holobiont reveals a microbiome resilient to future climate changes
Open accessAbstract
The plant microbiome supports plant growth, fitness, and resistance against climate change. Trifolium pratense (red clover), an important forage legume crop, positively contributes to ecosystem sustainability. However, T. pratense is known to have limited adaptive ability toward climate change. Here, the T. pratense microbiomes (including both bacteria and fungi) of the rhizosphere and the root, shoot, and flower endospheres were comparatively examined using metabarcoding in a field located in Central Germany that mimics the climate conditions projected for the next 50-70 years in comparison with the current climate conditions. Additionally, the ecological functions and metabolic genes of the microbial communities colonizing each plant compartment were predicted using FUNGuild, FAPROTAX, and Tax4Fun annotation tools. Our results showed that the individual plant compartments were colonized by specific microbes. The bacterial and fungal community compositions of the belowground plant compartments did not vary under future climate conditions. However, future climate conditions slightly altered the relative abundances of specific fungal classes of the aboveground compartments. We predicted several microbial functional genes of the T. pratense microbiome involved in plant growth processes, such as biofertilization (nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and siderophore biosynthesis) and biostimulation (phytohormone and auxin production). Our findings indicated that T. pratense microbiomes show a degree of resilience to future climate changes. Additionally, microbes inhabiting T. pratense may not only contribute to plant growth promotion but also to ecosystem sustainability.
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The plant-associated microbiome enhances growth, fitness, and resistance to climate-induced stresses.
“Additionally, the plant-associated microbiome enhances growth, fitness, and resistance to climate-induced stresses, highlighting the role of microbial interactions in strengthening plant resilience (Wahdan et al., 2021).”
From Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops (2025) · cites this paper as Wahdan et al., 2021
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Mangamuri, U. K., Muvva, V., Sudhakar, P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.10.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Madaj, A.-M., Michalski, S. G., & Durka, W. (2020) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Brown, S. P., Grillo, M. A., Podowski, J. C., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-21175/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Leung, A. Y., & Foster, S. (1996). Clover tops, red (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops
Chavhan, R. L., Jaybhaye, S. G., Hinge, V. R., Deshmukh, A. S., Shaikh, U. S., Jadhav, P. K., Kadam, U. S., & Hong, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2025.1524767 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wahdan, S. F. M., Tanunchai, B., Wu, Y., Sansupa, C., Schädler, M., Dawoud, T. M., Buscot, F., & Purahong, W.
- Affiliations
- Suez Canal University (EG)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- Department of Forestry National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Pingtung Taiwan
- King Saud University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Wahdan, Sara Fareed Mohamed
- Purahong, Witoon
- ORCID
- Venue
- MicrobiologyOpen
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-07-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e1217-e1217
- ISSN
- 2045-8827 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8302017
- OpenAlex
- W3185761436
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- MicrobiologyOpen (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Higher Education
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- red clover, plant microbiome, holobiont, climate resilience, future climate conditions, rhizosphere, endosphere, bacterial and fungal communities, microbial functional genes, plant growth promotion, biofertilization, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore biosynthesis, phytohormone production, auxin biosynthesis, forage legumes
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Mycobiome, Bacteria, Fungi, Germany, Indoleacetic Acids, Nitrogen Fixation, Phosphorus, Soil Microbiology, Siderophores, Plant Roots, Trifolium, Climate Change, Rhizosphere, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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