Indicators of mental disorders in UK Biobank—A comparison of approaches
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: For many research cohorts, it is not practical to provide a “gold‐standard” mental health diagnosis. It is therefore important for mental health research that potential alternative measures for ascertaining mental disorder status are understood. Methods: Data from UK Biobank in those participants who had completed the online Mental Health Questionnaire (n = 157,363) were used to compare the classification of mental disorder by four methods: symptom‐based outcome (self‐complete based on diagnostic interviews), self‐reported diagnosis, hospital data linkage, and self‐report medication. Results: Participants self‐reporting any psychiatric diagnosis had elevated risk of any symptom‐based outcome. Cohen's κ between self‐reported diagnosis and symptom‐based outcome was 0.46 for depression, 0.28 for bipolar affective disorder, and 0.24 for anxiety. There were small numbers of participants uniquely identified by hospital data linkage and medication. Conclusion: Our results confirm that ascertainment of mental disorder diagnosis in large cohorts such as UK Biobank is complex. There may not be one method of classification that is right for all circumstances, but an informed and transparent use of outcome measure(s) to suit each research question will maximise the potential of UK Biobank and other resources for mental health research.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
UK Biobank participants self-reporting any psychiatric diagnosis appear to have an elevated risk of any symptom-based outcome.
“UK Biobank participants self-reporting any psychiatric diagnosis appear to have an elevated risk of any symptom-based outcome [51].”
From High intelligence is not associated with a greater propensity for mental health disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Davis, K. A. S., Coleman, J. R. I., Adams, M. J., Allen, N. E., Breen, G. D., Cullen, B., Dickens, C. M., Fox, E., Graham, N., Holliday, J., et al. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.12 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedSudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., Landray, M., et al. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 · Cited by 12,728 · see citing works
Fry, A., Littlejohns, T. J., Sudlow, C., Doherty, N., Adamska, L., Sprosen, T., Collins, R., & Allen, N. E. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx246 · Cited by 3,979 · see citing works
No health without mental health
Prince, M. J., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61238-0 · Cited by 3,835 · see citing works
(2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62129-1 · Cited by 3,010 · see citing works
eQTLGen, Wray, N. R., 23andMe, the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E. M., Abdellaoui, A., Adams, M. J., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3 · Cited by 3,005 · see citing works
Self-citationThe world health organization composite international diagnostic interview short-form (CIDI-SF)
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H. (1998) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.47 · Cited by 2,242 · see citing works
Lifetime Prevalence of Psychotic and Bipolar I Disorders in a General Population
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S. I., Kuoppasalmi, K. I., Isometsä, E. T., Pirkola, S. P., Partonen, T., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Hintikka, J., Kieseppä, T., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Treatment gap in mental health care.
Abramowitz, M. Z., Greenberg, D., & Levav, I. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
The treatment gap in mental health care.
(2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses.
Kendell, R., & Jablensky, A. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Okura, Y., Urban, L. H., Mahoney, D. W., Jacobsen, S. J., & Rodeheffer, R. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001626 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116820 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Haro, J. M., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S., Brugha, T. S., De Girolamo, G., Guyer, M. E., Jin, R., Lepine, J. P., Mazzi, F., Reneses, B., Vilagut, G., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.196 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Clark, L. A., Cuthbert, B., Lewis-Fernández, R., Narrow, W. E., & Reed, G. M. (2017) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100617727266 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Bipolar disorder diagnosis: challenges and future directions
Phillips, M. L., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60989-7 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Howard, D. M., Adams, M. J., Shirali, M., Clarke, T.-K., Marioni, R. E., Davies, G., Coleman, J. R. I., Alloza, C., Shen, X., Barbu, M. C., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03819-3 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Self-citationMENTAL ILLNESS IN THE COMMUNITY: THE PATHWAY TO PSYCHIATRIC CARE
Hannay, D. (1981) · PubMed Central · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Psychotic Experiences in the General Population
McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M., Chiu, W. T., de Jonge, P., Fayyad, J. A., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0575 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Smıth, D. J., Nicholl, B. I., Cullen, B., Martin, D. J., Haq, Z. U., Evans, J. J., Gill, J. M. R., Roberts, B. A., Gallacher, J., Mackay, D., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075362 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors associated with health service utilisation for common mental disorders: a systematic review
Roberts, T., Esponda, G. M., Krupchanka, D., Shidhaye, R. R., Patel, V., & Rathod, S. D. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1837-1 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
The Health Status of Nonparticipants in a Population-based Health Study: The Hordaland Health Study
Knudsen, A. K., Hotopf, M., Skogen, J. C., Overland, S., & Mykletun, A. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq257 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationFarahani, N. S. (2019) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22070/cpap.2020.2902 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Recall of Psychiatric History in Cross-sectional Surveys: Implications for Epidemiologic Research
Simon, G. E., & VonKorff, M. (1995) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036180 · Cited by 269 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It may be that mental disorders are also underreported due to perceived stigma of the disorder (Nevin, 2009; Simon & VonKorff, 1995).”
BackgroundDavis, K. A. S., Sudlow, C. L. M., & Hotopf, M. H. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0963-x · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationLoss and representativeness in a biomedical survey at age 45 years: 1958 British birth cohort
Atherton, K., Fuller, E., Shepherd, P., Strachan, D. P., & Power, C. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.058966 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Carton, L., Cottencin, O., Lapeyre‐Mestre, M., Geoffroy, P. A., Favre, J., Simon, N., Bordet, R., & Rolland, B. (2015) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612821666150619092903 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Internet-based Questionnaire Assessment: Appropriate Use in Clinical Contexts
Buchanan, T. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070310000957 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
A Connectome-wide Functional Signature of Transdiagnostic Risk for Mental Illness
Elliott, M. L., Romer, A. L., Knodt, A. R., & Hariri, A. R. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.03.012 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
John, A. M., McGregor, J., Fone, D. L., Dunstan, F., Cornish, R., Lyons, R. A., & Lloyd, K. R. (2016) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0274-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Comparison of self-report and structured clinical interview in the identification of depression
Stuart, A. L., Pasco, J. A., Jacka, F. N., Brennan-Olsen, S. L., Berk, M., & Williams, L. J. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.019 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Carcone, D., & Ruocco, A. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00046 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
First, M. B. (2005) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000086093 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
van Ballegooijen, W., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., van Oppen, P., & Smit, J. H. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0735-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Fish's Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
Casey, P., & Kelly, B. D. (2007) · Cited by 86 · see citing works
‘Big data’ in mental health research: current status and emerging possibilities
Stewart, R. J., & Davis, K. A. S. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1266-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationTorvik, F. A., Ystrøm, E., Gustavson, K., Rosenström, T. H., Bramness, J. G., Gillespie, N. A., Aggen, S. H., Kendler, K. S., & Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12829 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Capturing complexity: The case for a new classification system for mental disorders in primary care
Gask, L., Klinkman, M., Fortes, S., & Dowrick, C. (2008) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.06.006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Drieling, R. L., LaCroix, A. Z., Beresford, S. A. A., Boudreau, D. M., Kooperberg, C. L., & Heckbert, S. R. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv446 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Recall of recent and more remote depressive episodes in a prospective cohort study
Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., Bulloch, A. G. M., D’Arcy, C., & Streiner, D. L. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0385-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Rucker, J., Newman, S., Gray, J., Gunasinghe, C., Broadbent, M. T. M., Brittain, P. J., Baggaley, M., Denis, M., Turp, J., Stewart, R. J., et al. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082925 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Davis, K. A. S., Bashford, O., Jewell, A., Shetty, H., Stewart, R. J., Sudlow, C. L. M., & Hotopf, M. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosing comorbidity in psychiatric hospital: challenging the validity of administrative registers
Øiesvold, T., Nivison, M. E., Hansen, V., Skre, I., Østensen, L., & Sørgaard, K. W. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-13 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Vrieze, S. I., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000648 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cancer patients' awareness about their diagnosis: a population-based study
Nord, C., Mykletun, A., & Fosså, S. D. (2003) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdg076 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ascertainment of self-reported prescription medication use compared with pharmaceutical claims data
Gnjidic, D., Du, W., Pearson, S., Hilmer, S. N., & Banks, E. (2017) · Public Health Research & Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp27341702 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Spiranovic, C., Matthews, A., Scanlan, J., & Kirkby, K. C. (2016) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2015.1063635 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nguyen, D., Klein, B., Meyer, D., Austin, D., & Abbott, J.-A. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4195 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Prevalence and treatment of common mental disorders in the English national population, 1993–2007
Spiers, N. A., Qassem, T., Bebbington, P., McManus, S., King, M., Jenkins, R., Meltzer, H., & Brugha, T. S. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.174979 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nevin, R. L. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-376 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Is the Internet-administered CIDI-SF Equivalent to a Clinician-administered SCID Interview?
Carlbring, P., Forslin, P., Ljungstrand, P., Willebrand, M., Strandlund, C., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2002) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/165060702321138573 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pringsheim, T. M., Gardner, D. M., & Patten, S. B. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h569 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Levinson, D. F., Potash, J. B., Mostafavi, S., Battle, A. J., Zhu, X., & Weissman, M. M. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.514 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Ritterband, L. M., & Carlbring, P. (2008) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200802069027 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
McDowell, I. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165678.003.0006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McDowell, I. (2006). Anxiety & depression In Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires (pp. 273– 393). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Davis, K. A. S., Coleman, J. R. I., Adams, M. J., Allen, N. E., Breen, G. D., Cullen, B., Dickens, C. M., Fox, E., Graham, N., Holliday, J., et al. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.100 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, K. A. S., Coleman, J. R. I., Adams, M. J., Allen, N. E., Breen, G. D., Cullen, B., Dickens, C. M., Fox, E., Graham, N., Holliday, J., et al. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.12 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedYe, J., Wen, Y. F., Sun, X., Chu, X., Li, P., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Zhang, L., Ma, M., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.019 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Jiang, R., Westwater, M. L., Noble, S., Rosenblatt, M., Dai, W., Qi, S., Jing Sui (Beijing Normal University), my correct affiliation is beijing normal university, N. Q. U. O. S. A. T., Calhoun, V. D., & Scheinost, D. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02490-2 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Kandola, A. A., Cruz, B. D. P., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K. W., & Hayes, J. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02007-3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ye, X., Wang, Y., Zou, Y., Tu, J., Tang, W., Yu, R., Yang, S., & Huang, P. (2023) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-023-01056-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mutz, J., Choudhury, U., Zhao, J., & Dregan, A. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02474-2 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, M. R., Buckman, J. E. J., Adey, B. N., Armour, C., Bradley, J. R., Curzons, S. C. B., Davies, H. L., Davis, K. A. S., Goldsmith, K., Hirsch, C. R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102491 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationWainberg, M., Jones, S. E., Beaupre, L. M., Hill, S. L., Felsky, D., Rivas, M. A., Lim, A. S. P., Ollila, H. M., & Tripathy, S. J. (2021) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003782 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Meng, P., Cheng, S., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., Yang, X., Yao, Y., Pan, C., Li, C., Zhang, H., et al. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-021-00843-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mutz, J., & Lewis, C. M. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203275 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Assessing data linkage quality in cohort studies
Harron, K. L., Doidge, J., & Goldstein, H. (2020) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2020.1742379 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
High intelligence is not associated with a greater propensity for mental health disorders
Williams, C. M., Peyre, H., Labouret, G., Fassaya, J., Guzmán García, A., Gauvrit, N., & Ramus, F. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2343 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Fourth, although we used self-report diagnoses, which are less precise than professional diagnoses, UK Biobank participants selfreporting any psychiatric diagnosis appear to have an elevated risk of any symptom-based outcome [51].”
MethodCreese, B., Arathimos, R., Aarsland, D., Ballard, C. G., Brooker, H. J., Hampshire, A., Corbett, A., & Ismail, Z. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12386 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Qi, X., Jia, Y., Pan, C., Li, C., Wen, Y. F., Hao, J., Liu, L., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Yao, Y., et al. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104806 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Alloza, C., Blesa, M., Bastin, M. E., Madole, J. W., Buchanan, C. R., Janssen, J., Gibson, J., Deary, I. J., Tucker–Drob, E. M., Whalley, H. C., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0794-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between herpes simplex virus 1 exposure and the risk of depression in UK Biobank
Ye, J., Wen, Y. F., Chu, X., Li, P., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Zhang, L., Ma, M., Qi, X., et al. (2020) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.108 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Yang, X., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., Cheng, S., Meng, P., Li, C., Zhang, H., Pan, C., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103343 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mutz, J., & Lewis, C. M. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.08.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Opportunities and challenges for the use of common controls in sequencing studies
Wojcik, G. L., Murphy, J. I., Edelson, J. L., Gignoux, C. R., Ioannidis, A. G., Manning, A. K., Rivas, M. A., Buyske, S. G., & Hendricks, A. E. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00487-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Age-related changes in physiology in individuals with bipolar disorder
Mutz, J., Young, A. H., & Lewis, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.027 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Li, Z., Kormilitzin, A., Fernandes, M., Vaci, N., Liu, Q., Newby, D., Goodday, S., Smith, T. D., Nevado‐Holgado, A. J., & Winchester, L. M. (2022) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104704 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ronaldson, A., de la Torre, J. A., Sima, R., Ashworth, M. J., Armstrong, D., Bakolis, I., Hotopf, M. H., & Dregan, A. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.023 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationFürtjes, A. E., Coleman, J. R. I., Tyrrell, J., Lewis, C. M., & Hagenaars, S. P. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000945 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHussain, S., Ronaldson, A., de la Torre, J. A., Sima, R., Hatch, S. L., Hotopf, M. H., & Dregan, A. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationXiang, W., Lyu, K., Li, Y., Yin, B., Ke, L., & Di, Q. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120348 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vallée, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22841-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Residential greenspace and risk of cancer: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank
Cao, Z., Xu, C., Li, S., Wang, Y., & Yang, H. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162145 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Liang, X., Ye, J., Wen, Y. F., Li, P., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Zhang, L., Ma, M., Qi, X., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00798-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders and age-related changes in physiology
Mutz, J., Hoppen, T. H., Fabbri, C., & Lewis, C. M. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.189 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Vallée, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042869 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kang, J. X., Palmier‐Claus, J. E., Wu, J., Shiers, D., Larvin, H., Doran, T., & Aggarwal, V. R. (2022) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12798 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lok, R., Weed, L., Winer, J. R., & Zeitzer, J. M. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115956 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Qin, X., Pan, C., Cai, Q., Zhao, Y., He, D., Wei, W., Zhang, N., Shi, S., Chu, X., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100557 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Heavy Lifetime Cannabis Use and Mortality by Sex
Vallée, A. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15227 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gubb, S., Brcic, L., Underwood, J. F. G., Kendall, K. M., Caseras, X., Kirov, G., & Davies, W. (2020) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa174 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Qi, X., Jia, Y., Ye, J., Chu, X., Wen, Y., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Liang, C., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005092 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yin, J., Ma, T., Li, J., Zhang, G., Cheng, X., & Bai, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ye, J., Wu, C., Chu, X., Wen, Y. F., Li, P., Cheng, B., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Zhang, L., Ma, M., et al. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.74 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jiang, W., He, Y., Liu, Q., Peng, S., Ni, Y., Zhong, X., & Guo, L. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.034 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, C., Liang, X., Cheng, S., Wen, Y. F., Pan, C., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Yang, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Liao, Y., Zhang, Y., Lü, Z., Ma, Y., Kang, Z., Feng, X., Zhao, G., Sun, J., Zhu, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57066-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zheng, J., Liu, M., Zhao, L., Hébert, J. R., Steck, S. E., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010121 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chen, X., Wei, D., Fang, F., Song, H., Yin, L., Kaijser, M., Gurholt, T. P., Andreassen, O. A., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Hu, K., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03179-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kang, J. X., Wu, J., Aggarwal, V. R., Shiers, D., Doran, T., & Palmier‐Claus, J. E. (2024) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj12070191 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Barth, B., Arcego, D. M., Filho, E. J. D. M., de Lima, R. M. S., Parent, C. I., Dalmaz, C., Portella, A. K., Pokhvisneva, I., Meaney, M. J., & Silveira, P. P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78465-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dalby, M., Vitezic, M., Plath, N., Hammer-Helmich, L., Jiang, Y., Tian, C., Dhamija, D., Wilson, C. H., Hinds, D. A., Aslibekyan, S. W., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01877-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and co-morbidity risk: Evidence from a data driven phenomewide association study
Mulugeta, A., Suppiah, V., & Hyppönen, E. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.04.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Assessing the validity of a self-reported clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia
Woolway, G., Legge, S. E., Lynham, A. J., Smart, S. E., Hubbard, L., Daniel, E. R., Pardiñas, A. F., Escott‐Price, V., O’Donovan, M. C., Owen, M. J., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00526-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Coleman, J. R. I. (2021) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000516837 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSkelton, M., Rayner, C., Purves, K. L., Coleman, J. R. I., Gaspar, H. A., Glanville, K. P., Hunjan, A. K., Hübel, C., Breen, G. D., & Eley, T. C. (2021) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32878 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationVallée, A. (2023) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2023.02.020 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Assessing the joint effects of brain aging and gut microbiota on the risks of psychiatric disorders
Zhang, H., Liu, L., Cheng, S., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., Yang, X., Meng, P., Li, C., Pan, C., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-022-00630-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sex differences in the impact of social isolation and loneliness on mortality
Vallée, A. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.105831 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pan, C., Liu, L., Cheng, S., Yang, X., Meng, P., Zhang, N., He, D., Chen, Y., Li, C., Zhang, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.13.04146 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Meng, P., Pan, C., Qin, X., Cai, Q., Zhao, Y., Wei, W., Cheng, S., Yang, X., Cheng, B., Liu, L., et al. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117121 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Arias-Magnasco, A., Lin, B. D., Pries, L.-K., & Gülöksüz, S. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724003015 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Barros, V. B., Schmidt, F. F. V., & Filho, A. D. P. C. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000034 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Li, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Pan, C., Cheng, S., Yang, X., Meng, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.059 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liang, X., Cheng, S., Ye, J., Chu, X., Wen, Y. F., Liu, L., Qi, X., Jia, Y., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-020-00718-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Li, C., Zhang, Z., Pan, C., Cheng, S., Yang, X., Meng, P., Jia, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.157 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liu, L., Cheng, S., Wen, Y. F., Jia, Y., Cheng, B., Meng, P., Yang, X., Yao, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01477-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Associations of classical HLA alleles with depression and anxiety
Cheng, B., Yang, J., Cheng, S., Pan, C., Liu, L., Meng, P., Yang, X., Wei, W., Liu, H., Jia, Y., et al. (2023) · HLA · doi:10.1111/tan.15173 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Qin, X., Li, C., Wei, W., He, D., Zhao, Y., Cai, Q., Zhang, N., Chu, X., Shi, S., & Zhang, F. (2023) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2023.2175412 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Association between lifetime cannabis use and arterial stiffness in a middle-aged general population
Vallée, A. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003389 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, N., Qi, X., Chang, H., Li, C., Qin, X., Wei, W., Cai, Q., He, D., Zhao, Y., Shi, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28726 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
RetractedMatthewman, J., Mansfield, K. E., Hayes, J., Adesanya, E., Smith, C. H., Roberts, A., Langan, S., & Henderson, A. D. (2023) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s417176 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cheng, B., Yang, X.-N., Cheng, S.-Q., Li, C., Zhang, H.-J., Liu, L., Meng, P., Jia, Y.-M., Wen, Y., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-022-00954-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, L., Cheng, B., Ye, J., Qi, X., Cheng, S., Meng, P., Chen, Y., Yang, X., Yao, Y., Zhang, H., et al. (2022) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-022-1869-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jia, Y., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Cheng, B., Liang, C., Ye, J., Chu, X., Yao, Y., Wen, Y. F., Kafle, O. P., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04720-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cheng, B., Chu, X., Yang, X., Wen, Y. F., Jia, Y., Liang, C., Yao, Y., Ye, J., Cheng, S., Liu, L., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041150 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dattani, S., Sham, P. C., Jermy, B. S., Coleman, J. R. I., Howard, D. M., & Lewis, C. M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02324-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterson, F., Mitchell, J. A., Dominick, G. M., Lozano, A. J., Huang, L., & Hanlon, A. L. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036507 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lee, E., Lee, D., Baek, J. H., Kim, S. Y., & Park, W.-Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49490-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wei, W., Cheng, B., Zhao, Y., He, D., Chu, X., Qin, X., Zhang, N., Shi, S., Cai, Q., Hui, J., et al. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/4914777 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Big Data: Knowledge Discovery and Data Repositories
Velupillai, S. U., Davis, K. A. S., & Rozenblit, L. (2021) · Health informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70558-9_15 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, Y., Lv, X., Bi, W., Zhang, Y., Lü, Z., Guo, J., Kang, Z., Feng, X., Liao, Y., Zhao, G., et al. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127145 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unlocking mental health insights with UK Biobank data: Past use and future opportunities
Davis, K. A. S., Mirza, L., Clark, S. R., Coleman, J. R. I., Kassam, A. S., Mills, N. T., Zadow, A. J., McIntosh, A. M., & Hotopf, M. H. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101359 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association studies in non-anxiety individuals identified novel risk loci for depression
Cheng, B., Qi, X., Meng, P., Cheng, S., Yang, X., Liu, L., Yao, Y., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., & Zhang, F. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.32 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Iveson, M. H., Ball, E. L., Doherty, J. M., Pugh, C., Vasishta, S., Palmer, C. N. A., & McIntosh, A. M. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078246 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Hu, Y., Yang, X., Liu, W., Zhang, W., Liu, D., & Song, H. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241287450 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mezuk, B. R., Kelly, K. M., Bennion, E., & Concha, J. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1026402 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Creese, B., Gibbs, O., Moodie, E., Hampshire, A., Corbett, A., & Ismail, Z. (2023) · In&Vertebrates · doi:10.52732/ehbp8068 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Creese, B., Cummings, J. L., Fischer, C. E., Jeste, D., Ikeda, M., Mills, K., Ismail, Z., & Ballard, C. G. (2025) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2025.100094 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lifetime Cannabis Use and Augmentation Index in Middle-Aged Adults
Vallée, A. (2025) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaf105 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vinko, M., Kukec, A., & Zaletel‐Kragelj, L. (2025) · Slovenian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2478/sjph-2025-0018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Federmann, L. M., Sindermann, L., Primus, S. A., Raimondo, F., Oexle, K., Goltermann, J., Winkelmann, J., Nöthen, M. M., Amunts, K., Mühleisen, T. W., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03440-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cheng, B., Chu, X., Wen, Y., Jia, Y., Liang, C., Yao, Y., Ye, J., Cheng, S., Liu, L., & Zhang, F. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-47442/v1
Jia, Y., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Cheng, B., Liang, C., Ye, J., Chu, X., Yao, Y., Wen, Y., Kafle, O. P., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1542514/v1
Govind, N. S., Gillespie, K. M., & Branjerdporn, G. (2023) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint5010001
Cheng, B., Yang, X., Cheng, S., Li, C., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Meng, P., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20367059
Liang, X., Cheng, S., Ye, J., Chu, X., Wen, Y. F., Liu, L., Qi, X., Jia, Y., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13532059
Cheng, B., Yang, X., Cheng, S., Li, C., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Meng, P., Jia, Y., Wen, Y. F., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20367062
Arias-Magnasco, A., Lin, B. D., Pries, L.-K., & Gülöksüz, S. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f57ys
Miller, N. E., Pentti, J., Steptoe, A., Mika Kivimaki, B., Lally, P. J., Frank, P., & Fisher, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5166248
Wang, G., Rao, Q., Lei, F., Tian, Y., Li, M., He, J., Lin, L., & Huang, C. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02111-y
Ma, Q., Wu, Y., Huang, Y., Xie, M., Tao, S., Gu, Y., Liu, S., Warrier, V., & Wang, Q. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.25339885
Liang, X., Cheng, S., Ye, J., Chu, X., Wen, Y., Liu, L., Qi, X., Jia, Y., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13532053
Chen, X., Wei, D., Fang, F., Song, H., Yin, L., Kaijser, M., Gurholt, T. P., Andreassen, O. A., Valdimarsdóttir, U., Hu, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25200590
- Authors
- Davis, K. A. S., Cullen, B., Adams, M., Brailean, A., Breen, G., Coleman, J. R. I., Dregan, A., Gaspar, H. A., Hübel, C., Lee, W., McIntosh, A. M., Nolan, J., Pearsall, R., & Hotopf, M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Gartnavel General Hospital (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
- Devon Partnership NHS Trust (GB)
- UK Biobank (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Katrina A.S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-08-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e1796-e1796
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC6877131
- OpenAlex
- W2968083538
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 18.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation
- Maudsley Charity (980)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- psychiatric diagnosis, UK Biobank, mental health questionnaire, hospital data linkage, antidepressants, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, diagnostic classification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Self Report, Datasets as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review