Brain iron deposition fingerprints in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy
Abstract
It can be difficult to clinically distinguish between classical Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy. Previously, there have been no biomarkers that reliably allow this distinction to be made. We report that an abnormal brain iron accumulation is a marker for ongoing neurodegeneration in both conditions, but the conditions differ with respect to the anatomical distribution of these accumulations. We analyzed quantitative T2' maps as markers of regional brain iron content from PD and progressive supranuclear palsy patients and compared them to age-matched control subjects. T2-weighted and T2*-weighted images were acquired in 30 PD patients, 12 progressive supranuclear palsy patients, and 24 control subjects at 1.5 Tesla. Mean T2' values were determined in regions-of-interest in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and white matter within each hemisphere. The main findings were shortened T2' values in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen in progressive supranuclear palsy compared to PD patients and controls. A stepwise linear discriminant analysis allowed progressive supranuclear palsy patients to be distinguished from PD patients and the healthy controls. All progressive supranuclear palsy patients were correctly classified. No progressive supranuclear palsy patient was classified as a healthy control, no healthy controls were incorrectly classified as having progressive supranuclear palsy, and only 6.7% of the PD patients were incorrectly classified as progressive supranuclear palsy. Regional decreases of T2' relaxation times in parts of the basal ganglia reflecting increased brain iron load in these areas are characteristic for progressive supranuclear palsy but not PD patients.
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The study of morphological and iron concentration changes in the midbrain and cerebellum might help to distinguish Parkinson's disease from other disorders with similar symptoms, such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy.
“Furthermore, the study of morphological and iron concentration changes in the midbrain and cerebellum might help to distinguish Parkinson’s disease from other disorders with similar symptoms, such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy.146,147”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [147]
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Mamais, A., Batchelor, R. D., Aravindraja, C., Ladd, T. B., Shute, A. J., Subrahmanian, N., Maio, N., Vulpe, C. D., & LaVoie, M. J. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-026-00979-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Schmidt-Richberg, A., Treszl, A., Hilgetag, C. C., Fiehler, J., Münchau, A. M., Heinz Handels, A., Boelmans, K., & Forkert, N. D. (2013) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.3414/me12-01-0044 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Advanced MRI-based evaluation of gray and white matter changes in Parkinson’s disease
Mohsen, M. J., Mohamed, N. A. E., El-Tantawy, A.-E., Razek, A. A. K. A., & Saied, A. E. A. M. (2024) · The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1186/s43055-024-01340-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An analysis of intensity harmonization techniques for Parkinson’s multi-site MRI datasets
Souza, R., Stanley, E. A. M., Camacho, M., Wilms, M., & Forkert, N. D. (2023) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Computer-Aided Diagnosis · doi:10.1117/12.2653948 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Degenerative Kleinhirnerkrankungen und Differenzialdiagnosen
Reith, W., Roumia, S., & Dietrich, P. (2016) · Der Radiologe · doi:10.1007/s00117-016-0180-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mao, Z., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13573 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ota, M., Sato, N., Takahashi, Y., Shigemoto, Y., Kimura, Y., Maki, H., Imokawa, T., Kagaya, R., & Matsuda, H. (2025) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.70069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
de Natale, E. R., Wilson, H., Udeh‐Momoh, C. T., Ford, J. K., Politis, M., & Middleton, L. T. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823761-8.00022-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using MRI to Identify Supranuclear Palsy from Parkinson Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Shah, G. V. (2019) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2019192183 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Structural Mri in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
Boelmans, K., Sedlacik, J., Niehaus, L., Jahn, H., & Münchau, A. M. (2012) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.12.54
Motor Parkinson's disease and structure
Lehéricy, S., Poupon, C., & Galléa, C. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139207294.005
Imaging iron in Parkinson's disease
Martin, W. R. W. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139207294.004
Neuroimaging in progressive supranuclear palsy
de Natale, E. R., Wilson, H., Politis, M., & Niccolini, F. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821651-4.00004-x
Xin, M., Yuan, P., Qi, L., Huang, G., Hao, J., Wang, C., Yang, Y., Shao, H., Zhang, C., Huang, G., et al. (2026) · Brain Network Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.bnd.2026.02.003
Milardi, D., Han, J., Lee, H. J., Ding, F., Miller, Y., Faller, P., Bush, A. I., Crouch, P. J., Finkelstein, D. I., Double, K. L., et al. (2026) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00420
- Authors
- Boelmans, K., Holst, B., Hackius, M., Finsterbusch, J., Gerloff, C., Fiehler, J., & Münchau, A.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Boelmans, Kai
- Venue
- Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-01-30
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 421-427
- ISSN
- 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8257
- OpenAlex
- W2006517335
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, brain iron accumulation, T2 mapping, differential diagnosis, basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, thalamus, white matter, neurodegeneration biomarkers, linear discriminant analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Iron, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive, Thalamus, Discriminant Analysis, Case-Control Studies
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