The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Covenants with weak swords: ISO 14001 and facilities' environmental performance
Abstract
Voluntary environmental programs are codes of progressive environmental conduct that firms pledge to adopt. This paper investigates whether ISO 14001, a voluntary program with a weak sword—a weak monitoring and sanctioning mechanism—can mitigate shirking and improve participants' environmental performance. Sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 14001 is the most widely adopted voluntary environmental program in the world. Our analysis of over 3,000 facilities regulated as major sources under the U.S. Clean Air Act suggests that ISO 14001‐certified facilities reduce their pollution emissions more than non‐certified facilities. This result persists even after controlling for facilities' emission and regulatory compliance histories as well as addressing potential endogeneity issues between facilities' environmental performance and their decisions to join ISO 14001. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism
Akerlof, G. A. (1970) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1879431 · Cited by 23,016
Olson, M. (1965) · doi:10.4159/9780674041660 · Cited by 14,191
Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship
Porter, M. E., & Linde, C. V. D. (1995) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.97 · Cited by 13,365
The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 · Cited by 8,517
Regression Analysis of Count Data
Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139013567 · Cited by 6,640
Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator
Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., & Todd, P. (1998) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00044 · Cited by 3,807
Bound, J., Jaeger, D. A., & Baker, R. M. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291055 · Cited by 1,018
Cited by
Environmental management systems and green supply chain management: complements for sustainability?
Darnall, N., Jolley, G. J., & Handfield, R. (2008) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.557 · Cited by 799
Using matching, instrumental variables and control functions to estimate economic choice models
Heckman, J., & Navarro-Lozano, S. (2004) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465304323023660 · Cited by 768
Racing to the Bottom? Trade, Environmental Governance, and ISO 14001
Prakash, A., & Potoski, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00188.x · Cited by 572
Self-citationSustainable supply chain management: A case study of British Aerospace (BAe) Systems
Gopalakrishnan, K., Yusuf, Y. Y., Musa, A., Abubakar, T., & Ambursa, H. M. (2012) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.01.003 · Cited by 270
Is ISO 14001 a gateway to more advanced voluntary action? The case of green supply chain management
Arimura, T. H., Darnall, N., & Katayama, H. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2010.11.003 · Cited by 258
Metadata
- Authors
- Potoski, M., & Prakash, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 745-769
- ISSN
- 0276-8739 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6688
- OpenAlex
- W2120892092
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 59.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Covenants with weak swords: ISO 14001 and facilities' environmental performance. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/pam.20136
- The paper
- Potoski, M., & Prakash, A. (2005). Covenants with weak swords: ISO 14001 and facilities' environmental performance. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20136
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.