Police reform from the top down: experimental evidence on police executive support for civilian oversight
Open accessAbstract
The accountability of police to the public is imperative for a functioning democracy. The opinions of police executives—pivotal actors for implementing oversight policies—are an understudied, critical component of successful reform efforts. We use a pre‐registered survey experiment administered to all U.S. municipal police chiefs and county sheriffs to assess whether police executives’ attitudes towards civilian oversight are responsive to 1) state‐level public opinion (drawing on an original n = 16,840 survey) and 2) prior adoption of civilian review boards in large agencies. Results from over 1,300 police executives reveal that law enforcement leaders are responsive to elite peer adoption but much less to public opinion, despite overwhelming public support. Compared to appointed municipal police chiefs, elected sheriffs are less likely to support any civilian oversight. Our findings hold implications for reformers: we find that existing civilian oversight regimes are largely popular, and that it is possible to move police executive opinion towards support for civilian oversight.
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Large majorities of the US public favor both moderate (68%) and robust (60%) civilian review board structures, and favor CRBs in every US state.
“large majorities favor both moderate (68%) and robust (60%) CRB structures, and favor CRBs in every US state (5).”
From Does civilian oversight impact police legitimacy? (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
Police executives have long resisted ceding disciplinary authority to outsiders.
“police executives have long resisted ceding disciplinary authority to outsiders (5, 8)”
From Does civilian oversight impact police legitimacy? (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
The asymmetry helps explain why police leaders, wary of these downside risks, often resist fully embracing civilian oversight.
“This asymmetry helps explain why police leaders, wary of these downside risks, often resist fully embracing civilian oversight (5, 12).”
From Does civilian oversight impact police legitimacy? (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
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Does civilian oversight impact police legitimacy?
Schiff, K. J., Schiff, D. S., Moy, B. J., McCrain, J., Mourtgos, S. M., & Adams, I. T. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf267 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This asymmetry helps explain why police leaders, wary of these downside risks, often resist fully embracing civilian oversight (5, 12).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Adams, I. T., McCrain, J., Schiff, D. S., Schiff, K. J., & Mourtgos, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adams, Ian T.
- Venue
- Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-07-02
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 403-427
- ISSN
- 0276-8739 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6688
- OpenAlex
- W4400252745
- Semantic Scholar
- a14aee93edaa15a50bef6f604814df147c001883
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 20.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- police reform, citizen oversight, police accountability, police executives, Chief of Police, sheriffs, public opinion, peer effects, top-down reform
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