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Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results
Open accessAbstract
To minimize confusion in the expression of measurement results of stable isotope and gas-ratio measurements, recommendations based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are presented. Whenever feasible, entries are consistent with the Système International d'Unités, the SI (known in English as the International System of Units), and the third edition of the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 3rd edition). The recommendations presented herein are approved by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights and are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios to ensure that quantity equations instead of numerical value equations are used for quantity definitions. Examples of column headings consistent with quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented.
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In the paper
“If kinetic isotope effect is used to describe a cascade of reaction steps instead of an elementary chemical reaction (e.g., in enzyme reactions or environmental processes), the value will be affected by all processes leading up to and including the first irreversible step.[22]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. D. B. Northrop. The expression of isotope effects on enzyme- catalyzed reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1981, 50, 103. source
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In the paper
“For tracer studies and isotope balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, either of the quantities atom fraction, isotope-number fraction, or ' i E give accurate results as opposed to the quantities R( i E) or d i E, which yield increasingly incorrect mass or amount-of-substance balance with increasing values of x( i E). [12,13,18]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. T. N. Corso, J. T. Brenna. High-precision position-specificiso- tope analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 1049. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“For example, the two versions of APE equations yield substantially different values for Cl, B, and Li isotopic measurements.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Examples:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“For tracer studies and isotope-mass balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, the use of the isotope-amount fraction, x( i E) P/std , yields accurate results and is preferred to delta over baseline, which yields increasingly incorrect mass-balance results with increasing values of d i E P .[12,13]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
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In the paper
“the numerical value will be different when the quantity is defined with mass ratios, mole ratios, or volume ratios.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because gases usually are not ideal, d(O 2 /N 2 ) and d V (O 2 /N 2 ) are not numerically identical.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 67
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
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In the paper
“A negative value of e kin ( i E) P/Q indicates that product P is enriched in light isotope j E and the underlying isotope effect is normal.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 5:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This kinetic isotopic fractionation factor differs from a kinetic isotope effect in that kinetic isotope effects are position-specific, whereas isotopic fractionation factors are derived from isotope ratios of reacting molecules and express average effects.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The equilibrium isotopic fractionation factor is exactly the inverse of the equilibrium isotope effect when the reaction is written in the same direction.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 6:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In evaluating isotope ratios, IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights includes system linearity, baseline correction, isobaric interferences, instrumental fractionation, and sample preparation in its determination of K-factors, where r is the published isotope-amount ratio.[25]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. M. E. Wieser, M. Berglund. Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81, 2131. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03. source
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In the paper
“The factors of 1000, 10000, and 1000000 are extraneous numerical factors and none of them should appear in any equation used to define Δ i E to ensure that the equation is coherent.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“The isotopic fractionation is a dimensionless quantity (SI unit 1) and because values of e commonly are small, they regularly are expressed with the symbol %, which is 10 À3 .”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The symbol ppm may be replaced by mmol/mol for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used with mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 4:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Isotope-amount ratio is a dimensionless quantity, and the units of mmol/mol and mmol/mol (and similar units) are permissible.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The unit part per million is not an SI unit, but it commonly is used.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The isotopic fractionation factor (and the related isotopic fractionation, e) is therefore a term that can be used to describe several different concepts: two or more phases in chemical and isotopic equilibrium, reactants and products of non-reversible reactions, or the measured distributions of isotopes in poorly understood complex systems.Despite the same name, these quantities have fundament”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
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In the paper
“The number fraction is numerically equal to the mole fraction: the amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in the mixture.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“T h es y m b o l% may be replaced by mg/g, for example, for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, where the kind of quantity is mass.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The choice of uppercase X for the number fraction is in agreement with the German standard.[23,24]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 5:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. T. Cvitaš. Quantities describing compositions of mixtures. Metrologia 1996, 33, 35. source
- Not matchedcites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Taking into account non-reacting positions and intramolecular competition, it is possible to estimate kinetic isotope effects from kinetic isotopic fractionation factors.[21]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. M. Elsner, L. Zwank, D. Hunkeler, R. P. Schwarzenbach. A new concept linking observable stable isotope fraction- ation to transformation pathways of organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6896. DOI: 10.1021/ es0504587. source
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In the paper
“Quantities of the same kind within a given system of quantities have the same quantity dimension.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The symbol ppm may be replaced by mg/g for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, where the kind of quantity is mass.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 4:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the specified entity is an isotope of an element, the number fraction is the isotope-number fraction or the stable isotope-number fraction, and this microscopic (atomic) quantity is equal to the macroscopic quantities atom fraction and isotopic abundance.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The atomic quantity isotope-number fraction, X( i E) P , is equal to the corresponding macroscopic quantity isotope-amount fraction, x( i E) P .”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 4:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A positive value of e kin ( i E) P/Q indicates that the product P is enriched in the heavy isotope i E and the isotope effect is inverse.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 5:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“This quantity is not proportional to isotopeamount fraction.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“For example, the isotope ratio, R, and the isotope-amount ratio, r, are both quantities of dimension 1, but they are not the same kind of quantity.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Use of atom fraction is preferred over use of delta values for tracer and mixing calculations because x( i E) P is linearly correlated to mixing fraction, whereas d is not.[12]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the specified entities are isotopes of an element, the microscopic (atomic) quantity number ratio is the isotope-number ratio, also termed the stable isotope ratio and isotope ratio, and it is numerically equal to the macroscopic quantity isotope-amount ratio.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 4:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The quantity Δ i E P/Q should be defined by authors to avoid confusion because this symbol can also be used to express mass-independent isotopic variation and this quantity has been defined in different ways in the literature.[26]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. I. Friedman, J. R. O'Neil. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-KK, Data of Geochemistry, (6th edn.), 1977, chap. KK.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“The microscopic (atomic) quantity N is related to the macroscopic quantity amount of substance, n, through the scaling factor N A , the Avogadro constant, [14] as shown in Fig. 1 and discussed in the section on isotope-amount fraction.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. P. De Bièvre, S. Valkiers, P. D. P. Taylor. The importance of the Avogadro constant for amount-of-substance measure- ments. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1998, 361, 227. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.09.019. source
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In the paper
“The macroscopic quantity isotope-amount ratio, r( i E/ j E) P , is equal to the corresponding atomic quantity isotope ratio, R( i E/ j E) P , as shown by the relation:”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A reference material's delta value can be assigned a reference delta value that will have no uncertainty; however, its isotope ratios will have uncertainty values.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > isotopic reference material
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights regularly publishes a 'Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements' that provides evaluated isotopic abundance data.[8]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. M. Berglund, M. E. Wieser. Isotopic compositions of the ele- ments 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 397. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of Δ i E P/Q is dependent upon the reference and can vary greatly depending upon the isotopic composition of the reference (e.g., for hydrogen isotopes).”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The symbol % may be replaced by mmol/mol, for example, for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used with mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 6:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The isotopic fractionation factor is a dimensionless quantity (SI unit 1).”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This relation contains the extraneous factors 100 and 1000, both of which should be deleted from the equation so that it is a coherent quantity equation.[4,13]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The quantity e P/Q has been defined in the literature as: e P=Q ¼ 1000 a P=Q À 1 À Á This equation is incorrect.The factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted to give a coherent equation.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“APE is defined by two different relations (excess atom fraction and relative exceedance) that are not equivalent”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Examples:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reference materials with or without assigned isotope ratios or delta values can be used for measurement precision control, whereas only reference materials with assigned isotope ratios or delta values can be used for calibration or measurement trueness control.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > isotopic reference material
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sum of the isotope-number fractions of all isotopes of an element is 1.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 5:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of per meg and ppm are both 10 À6 ; therefore, ppm can be substituted for per meg.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Number of entities is a dimensionless quantity and the kind of quantity is not the same as mass fraction or isotope-amount fraction even though they have the same dimension.[5]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of entities, N, is a fundamental base quantity in any system of units, such as the SI, because it can be regarded as a base quantity in all systems of quantities.[4,5]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The symbol % may be replaced by cmol/mol, e.g., for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used for mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, quantities of the same dimension are not necessarily of the same kind.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. R. N. Clayton, L. Grossman, T. K. Mayeda. A component of primitive nuclear composition in carbonaceous meteorites. Science 1973, 182, 485. DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4111.485. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The quantity d is not proportional to atom fraction; for example, the relation above will give increasingly incorrect results with larger differences between d 13 C P and d 13 C Q .”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantities a i E P/Q and e i E P/Q are preferred to Δ i E P,Q,reference because the former two quantities are independent of the reference.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The symbol X for number fraction is in accord with the German standard.[24]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using equations such as those above, a d 18 O value could yield either À0.05 % or À50 %.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 9:
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compression factors or fugacity coefficients can be used to convert from d(O 2 /N 2 ) into d V (O 2 /N 2 ), and vice versa.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the form 10 3 d 15 N is analogous to the method for expressing ln a values, namely as 10 3 ln a or 1000ln a values in that they both comply with quantity calculus recommendations.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 13:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Equal weights of different isotopes correspond to different amounts of isotopes.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A given symbol can indicate different quantities.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The true isotope ratio of a sample cannot be determined experimentally as there is no isotope-ratio measurement that is free of measurement uncertainty apart from direct counting of individual entities at the atomic scale.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, no new quantity is defined by e.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 11:
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Current published guidelines for some common d measurements include: for d 2 H measurements, [41] d 13 C measurements, [42] d 15 N measurements, [43] d 18 O measurements, [41] and d 34 S measurements.[44]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > REPORTING ISOTOPE-DELTA VALUES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] 41. T. B. Coplen. New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60, 3359. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. T. B. Coplen, W. A. Brand, M. Gehre, M. Gröning, H. A. J. Meijer, B. Toman, R. M. Verkouteren. New guidelines for d 13 C measurements. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 2439. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] 43. A. Mariotti. Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15 N abundance measurements. Nature 1983, 303, 685. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A positive d i/j E value indicates that the number fraction (and mole fraction) of the heavier isotope is greater in substance P than in the international measurement standard.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, historically e has been defined as the quantity isotopic fractionation, 1a.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 11:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to describing measurement, [5] a true isotope-ratio value is considered unique and unknowable, in practice.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The symbol d is pronounced 'delta'; 'del' is incorrect because it is the name for the del operator, symbol r.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, (3rd edn). (the 'Green Book'). Prepared for publication by E. R. Cohen, T. Cvitaš, J. G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. L. Strauss, M. Takami, A. J. Thor. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the factor 10 000 is extraneous and should not appear in a coherent quantity d-definition equation.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 11:
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The SI suggestion for table-column headings and for axis labels of graphs, [4] based upon quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and recommended by numerous journals, is to use the quotient of the physical, chemical, or biological quantity and a unit so that the values are pure numbers.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > COLUMN HEADINGS OF TABLES AND AXIS LABELS OF GRAPHS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A negative d i/j E value indicates that the number fraction (and mole fraction) of the heavier isotope is lower in substance P than in the standard.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted from the former equation above.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 9:
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The factor 1000 000 is an extraneous numerical factor that should be deleted to make the relation coherent.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerically identical delta values can be determined by substituting equivalent isotopeamount ratios, r( i E/ j E) P and r( i E/ j E) std , or isotope amounts, n( i E) P and n( j E) P , for isotope ratios or number of isotopes in equations above.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The symbol may be used in expressing the ratio of two quantities where the kind of quantity is number of entities; for example, it may be used for number fraction, number ratio, isotope-number fraction, isotope ratio, and relative difference of isotope ratios.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because of their universality, they hold for any units as they do not contain extraneous numerical factors or units.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 9:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the range in d i E values for many commonly studied chemical elements [3] is less than 0.2”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. T. B. Coplen, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, T. Ding, N.E. Holden, J. A. Hopple, H. R. Krouse, A. Lamberty, H. S. Peiser, K. M. Révész, S.E. Rieder, K.J. R. Rosman, E. Roth, P. D. P. Taylor, R.D. Vocke Jr, Y. K. Xiao. Isotopic abundance variations of selected elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1987. DOI: 10.1351/pac200274101987. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.
“During the 2003 meeting in Ottawa, Canada, of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, members recognized that there is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.
“Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction, and it is position- and reaction-specific.
“An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction.It is position-and reaction-specific (i.e., for the same reaction, each molecular position has a different isotope effect, and the same position shows different isotope effects in different reactions).”
The paper relies on this without support.
All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.
“All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Coplen, T. B.
- Affiliations
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Coplen, Tyler B.
- ORCID
- Coplen, Tyler B.
- Venue
- Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-19
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2538-2560
- ISSN
- 0951-4198 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0231
- OpenAlex
- W2123004271
- Cited by
- 1,831
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 77.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
- Locations
- Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemistry and Stereochemistry Studies
- Keywords
- stable isotope ratios, gas mixture ratio, isotope ratio measurement, terminology, SI units, VIM, IUPAC recommendations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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