Measuring depression using item response theory: an examination of three measures of depressive symptomatology
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Evaluations of assessment instruments using classical test theory typically rely on indices of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity. However, the use of models from item response theory (IRT) allows comparison of instruments (and items) in terms of the information they provide and where they provide it along the continuum of severity of the construct being assessed. Such results help to identify the measures most appropriate for specific clinical and research contexts. The present study examined the functioning of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression (CES‐D) scale, and the nine primary symptoms from the depression module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – Children (K‐SADS) using IRT methods. A large sample of adolescents (n = 1709) completed the BDI, CES‐D scale, and K‐SADS. IRT calibration analyses demonstrated that the BDI and CES‐D scale performed well in similar ranges of depressive severity (approximately −1 to +3 standard deviations [SDs]), although the BDI provided more information at higher severity levels and the CES‐D scale at lower severity levels. The K‐SADS depression items, which are dichotomous and focused on clinical disorder, provided the least information that was restricted to the narrowest range (approximately +1 to +3 SDs). This work finds consistency between past rationale for the use of the BDI in clinical samples while using the CES‐D scale in epidemiological studies. The results for the K‐SADS suggest that interview measures may benefit from increasing the number of items and/or response options to collect more psychometric information. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The CES-D was developed to measure depressive symptoms in the general population and has reliability, validity, and factor structure similar across demographic characteristics.
“The CES-D scale [34] was developed to study depressive symptomology in the general population and is routinely used in adolescent samples from the community [35].”
From First evidence of a prospective relation between avoidance of internal states and borderline personality disorder features in adolescents. (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Olino, T. M., Yu, L., Klein, D. N., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Pilkonis, P. A., & Lewinsohn, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-01-31
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-85
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC3302969
- OpenAlex
- W1481972779
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH40501, R01MH040501, K01MH092603, T32MH018951)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- depression measurement, item response theory, Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, adolescents, depressive symptoms, information function, psychometric properties
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Students, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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