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A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena
Abstract
Visual analogue scales (VAS) have been used in the social and behavioral sciences to measure a variety of subjective phenomena. The VAS method has potential utility for the measurement of a variety of clinical phenomena of interest to nurse investigators. In this review a description of the various forms of the VAS and an historical overview of their development are presented. In addition, conceptual, psychometric, and statistical aspects of the VAS are considered. Finally, strengths and limitations of the VAS method are addressed.
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“At 3- and 6-months follow-up the patient reported no respiratory distress.”
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Items 1,001–1,011 of 1,011
Kurt, F. Y., Özdemir, A. A., & Atay, S. (2020) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2019.09.002 · Cited by 16
Rezk, E. M., Elkholy, A., & Shamhoot, E. (2019) · Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41984-019-0052-9 · Cited by 16
“Follow-up, months Range 6–30 6–32 Mean ± SD 20.24 ± 7.39 19.02 ± 5.03 VAS back (preoperative) Range 5–9 5–9 Mean ± SD 7.00 ± 1.26 7.25 ± 1.28 VAS leg (preoperative) Range 4–9 4–9 Mean ± SD 7.39 ± 1.24 6.75 ± 1.28 ODI (preoperative) Range 34–79 32–77 Mean±SD 55.37±13.05 51.42±12.45 Grade of spondylolithesis Grade I 25…”
MethodInfluentialCeccaroni, M., Clarizia, R., Mussi, E. A., Stepniewska, A. K., De Mitri, P., Ceccarello, M., Ruffo, G., Bruni, F., Rettore, L., & Surico, D. (2022) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-021-08663-z · Cited by 13
Adham, M. M., El Kashlan, M. K., Abdelaziz, W. E., & Rashad, A. S. (2021) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01432-3 · Cited by 12
“Participants were asked to mark the place on the line representing their level of pain [28].”
BackgroundMethodMaloney, S., Surawy, C., Martin, M., Montero-Marin, J., & Kuyken, W. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02193-6 · Cited by 10
“Pleasantness of thoughts, emotions, and body sensations were considered as state-level outcomes and were measured using a single-item visual analogue scale (VAS) for each content (three in total) at T1, T2, T3, and T4.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of stress in absenteeism: cortisol responsiveness among patients on long-term sick leave
Jacobsen, H. B., Bjørngaard, J. H., Hara, K. W., Borchgrevink, P. C., Woodhouse, A., Landrø, N. I., Harris, A., & Stiles, T. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096048 · Cited by 11
Tyndall, I., Papworth, R., Roche, B., & Bennett, M. (2017) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-017-0227-2 · Cited by 10
“Visual Analogue Scales (VAS; Wewers & Lowe, 1990).”
MethodWoo, G.-J., Kim, E.-K., Jeong, S.-H., Song, K.-B., Goo, H.-J., Jeon, E.-S., & Choi, Y.-H. (2014) · Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health · doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2014.38.1.3 · Cited by 7
Aluh, D. O., Diaz-Milanes, D., Azeredo-Lopes, S., Barbosa, S., Santos-Dias, M., Silva, M., Grigaitė, U., Pedrosa, B., Velosa, A., Cardoso, G., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-024-09890-7 · Cited by 3
“32 The VAS has been employed in the field of coercion in mental health care to indicate perceived level of coercion on a scale of 1 (reflecting minimal use of coercion—“I voluntarily came without any external pressure”) to 10 (indicating maximum coercion).”
Simmonds, M. K., Dick, B. D., Verrier, M. J., Reid, K. L., Jamieson-Lega, K., Balisky, K. J., Davey, A. E., & Freeman, K. M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9091293 · Cited by 1
“Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) The youth was asked to rank their current pain by drawing a vertical line on a 100 mm horizontal line using the endpoints of “no pain” and “worst pain imaginable” [33].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Wewers, M. E., & Lowe, N. K.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wewers, Mary Ellen
- ORCID
- Lowe, Nancy K.
- Venue
- Research in Nursing & Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1990-08
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 227-236
- ISSN
- 0160-6891 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-240X
- OpenAlex
- W2120263268
- Cited by
- 2,580
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 147 · 2013: 139 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Nursing & Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- visual analogue scale, subjective indicators, clinical phenomena, psychometrics, measurement validity, measurement reliability, patient-reported outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Clinical Nursing Research
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