Cited by 2,580Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and ValidationPain Management and Opioid Use

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A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena

Wewers, Mary Ellen, Lowe, Nancy K.·1990·Research in Nursing & Health

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Abstract

Visual analogue scales (VAS) have been used in the social and behavioral sciences to measure a variety of subjective phenomena. The VAS method has potential utility for the measurement of a variety of clinical phenomena of interest to nurse investigators. In this review a description of the various forms of the VAS and an historical overview of their development are presented. In addition, conceptual, psychometric, and statistical aspects of the VAS are considered. Finally, strengths and limitations of the VAS method are addressed.

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Result
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Method
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Method
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Background
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MethodInfluential
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Influential
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“Clinical evaluation consisted of subjective global pain assessment according to the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, while the intensity of pain, walking capacity, and activities of daily life were assessed by the AOFAS score and SF-12 in its Physical (PCS) and Mental Component Score (MCS).(11,33,34) All imaging…”
Method
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Background
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Effect of a mixed kinesio taping-compression technique on quality of life and clinical and gait parameters in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency: double-blinded, randomized controlled trial.
Aguilar-Ferrándiz, M. E., Moreno-Lorenzo, C., Matarán-Peñarrocha, G., García-Muro, F., García-Ríos, M., & Castro-Sánchez, A. M. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.03.024 · Cited by 34
A preliminary psychometric evaluation of Music in Dementia Assessment Scales (MiDAS)
McDermott, O., Orgeta, V., Ridder, H. M., & Orrell, M. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214000180 · Cited by 34
Effects of tai chi program on neuromuscular function for patients with knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
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“Visual analog scalefor pain [22].”
Maxillary sinus recovery and nasal ventilation after Le Fort I osteotomy: a prospective clinical, endoscopic, functional and radiographic evaluation.
Valstar, M., Baas, E., Rijdt, J. P. T., Bondt, B. D., Laurens, E., & de Lange, J. (2013) · International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2013.05.009 · Cited by 34
Effect of Massage on Pain Management for Thoracic Surgery Patients
Dion, L. J., Rodgers, N. J., Cutshall, S., Cordes, M. E., Bauer, B., Cassivi, S., & Cha, S. (2011) · International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork · doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v4i2.100 · Cited by 34
“Zero indicated no pain and 10 indicated the worst possible pain.(32) The pilot study took place from July 30, 2009 through February 26, 2010.”
Self-rated physical and psychosocial health in a cohort of young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Östile, I., Johansson, I., Aasland, A., Flatø, B., & Möller, A. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/03009740903505213 · Cited by 35
A visual analog scale for measuring dental fluorosis severity.
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Effects of Integrating Therapeutic Touch into a Cognitive Behavioral Pain Treatment Program
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“The validity and reliability (Price, McGrath, Rafii, & Buckingham, 1983; Wewers & Lowe, 1990) of the VAS as a measure of pain have been established in diverse populations (McGrath, 1987; McGrath et al., 1996; Serlin, Mendoza, Nakamura, Edwards, & Cleeland, 1995) and those with chronic pain (Joyce,…”
Background
Development of an HIV Assessment Tool
Nokes, K. M., Wheeler, K., & Kendrew, J. (1994) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1994.tb00932.x · Cited by 30
The Use of a Respiratory Rate Biofeedback Device to Reduce Dental Anxiety: An Exploratory Investigation
Morarend, Q. A., Spector, M. L., Dawson, D. V., Clark, S. H., & Holmes, D. C. (2011) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-011-9148-z · Cited by 33
“Visual analog scales have been described as useful for measuring a variety of subjective phenomena, with applications of the method well documented in the pain and mood research literature ( Wewers and Lowe 1990 ).”
Method
A 12-month randomized controlled trial evaluating erythritol air-polishing versus curette/ultrasonic debridement of mandibular furcations in supportive periodontal therapy
Ulvik, I. M., Sæthre, T., Bunæs, D., Lie, S., Enersen, M., & Leknes, K. N. (2021) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01397-3 · Cited by 33
“Pain experience assessments Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were used to estimate patient discomfort experienced during test and control treatment [33].”
Method
Neurophysiological Vigilance Characterisation and Assessment: Laboratory and Realistic Validations Involving Professional Air Traffic Controllers
Sebastiani, M., di Flumeri, G., Aricó, P., Sciaraffa, N., Babiloni, F., & Borghini, G. (2020) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci10010048 · Cited by 33
“Visual analogue scale (VAS), for example, is a psychometric response scale widely used for this purpose [52].”
Prospective Multicentric Follow-up Study of Cochlear Implantation in Adults With Single-Sided Deafness: Tinnitus and Audiological Outcomes
Poncet-Wallet, C., Mamelle, E., Godey, B., Truy, É., Guevara, N., Ardoint, M., Gnansia, D., Hoen, M., Saaï, S., Mosnier, I., et al. (2019) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000002564 · Cited by 49
“Tinnitus severity was assessed before implantation (pre-CI), at activation, and at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 13 months post-activation using two VAS (34) evaluating loudness and annoyance and three questionnaires translated and validated in French (Fig.”
MethodInfluential
Arthroscopic Latarjet Stabilization: Analysis of the Learning Curve in the First 90 Primary Cases: Early Clinical Results and Computed Tomography Evaluation.
Kordasiewicz, B., Kiciński, M., Małachowski, K., Boszczyk, A., Chaberek, S., & Pomianowski, S. (2019) · Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopy And Related · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.07.007 · Cited by 33
Comparing cryoablation and microwave ablation for the treatment of patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer.
Das, S., Huang, Y.-Y., Li, B., Yu, X.-X., Xiao, R.-H., & Yang, H.-F. (2019) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2019.11149 · Cited by 33
The effect of hypnobirthing training given in the antenatal period on birth pain and fear.
Atis, F. Y., & Rathfısch, G. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.004 · Cited by 33
Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Chronic Migraine: Literature Review and Update
Ascaso, F., Marco, S., Mateo, J., Martínez, M., Esteban, O., & Grzybowski, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00684 · Cited by 33
“(60) evaluated the severity of migraine using the visual analog scale (69) and observed that the score was not correlated with RNFL thickness.”
Comparison of the effect of honey and mefenamic acid on the severity of pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea
Farahani, E., Hasanpoor-Azghdy, S. B., Kasraei, H., & Heidari, T. (2017) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-017-4409-6 · Cited by 33
The role of bone marrow edema on osteochondral lesions of the talus.
D'Ambrosi, R., Maccario, C., Ursino, C., Serra, N., & Usuelli, F. (2017) · Foot and Ankle Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.fas.2017.02.010 · Cited by 33
Using a Pressure-State-Practice Model to Develop Safety Leading Indicators for Construction Projects
Guo, B. H. W., Yiu, T., González, V., & Goh, Y. M. (2017) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001218 · Cited by 33
The influence of the response format in a personality questionnaire
Hilbert, S., Küchenhoff, H., Sarubin, N., Nakagawa, T., & Bühner, M. (2016) · doi:10.4473/tpm23.1.1 · Cited by 46
“Also, several authors used only one item for the VAS (Grant et al., 1999; Joyce et al., 1975), hence providing very limited comparability to multiple-item instruments (Wewers & Lowe, 1990).”
MethodResult
The effect of periorbital cooling on pain, edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study.
Kayiran, O., & Çallı, Ç. (2016) · Rhinology · doi:10.4193/rhin15.177 · Cited by 33
“Moreover, patient controlled anesthesia (PCA) allows more stabile blood level of the agent, intravenously (9-11).”
Background
Fatigue in Emergency Services Operations: Assessment of the Optimal Objective and Subjective Measures Using a Simulated Wildfire Deployment
Ferguson, S. A., Smith, B. P., Browne, M., & Rockloff, M. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13020171 · Cited by 32
“Participants were also required to rate their motivation to perform the next cognitive battery, alertness at that time point, and predicted performance on the next cognitive battery using visual analogue scales [25].”
Method
The use of soft tissue diode laser in the treatment of oral hyper pigmentation.
Soliman, M., Thomali, Y. A., Al-Shammrani, A. S., & Elgazaerly, H. (2014) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.12816/0006079 · Cited by 33
“(13,14) Operationally a VAS is usually a horizontal line, 100 mm in length, anchored by word descriptors at each end (no pain at one end till very severe pain on the other end).”
Hypocapnia in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: Association with Pain, Muscle Function, and Psychologic States
Dimitriadis, Z., Kapreli, E., Strimpakos, N., & Oldham, J. (2013) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e31829e74f7 · Cited by 33
Measuring Psychosocial Variables in Patients With (Sub) Acute Low Back Pain Complaints, at Risk for Chronicity
Heneweer, H., van Woudenberg, N. J., van Genderen, F. R., Vanhees, L., & Wittink, H. M. (2010) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181bd9e3b · Cited by 30
Sex Differences in Perceptions of Infidelity: Men Often Assume the Worst
Goetz, A. T., & Causey, K. (2009) · doi:10.1177/147470490900700208 · Cited by 33
Dimensionality in voice quality.
Bele, I. V. (2007) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.12.001 · Cited by 33
Randomized clinical trial of conservative treatment for patients with whiplash-associated disorders: considerations for the design and dynamic treatment protocol.
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Effect of scalpel debridement on the pain associated with plantar hyperkeratosis.
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Nurses' ability to perceive patients' fears related to coronary arteriography.
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Recovery from laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures.
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A systematic review of drug treatment of Vulvodynia: Evidence of a strong placebo effect
Miranda Varella Pereira, G., Soriano Marcolino, M., Silveira Nogueira Reis, Z., & Vale de Castro Monteiro, M. (2018) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15223 · Cited by 32
Effects of a Guided Imagery Intervention on Stress in Hospitalized Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study
Jallo, N., Cozens, R., Smith, M. W., & Simpson, R. I. (2013) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0b013e31828b6270 · Cited by 32
Why do older adults stand-up differently to young adults?: investigation of compensatory movement strategies in sit-to-walk
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Investigating the construct and concurrent validity of the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire with intensive care unit patients and home sleepers
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Optimizing Perioperative Outcomes with Selective Bowel Resection following Algorithm based on Pre-operative imaging for Bowel Endometriosis.
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Authors: Wewers, M. E., & Lowe, N. K.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author: Wewers, Mary Ellen
ORCID: Lowe, Nancy K.
Venue: Research in Nursing & Health
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1990-08
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 227-236
ISSN: 0160-6891 (ISSN-L)
1098-240X
DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770130405
OpenAlex: W2120263268
Cited by: 2,580
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 142 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 147 · 2013: 139 · 2012: 128
FWCI: 5.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 6015 d)
Locations: Research in Nursing & Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords: visual analogue scale, subjective indicators, clinical phenomena, psychometrics, measurement validity, measurement reliability, patient-reported outcomes
MeSH terms: Humans, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Clinical Nursing Research

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A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena

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