Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review
Open accessAbstract
Soil bacteria are very important in biogeochemical cycles and have been used for crop production for decades. Plant–bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health and soil fertility. Free-living soil bacteria beneficial to plant growth, usually referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are capable of promoting plant growth by colonizing the plant root. PGPR are also termed plant health promoting rhizobacteria (PHPR) or nodule promoting rhizobacteria (NPR). These are associated with the rhizosphere, which is an important soil ecological environment for plant–microbe interactions. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria include the cyanobacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium, Allorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium. Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria or associative nitrogen fixers, for example bacteria belonging to the species Azospirillum, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, have been shown to attach to the root and efficiently colonize root surfaces. PGPR have the potential to contribute to sustainable plant growth promotion. Generally, PGPR function in three different ways: synthesizing particular compounds for the plants, facilitating the uptake of certain nutrients from the soil, and lessening or preventing the plants from diseases. Plant growth promotion and development can be facilitated both directly and indirectly. Indirect plant growth promotion includes the prevention of the deleterious effects of phytopathogenic organisms. This can be achieved by the production of siderophores, i.e. small metal-binding molecules. Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens and the synthesis of antibiotics have also been reported in several bacterial species. Another mechanism by which PGPR can inhibit phytopathogens is the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and/or fungal cell wall degrading enzymes, e.g., chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase. Direct plant growth promotion includes symbiotic and non-symbiotic PGPR which function through production of plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid. Production of indole-3-ethanol or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the compounds belonging to auxins, have been reported for several bacterial genera. Some PGPR function as a sink for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene in higher plants, by hydrolyzing it into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia, and in this way promote root growth by lowering indigenous ethylene levels in the micro-rhizo environment. PGPR also help in solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients, enhance resistance to stress, stabilize soil aggregates, and improve soil structure and organic matter content. PGPR retain more soil organic N, and other nutrients in the plant–soil system, thus reducing the need for fertilizer N and P and enhancing release of the nutrients.
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So far, broad-scale inoculation with specific microbes has been limited to nitrogen fixation and mineralization in greenhouse and field studies with sugarcane, rice and wheat.
“So far, broad-scale inoculation with specific microbes has been limited to nitrogen fixation and mineralization in greenhouse and field studies with sugarcane, rice and wheat (Hayat et al., 2010).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Hayat et al., 2010
The most prominent impact of microorganisms on soil fertility is their effect on nutrient cycles by fixing or mineralizing nutrients from the gross soil nutrient pool, making them available as biofertilizers.
“The most prominent impact of microorganisms on soil fertility is their effect on nutrient cycles by fixing or mineralizing nutrients from the gross soil nutrient pool, making them available as biofertilizers (Hayat et al., 2010;Bulgarelli et al., 2013).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Hayat et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Hayat, R., Ali, S., Amara, U., Khalid, R., & Ahmed, I.
- Affiliations
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Hayat, Rifat
- Venue
- Annals of Microbiology
- Published
- 2010-08-28
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 579-598
- ISSN
- 0003-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 1590-4261
- 1869-2044
- OpenAlex
- W2064383236
- Cited by
- 2,064
- References
- 295
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 222 · 2023: 195 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 179 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 43.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Annals of Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
- Keywords
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, plant-bacteria interactions, rhizosphere, nitrogen fixation, siderophores, biological control of plant pathogens, hydrogen cyanide, chitinase, plant hormones, indole-3-acetic acid, ACC deaminase, root colonization, soil fertility, sustainable agriculture, plant disease suppression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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