Development of a brief, clinically relevant, scale for measuring attachment disorders
Open accessAbstract
A 17‐item questionnaire for reactive attachment disorders (RAD) was developed and administered to 182 Scottish children living in foster care. The RAD questionnaire had a good test‐retest reliability with an intra‐class correlation (ICC) of 0.78 and inter‐rater reliability with an ICC of 0.81. Cluster analysis showed that the children fell into three groups, two of which corresponded to the two reactive attachment disorder subtypes. High questionnaire scores for attachment disorders were significantly associated with conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity and problems with peer relations and negatively associated with pro‐social behaviour. High overall questionnaire scores for reactive attachment disorder were associated with previous sexual abuse, whereas there was no association with previous physical abuse. High scores for the disinhibited subtype were associated with previous neglect. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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The prevalence of mental disorders was higher for youths placed in congregate care.
“Consistent with other studies, [12,15,16] the prevalence was higher for youths placed in congregate care [14].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors
Lehmann, S., Havik, O. E., Havik, T., & Heiervang, E. R. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-39 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
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“Previous research has shown that Reactive Attachment Disorder behaviours are correlated with other forms of psychopathology including conduct problems, but nonetheless appear to index a distinct set of symptoms (Minnis et al. 2002; O’Connor and Rutter 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWhen adolescents receive sexual messages on the internet: Explaining experiences of risk and harm
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“We previously used a questionnaire for reactive attachment disorders in clinical and general population samples aged 5–16 years (Minnis et al, 2002).”
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“Our results regarding the external correlates may have been affected by our relatively small sample size and prevented us from demonstrating the associations identified in previous studies (Kay and Green 2013; Minnis et al. 2002).”
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“This measure was originally developed by Minnis et al. (2002), and subsequently validated by Minnis et al. (2007).”
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“(2002) developed the Relationship Problems Questionnaire (RPQ) with promising reliability and validity (Minnis et al., 2009; Minnis et al., 2002; Minnis et al., 2007).”
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“High scorers should then be offered further assessment with use of the RADA interview alongside the teacher Relationship Problem Questionnaire (Minnis et al., 2002) and observational measures such as the waiting room observation procedure (McLaughlin et al., 2010), which explore the interaction between the child and s…”
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“Relationship Problem Questionnaire The Relationship Problem Questionnaire (RPQ; Minnis et al., 2002) is an 18-item questionnaire for caregivers with a 4-point scale: “exactly like my child = 3”, “like my child = 2”, “a bit like my child = 1” and “not at all like my child = 0”.”
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“…Problems Questionnaire (RPQ) (Minnis, Rabe-Hesketh & Wolkind, 2002) was a product of the pilot of the Reactive Attachment Disorder Scale (Minnis et al., 2002), which is a checklist of attachment disordered behaviours relating to the inhibited and disinhibited types as outlined in the…”
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“Relationship Problem Questionnaire (RPQ; Minnis et al., 2002; Vervoort et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRecent contributions for understanding Inhibited Reactive Attachment Disorder
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“The researcher rated the C-GAS score, using all accessible information, including the child ’ s results from the Strengths and Dif fi culties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997), the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities inventory (Hansson et al., 2005) and the Relationship Problem Questionnaire (Minnis et al., 2002).”
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“…– Goodman, 2001; Goodman & Goodman, 2012), the Attachment Screening Assessment (ASA – Glaser et al., 2011), the Relationship Problems Questionnaire (RPQ – Minnis et al., 2002), the Child Dissociation Checklist (CDC – Putnam & Peterson, 1994), and the Health of the Nation Outcomes Scale Child and…”
BackgroundReactive Attachment Disorder: The Missing Link in the Causation of Social Exclusion?
Minnis, H. (2003) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2003.9721917 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“These subdivisions were theoretically driven and may turn out to be arbitrary (Minnis & Keck, 2003; Minnis et al, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationInvestigating social vulnerability in children using computer mediated role-play
Fallon, T. L., Aylett, R. S., Minnis, H., & Rajendran, G. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCarrera, P., Miller, L. C., Palacios, J., & Román, M. (2025) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The Relationship Problems Questionnaire (RPQ; (Minnis et al., 2002 )) is a parent-reported questionnaire assessing children's inhibited attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement symptoms on a 4-point Likert scale (0— not at all like my child to 3— exactly like my child ).”
Screening measures for children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder.
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Familien mit psychisch kranken Eltern
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“[21], probes both inhibited and disinhibited characteristics of attachment disorders.”
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“…will use 3 well-established measures: (1) the subscales communication and involvement of the Parenting Relationship Questionnaire [35], (2) the 7 subscales referring to “warmth and closeness” of the Sibling Relationship Questionnaires [36-38], and (3) the Relationship Problems Questionnaire [39].”
Die psychosoziale Belastung von Kindern in Frauenhäusern
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Troubles de l’attachement : validation d’un questionnaire basé sur le DSM-5
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One piece of the puzzle: Treatment of fostered and adopted children with RAD and DSED
Zilberstein, K. (2023) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/03085759221150018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Archambault, M., Cyr, C. P., Minnis, H., Lehmann, S., & Monette, S. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241276625 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Completed by caregivers, this 10-item questionnaire measures symptoms of inhibited and disinhibited RAD based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria (APA, 1994) and their ICD-10 counterparts (Minnis et al., 2002; Vervoort et al., 2013; World Health Organization, 1992).”
Self-citationAN EVALUATION OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE BEECH BROOK ATTACHMENT DISORDER CHECKLIST by
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“If the outcomes of the SDQ and RPQ demonstrated a raised level of concern, the fi nal step of the FRCC assessment process would be to administer a Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA; Goodman et al., 2000).”
MethodInfluentialTroubles de l’attachement chez le jeune enfant
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Attachment "Disorders": Capitalizing on Misfortune
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Self-citationBindungsstörungen im Kindesund Jugendalter
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Assessment of Sleeping, Feeding/Eating, and Attachment Problems in Early Childhood
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Beobachtung von Bindungsstörungssymptomen in der mittleren Kindheit
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Eltern-Kind-Projekt Chance zur Unterstützung von Kindern inhaftierter Eltern
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“Der Mittelwert für die Kinder im RPQ-Gesamtscore betrug 4,7 (Min = 0; Max = 18; SD = 4,2).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Attachment Behavior Checklist
Howard, A. R. H., Dandy, K. L., Martino, M., Howard, J. D., & Cross, D. (2019) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2019.1595815 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although this scale has shown high associations with other measures of psychopathology, its developers (Minnis et al., 2002) found that some items did not sufficiently capture differences between symptoms of attachment problems.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilmshurst, L. A. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118440728.ch13
Coleman, M. (2016) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Children's Reactive Attachment Disorder: Etiology, Diagnosis and Intervention
ZHANG, X., & Xu, C. H. E. N. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01747
Trunk, J., & Nowacki, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45995-9_31-1
Ziegenhain, U., & Steiner, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57369-3_20
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Troubles de l’attachement chez le jeune enfant
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Spezifisch Belastungs-assoziierte Störungen (6B4)
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Talmón-Knuser, F., González‐Sala, F., & Lacomba‐Trejo, L. (2026) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.31083/bp45977
- Authors
- Minnis, H., Rabe‐Hesketh, S., & Wolkind, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Maudsley Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Minnis, Helen
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 90-98
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC6878583
- OpenAlex
- W2152487573
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- reactive attachment disorder, attachment disorders, questionnaire development, foster children, conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity, peer relationships, prosocial behavior, sexual abuse, child neglect, scale reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Foster Home Care, Guatemala, Humans, Infant, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Cluster Analysis, Reactive Attachment Disorder
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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