Cited by 2,580Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and ValidationPain Management and Opioid Use

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A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena

Wewers, Mary Ellen, Lowe, Nancy K.·1990·Research in Nursing & Health

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Abstract

Visual analogue scales (VAS) have been used in the social and behavioral sciences to measure a variety of subjective phenomena. The VAS method has potential utility for the measurement of a variety of clinical phenomena of interest to nurse investigators. In this review a description of the various forms of the VAS and an historical overview of their development are presented. In addition, conceptual, psychometric, and statistical aspects of the VAS are considered. Finally, strengths and limitations of the VAS method are addressed.

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Method
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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Cross-modal effects of noise and thermal conditions on indoor environmental perception and speech recognition
Yang, W., & Moon, H. J. (2018) · Applied Acoustics · doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.06.019 · Cited by 80
Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a randomized double-blind placebo-control trial
Alayat, M., Mohamed, A. A., Helal, O., & Khaled, O. A. (2016) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-016-1910-2 · Cited by 71
The Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Fibromyalgia
Lee, S. J., Kim, D. Y., Chun, M. H., & Kim, Y. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e3182745a04 · Cited by 76
Early aggressive care and delayed recovery from whiplash: isolated finding or reproducible result?
Côté, P., Hogg-Johnson, S., Cassidy, J., Carroll, L., Frank, J. W., & Bombardier, C. (2007) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22775 · Cited by 70
Risk Factors and Health Profiles of Recent Migrant Women Who Experienced Violence Associated with Pregnancy
Stewart, D., Gagnon, A., Merry, L., & Dennis, C. (2012) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3415 · Cited by 69
Intermittent Stimulation Delays Adaptation to Electrocutaneous Sensory Feedback
Buma, D. G., Buitenweg, J., & Veltink, P. (2007) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2007.903942 · Cited by 69
“The VAS was a line of 10 cm with two boundaries, to the left no sensation and to the right pain.”
MethodInfluential
Exploring the relationship between severity of dysphonia and voice‐related quality of life
Jones, S. M., Carding, P., & Drinnan, M. (2006) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01291.x · Cited by 69
The Development and Testing of APTA Clinical Performance Instruments
Roach, K. E., Gandy, J. S., Deusinger, S. S., Clark, S. L., Gramet, P., Gresham, B. B., Hagler, P., Lewthwaite, R., May, B. J., Sanders, B., et al. (2002) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/82.4.329 · Cited by 66
Effect of Motor Skill Training in Functional Activities vs Strength and Flexibility Exercise on Function in People With Chronic Low Back Pain
Dillen, L. R. V., Lanier, V. M., Steger-May, K., Wallendorf, M., Norton, B. J., Civello, J. M., Czuppon, S., Francois, S. J., Roles, K., & Lang, C. E. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4821 · Cited by 86
Long-term safety and efficacy of a tamoxifen-based treatment strategy for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.
van Bommel, E., Pelkmans, L. G., van Damme, H. V., & Hendriksz, T. (2013) · European journal of internal medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2012.11.010 · Cited by 68
An evaluation of the effectiveness of relaxation therapy for patients receiving joint replacement surgery.
Lin, P. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03406.x · Cited by 68
The influence of obesity on early outcomes in primary hip arthroplasty.
Michalka, P. K. R., Khan, R., Scaddan, M., Haebich, S., Chirodian, N., & Wimhurst, J. (2012) · Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2011.05.012 · Cited by 68
A pooled analysis of quality of life measures and adverse events data in north central cancer treatment group lung cancer clinical trials
Huschka, M. M., Mandrekar, S. J., Schaefer, P., Jett, J. R., & Sloan, J. A. (2007) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.22444 · Cited by 59
The SenseEmotion Database: A Multimodal Database for the Development and Systematic Validation of an Automatic Pain- and Emotion-Recognition System
Velana, M., Gruss, S., Layher, G., Thiam, P., Zhang, Y., Schork, D., Kessler, V., Meudt, S., Heiko Neumann, B., Kim, J., et al. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59259-6_11 · Cited by 77
“The VAS consists of a 100 mm line whose anchors range from no pain sensation (score of 0) to the most intense pain sensation imaginable (score of 100) [31].”
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Attitude Training for Primary Care Staff: A Pilot Study
Schenström, A., Rönnberg, S., & Bodlund, O. (2006) · Complementary health practice review · doi:10.1177/1533210106297033 · Cited by 67
“The VAS methodology was first used to measure pain and has been successfully applied to measure other subjective phenomena such as state of health, recovery of health, satisfaction with health care, and perceived stress.”
MethodInfluential
The Chinese herbal formulation Biminne in management of perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week clinical trial
Hu, G., Walls, R. S., Bass, D. J., Bullock, R., Grayson, D., Jones, M., & Gebski, V. (2002) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62386-1 · Cited by 67
A fast and easy screening method for voice disorders among teacher students
Simberg, S., Sala, E., Laine, A., & Rönnemaa, A.-M. (2001) · Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology · doi:10.1080/14015430119481 · Cited by 67
BAlloon versus Stenting in severe Ischaemia of the Leg-3 (BASIL-3): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
on behalf of the BASIL-3 Collaborative Group, Hunt, B. D., Popplewell, M. A., Davies, H., Meecham, L., Jarrett, H., Bate, G. R., Grant, M., Patel, S., Hewitt, C., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1968-6 · Cited by 75
“Visual Analogue Scale pain score (VAS) [15] e.”
Background
Quality of Life of Caregivers of Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Clark, M. M., Rummans, T. A., Sloan, J. A., Jensen, A., Atherton, P. J., Frost, M. H., Richardson, J. W., Bostwick, J. M., Johnson, M. E., Hanson, J. M., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909106289074 · Cited by 64
The visual sort and rate method for perceptual evaluation in listening tests
Granqvist, S. (2003) · Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology · doi:10.1080/14015430310015255 · Cited by 66
“Using the Visual Analogue Scale, VAS, where the subject puts a mark on a 10 cm long scale, has become standard for rating perceptual parameters, although considerable variance in the data still remains (for an overview, see (15)).”
Method
Relations between voice range profiles and physiological and perceptual voice characteristics in ten-year-old children.
Mcallister, A., Sederholm, E., Sundberg, J., & Gramming, P. (1994) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/s0892-1997(05)80294-2 · Cited by 66
Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Based on the Osseointegration Concept
Lundborg, G., Brånemark, P., & Carlsson, I. (1993) · Journal of Hand Surgery-American Volume · doi:10.1016/0266-7681(93)90224-4 · Cited by 66
Quality of sleep and related factors during chemotherapy in patients with stage I/II breast cancer.
Kuo, H., Chiu, M., Liao, W., & Hwang, S.-L. (2006) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60110-8 · Cited by 66
Pelvic Venous Disorders in Women due to Pelvic Varices: Treatment by Embolization: Experience in 520 Patients.
de Gregorio, M. A., Guirola, J. A., Alvarez-Arranz, E., Sánchez-Ballestín, M., Urbano, J., & Sierre, S. (2020) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2020.06.017 · Cited by 65
Sensory and consumer science methods used with older adults: A review of current methods and recommendations for the future
Methven, L., Jiménez-Pranteda, M. L., & Lawlor, J. B. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.07.001 · Cited by 65
Pleasant music improves visual attention in patients with unilateral neglect after stroke
Chen, M.-C., Tsai, P.-L., Huang, Y., & Lin, K. (2012) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.722255 · Cited by 73
“The VAS score is determined by measuring in centimetres from the bottom end of the line to the point that the patient marks [30].”
Background
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE FOR FEAR OF FALLING IN OLDER PERSONS
Scheffer, A. C., Schuurmans, M., vanDijk, N., van der Hooft, T., & de Rooij, S. (2010) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03105.x · Cited by 65
“A VAS is useful for measuring a variety of subjective phenomena and provides a convenient, easy, and rapidly administered measurement strategy.(6) The VAS for FOF (VAS-FOF) uses a numeric scale (1–10) to measure perceived FOF after a fall, with 1 representing no FOF and 10 representing extreme FOF.”
MethodResult
Effects of a scapula-oriented shoulder exercise programme on upper limb dysfunction in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Lee, S.-A., Kang, J.-Y., Kim, Y. D., An, A.-R., Kim, S.-W., Kim, Y., & Lim, J.-Y. (2010) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215510362324 · Cited by 65
Walking improves sleep in individuals with cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials
Chiu, H.-Y., Huang, H.-C., Chen, P.-Y., Hou, W.-H., & Tsai, P.-S. (2015) · Oncology Nursing Forum · doi:10.1188/15.onf.e54-e62 · Cited by 63
A Longitudinal Behavioral Economic Analysis of Non-medical Prescription Opioid Use Among College Students
Meshesha, L. Z., Pickover, A. M., Teeters, J. B., & Murphy, J. G. (2017) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-017-0235-2 · Cited by 69
The development of Music in Dementia Assessment Scales (MiDAS)
McDermott, O., Orrell, M., & Ridder, H. M. (2014) · Nordic journal of music therapy · doi:10.1080/08098131.2014.907333 · Cited by 63
Tinnitus in a Single-Sided Deaf Ear Reduces Speech Reception in the Nontinnitus Ear
Mertens, G., Punte, A., Ridder, D. D., & de Heyning, P. V. (2013) · Otology and Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0b013e31828779f0 · Cited by 63
“The VAS score is determined by measuring in millimeters from the left hand end of the line to the marked point (12).”
Background
Development and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Massachusetts General Hospital Acupuncture Sensation Scale: An Exploratory and Methodological Study
Yu, D. T., Jones, A., & Pang, M. (2012) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1136/acupmed-2012-010145 · Cited by 63
“[13] Intensity of the electrical stimulation was increased gradually to moderate level using the 10-point Visual analog scale.[19] Subjects were checked every 5 minutes and the intensity was readjusted so as to ascertain that deqi sensation was present.”
Method
Impairment level sumscore in reflex sympathetic dystrophy of one upper extremity.
Oerlemans, H., Goris, R. A., & Oostendorp, R. A. (1998) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90098-3 · Cited by 63
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Subacute ‘Treatment as Usual’ With and Without Mental Practice Among Persons With Stroke in Dutch Nursing Homes
Braun, S., Beurskens, A. J. H. M., Kleynen, M., Oudelaar, B. W., Schols, J. M. G. A., & Wade, D. T. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.07.009 · Cited by 62
Museum object handling: A health-promoting community-based activity for dementia care
Camic, P., Hulbert, S., & Kimmel, J. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316685899 · Cited by 62
A Comparison of Two Pain Scales in the Assessment of Dental Pain in East Delhi Children
Khatri, A., & Kalra, N. (2012) · ISRN Dentistry · doi:10.5402/2012/247351 · Cited by 62
Alteration of subjective feelings in football players undertaking their usual training and match schedule during the Ramadan fast
Leiper, J., Junge, A., Maughan, R., Zerguini, Y., & Dvořák, J. (2008) · Jurnal sport science · doi:10.1080/02640410802538176 · Cited by 62
“The visual analogue scale used a 10-cm long horizontal line anchored by descriptors at each end (Wewers & Lowe, 1990).”
Method
Similarities and differences in assessing nausea on a verbal category scale and a visual analogue scale.
Börjeson, S., Hursti, T., Peterson, C., Fredikson, M., Fürst, C., Åvall-Lundqvist, E., & Steineck, G. (1997) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/00002820-199708000-00005 · Cited by 62
Confident Parents for Easier Children: A Parental Self-Efficacy Program to Improve Young Children’s Behavior
Mouton, B., Loop, L., Stievenart, M., & Roskam, I. (2018) · Education sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci8030134 · Cited by 61
“Treatment satisfaction was measured at post-test, through a global item using the Visual Analogue Scale [61], with the score ranging from 1 to a maximum of 10.”
Method

Authors: Wewers, M. E., & Lowe, N. K.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author: Wewers, Mary Ellen
ORCID: Lowe, Nancy K.
Venue: Research in Nursing & Health
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1990-08
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 227-236
ISSN: 0160-6891 (ISSN-L)
1098-240X
DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770130405
OpenAlex: W2120263268
Cited by: 2,580
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 147 · 2013: 139 · 2012: 128
FWCI: 5.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 6015 d)
Locations: Research in Nursing & Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords: visual analogue scale, subjective indicators, clinical phenomena, psychometrics, measurement validity, measurement reliability, patient-reported outcomes
MeSH terms: Humans, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Clinical Nursing Research

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A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena

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