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Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results

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Coplen, Tyler B.·2011·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry

DOI 10.1002/rcm.5129

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Abstract

To minimize confusion in the expression of measurement results of stable isotope and gas-ratio measurements, recommendations based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are presented. Whenever feasible, entries are consistent with the Système International d'Unités, the SI (known in English as the International System of Units), and the third edition of the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 3rd edition). The recommendations presented herein are approved by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights and are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios to ensure that quantity equations instead of numerical value equations are used for quantity definitions. Examples of column headings consistent with quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented.

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In the paper
“If kinetic isotope effect is used to describe a cascade of reaction steps instead of an elementary chemical reaction (e.g., in enzyme reactions or environmental processes), the value will be affected by all processes leading up to and including the first irreversible step.[22]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. D. B. Northrop. The expression of isotope effects on enzyme- catalyzed reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1981, 50, 103. source
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In the paper
“For tracer studies and isotope balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, either of the quantities atom fraction, isotope-number fraction, or ' i E give accurate results as opposed to the quantities R( i E) or d i E, which yield increasingly incorrect mass or amount-of-substance balance with increasing values of x( i E). [12,13,18]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. T. N. Corso, J. T. Brenna. High-precision position-specificiso- tope analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 1049. source
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In the paper
“For example, the two versions of APE equations yield substantially different values for Cl, B, and Li isotopic measurements.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Examples:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“For tracer studies and isotope-mass balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, the use of the isotope-amount fraction, x( i E) P/std , yields accurate results and is preferred to delta over baseline, which yields increasingly incorrect mass-balance results with increasing values of d i E P .[12,13]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
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In the paper
“In evaluating isotope ratios, IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights includes system linearity, baseline correction, isobaric interferences, instrumental fractionation, and sample preparation in its determination of K-factors, where r is the published isotope-amount ratio.[25]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. M. E. Wieser, M. Berglund. Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81, 2131. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03. source
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In the paper
“The factors of 1000, 10000, and 1000000 are extraneous numerical factors and none of them should appear in any equation used to define Δ i E to ensure that the equation is coherent.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“The unit part per million is not an SI unit, but it commonly is used.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“The choice of uppercase X for the number fraction is in agreement with the German standard.[23,24]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 5:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. T. Cvitaš. Quantities describing compositions of mixtures. Metrologia 1996, 33, 35. source
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  cites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
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In the paper
“How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
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In the paper
“Taking into account non-reacting positions and intramolecular competition, it is possible to estimate kinetic isotope effects from kinetic isotopic fractionation factors.[21]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. M. Elsner, L. Zwank, D. Hunkeler, R. P. Schwarzenbach. A new concept linking observable stable isotope fraction- ation to transformation pathways of organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6896. DOI: 10.1021/ es0504587. source
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In the paper
“Use of atom fraction is preferred over use of delta values for tracer and mixing calculations because x( i E) P is linearly correlated to mixing fraction, whereas d is not.[12]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“The quantity Δ i E P/Q should be defined by authors to avoid confusion because this symbol can also be used to express mass-independent isotopic variation and this quantity has been defined in different ways in the literature.[26]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not matched
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  cites [26] 26. I. Friedman, J. R. O'Neil. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-KK, Data of Geochemistry, (6th edn.), 1977, chap. KK.
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In the paper
“The microscopic (atomic) quantity N is related to the macroscopic quantity amount of substance, n, through the scaling factor N A , the Avogadro constant, [14] as shown in Fig. 1 and discussed in the section on isotope-amount fraction.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. P. De Bièvre, S. Valkiers, P. D. P. Taylor. The importance of the Avogadro constant for amount-of-substance measure- ments. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1998, 361, 227. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.09.019. source
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In the paper
“IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights regularly publishes a 'Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements' that provides evaluated isotopic abundance data.[8]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. M. Berglund, M. E. Wieser. Isotopic compositions of the ele- ments 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 397. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02. source
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In the paper
“This relation contains the extraneous factors 100 and 1000, both of which should be deleted from the equation so that it is a coherent quantity equation.[4,13]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
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In the paper
“The quantity e P/Q has been defined in the literature as: e P=Q ¼ 1000 a P=Q À 1 À Á This equation is incorrect.The factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted to give a coherent equation.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“APE is defined by two different relations (excess atom fraction and relative exceedance) that are not equivalent”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Examples:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“Number of entities is a dimensionless quantity and the kind of quantity is not the same as mass fraction or isotope-amount fraction even though they have the same dimension.[5]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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In the paper
“The number of entities, N, is a fundamental base quantity in any system of units, such as the SI, because it can be regarded as a base quantity in all systems of quantities.[4,5]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. R. N. Clayton, L. Grossman, T. K. Mayeda. A component of primitive nuclear composition in carbonaceous meteorites. Science 1973, 182, 485. DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4111.485. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
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In the paper
“The quantity d is not proportional to atom fraction; for example, the relation above will give increasingly incorrect results with larger differences between d 13 C P and d 13 C Q .”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“The symbol X for number fraction is in accord with the German standard.[24]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
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In the paper
“Current published guidelines for some common d measurements include: for d 2 H measurements, [41] d 13 C measurements, [42] d 15 N measurements, [43] d 18 O measurements, [41] and d 34 S measurements.[44]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > REPORTING ISOTOPE-DELTA VALUES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] 41. T. B. Coplen. New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60, 3359. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. T. B. Coplen, W. A. Brand, M. Gehre, M. Gröning, H. A. J. Meijer, B. Toman, R. M. Verkouteren. New guidelines for d 13 C measurements. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 2439. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] 43. A. Mariotti. Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15 N abundance measurements. Nature 1983, 303, 685. source
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In the paper
“In the Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to describing measurement, [5] a true isotope-ratio value is considered unique and unknowable, in practice.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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In the paper
“The symbol d is pronounced 'delta'; 'del' is incorrect because it is the name for the del operator, symbol r.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [20] 20. IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, (3rd edn). (the 'Green Book'). Prepared for publication by E. R. Cohen, T. Cvitaš, J. G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. L. Strauss, M. Takami, A. J. Thor. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
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In the paper
“The SI suggestion for table-column headings and for axis labels of graphs, [4] based upon quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and recommended by numerous journals, is to use the quotient of the physical, chemical, or biological quantity and a unit so that the values are pure numbers.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > COLUMN HEADINGS OF TABLES AND AXIS LABELS OF GRAPHS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“Because of their universality, they hold for any units as they do not contain extraneous numerical factors or units.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 9:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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In the paper
“the range in d i E values for many commonly studied chemical elements [3] is less than 0.2”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. T. B. Coplen, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, T. Ding, N.E. Holden, J. A. Hopple, H. R. Krouse, A. Lamberty, H. S. Peiser, K. M. Révész, S.E. Rieder, K.J. R. Rosman, E. Roth, P. D. P. Taylor, R.D. Vocke Jr, Y. K. Xiao. Isotopic abundance variations of selected elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1987. DOI: 10.1351/pac200274101987. source
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70 of 70

The paper relies on this without support.
There is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.
“During the 2003 meeting in Ottawa, Canada, of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, members recognized that there is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.
“Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction, and it is position- and reaction-specific.
“An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction.It is position-and reaction-specific (i.e., for the same reaction, each molecular position has a different isotope effect, and the same position shows different isotope effects in different reactions).”
The paper relies on this without support.
All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.
“All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.”

4 of 4

GUIDE TO THE EXPRESSION OF UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
Standard, S. (2006) · Cited by 6,460
Isotopic Patterns in Modern Global Precipitation
Różański, K., Araguás‐Araguás, L., & Gonfiantini, R. (2011) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/gm078p0001 · Cited by 2,011
Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., Bièvre, P. D., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., et al. (2016) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503 · Cited by 1,689
Self-citation
Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)
Müller, P. (1994) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac199466051077 · Cited by 1,606
Quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry
Renner, T. (2007) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781847557889 · Cited by 1,280
Standards for stable isotope measurements in natural compounds
Gonfiantini, R. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/271534a0 · Cited by 1,082 · cited 1×
“5 % relative to VSMOW, respectively.([40]) To keep the value ‘11.”
Background
Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements
Mariotti, A. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/303685a0 · Cited by 908 · cited 1×
“Current published guidelines for some common d measurements include: for d(2)H measurements,([41]) d(13)C measurements,([42]) d(15)N measurements,([43]) d(18)O measurements,([41]) and d(34)S measurements.”
Background
New Guidelines for δ 13 C Measurements
Coplen, T. B., Brand, W. A., Gehre, M., Gröning, M., Meijer, H. A. J., Toman, B., & Verkouteren, R. M. (2006) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac052027c · Cited by 906
Self-citation
New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data
Coplen, T. B. (1996) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00263-3 · Cited by 862
Self-citation
A Component of Primitive Nuclear Composition in Carbonaceous Meteorites
Clayton, R. N., Grossman, L., & Mayeda, T. K. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.182.4111.485 · Cited by 798 · cited 1×
“Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen,([32,33]) sulfur, and mercury.”
Background

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Show all 42 references

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BIPM.The International System of Units (SI) 8th edition brochure (in English);2006. Available:http://www.bipm.org/.
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Sorted by citations

Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., Bièvre, P. D., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., et al. (2016) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503 · Cited by 1,689
Self-citation
Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental Sciences
Blum, J. D., Sherman, L. S., & Johnson, M. W. (2014) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124107 · Cited by 754
Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., Bièvre, P. D., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., et al. (2016) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 · Cited by 751
Self-citation
Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)
Murray, K. K., Boyd, R. K., Eberlin, M. N., Langley, G. J., Li, L., & Naito, Y. (2013) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac-rec-06-04-06 · Cited by 690
Ecological interpretations of nitrogen isotope ratios of terrestrial plants and soils
Craine, J. M., Brookshire, E. N. J., Cramer, M. D., Hasselquist, N. J., Koba, K., Marín-Spiotta, E., & Wang, L. (2015) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2542-1 · Cited by 656
“These are defined (Coplen 2011) as D ¼ δA–δB ¼ α−1ð Þ≈lnα: ð3Þ The approximation in Eq.”
Background
Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes
Sprenger, M., Leistert, H., Gimbel, K., et al. (2016) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2015rg000515 · Cited by 610
“While the isotope delta is a dimensionless quantity, the values are given in‰ due to the low variation in natural abundance of water stable isotopes [Coplen, 2011].”
Background
Metal Stable Isotope Signatures as Tracers in Environmental Geochemistry
Wiederhold, J. G. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es504683e · Cited by 536
Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Wieser, M. E., Holden, N. E., Coplen, T. B., et al. (2013) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac-rep-13-03-02 · Cited by 423
Self-citation
The nitrogen cycle: A review of isotope effects and isotope modeling approaches
Denk, T., Mohn, J., Decock, C., Lewicka‐Szczebak, D., Harris, E., Butterbach‐Bahl, K., Kiese, R., & Wolf, B. (2016) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.11.015 · Cited by 446
Extracting the most from terrestrial plant-derived n-alkyl lipids and their carbon isotopes from the sedimentary record: A review
Diefendorf, A. F., & Freimuth, E. J. (2016) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.10.016 · Cited by 408
“fractionation prefer the usage of a or e notation (Coplen, 2011).”
Background
Stable isotopes in leaf water of terrestrial plants
Cernusak, L. A., Barbour, M. M., Arndt, S. K., Cheesman, A. W., English, N. B., Feild, T. S., Helliker, B. R., Holloway‐Phillips, M., Holtum, J. A. M., Kahmen, A., et al. (2015) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.12703 · Cited by 379
A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: A global perspective
Marx, A., Dušek, J., Jankovec, J., Šanda, M., Vogel, T., van Geldern, R., Hartmann, J., & Barth, J. A. C. (2017) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2016rg000547 · Cited by 383
InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards
Bernasconi, S. M., Daëron, M., Bergmann, K. D., Bonifacie, M., Meckler, A. N., Affek, H. P., Anderson, N., Bajnai, D., Barkan, E., Beverly, E., et al. (2021) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009588 · Cited by 340
Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Meckenstock, R. U., Boll, M., Mouttaki, H., Koelschbach, J. S., Tarouco, P. C., Weyrauch, P., Dong, X., & Himmelberg, A. M. (2016) · Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1159/000441358 · Cited by 298
“…Degradation of Benzene and PAH J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016;26:92–118 DOI: 10.1159/000441358 97 δ notations as δ 13 C values (‰) for carbon with Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite as the standard, and δ 2 H values (‰) for hydrogen with Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water as the standard [Coplen, 2011].”
MethodInfluential
Stable isotope deltas: tiny, yet robust signatures in nature
Brand, W. A., & Coplen, T. B. (2012) · Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies · doi:10.1080/10256016.2012.666977 · Cited by 289
“A comprehensive list of stable isotope terminologies has recently been compiled by Coplen [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Oxygen isotopes in bioarchaeology: Principles and applications, challenges and opportunities
Pederzani, S., & Britton, K. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.11.005 · Cited by 301
“As long as such secondary reference materials have been scale normalised on the VSMOW/SLAP scale, they can then be used in day-to-day sample analysis for quality control, as well as to normalise data to the VSMOW/SLAP scale (Coplen, 2011).”
MethodInfluential
Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants
Elsner, M., Jochmann, M. A., Hofstetter, T. B., Hunkeler, D., Bernstein, A., Schmidt, T. C., & Schimmelmann, A. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5683-y · Cited by 289
Best practices for calibrating and reporting stable isotope measurements in archaeology
Szpak, P., Metcalfe, J. Z., & Macdonald, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.007 · Cited by 288
“concepts, as well as previously-published International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines (Coplen, 2011), we make a series of recommendations for reporting isotopic data in archaeology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
CHILDHOOD DIET: A CLOSER EXAMINATION OF THE EVIDENCE FROM DENTAL TISSUES USING STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF INCREMENTAL HUMAN DENTINE*
Beaumont, J., Gledhill, A. R., Lee‐Thorp, J. A., & Montgomery, J. (2012) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00682.x · Cited by 275
“…using the delta notation in parts per thousand (per mil or ‰) relative to the international marine limestone PDB standard for carbon and Ambient Inhalable Reservoir (AIR) for the nitrogen as follows: δ15 1N sample standard= −R R , where R is the isotope ratio 15N/14N in this case (Coplen 2011).”
BackgroundMethod
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes: Retrospective and Prospective
Teng, F., Dauphas, N., & Watkins, J. M. (2017) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2017.82.1 · Cited by 276
“Recently, a new δ notation without the factor of 1000 has been recommended by the IUPAC for expression of stable isotope ratios (Coplen 2011).”
Background
Community software for challenging isotope analysis: First applications of “Easotope” to clumped isotopes
John, C. M., & Bowen, D. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7720 · Cited by 247
Hydrological niche segregation defines forest structure and drought tolerance strategies in a seasonal Amazon forest
Brum, M., Vadeboncoeur, M. A., Ivanov, V. Y., Asbjornsen, H., SALESKA, S. R., Alves, L. F., Penha, D., Dias, J. D., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Barros, F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13022 · Cited by 258
“Data are expressed in delta (δ) notation relative to Vienna mean ocean water standard (V- SMOW) (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Microbial community structure mediates response of soil C decomposition to litter addition and warming
Creamer, C. A., de Menezes, A. B., Krull, E. S., Sanderman, J., Newton-Walters, R., & Farrell, M. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.10.008 · Cited by 247
“Enriched ( 13 C) samples were measured using head amplifiers with lower resistance on mass 45 and are reported using atom fraction notation (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Stable isotopes dissect aquatic food webs from the top to the bottom
Middelburg, J. J. (2014) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-11-2357-2014 · Cited by 248
Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)
PROHASKA, T. R., Irrgeher, J., Benefield, J., Böhlke, J. K., Chesson, L. A., Coplen, T. B., Ding, T., Dunn, P. J. H., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., et al. (2022) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 · Cited by 285
Self-citation
Estuarine plastisphere as an overlooked source of N2O production
Su, X., Yang, L., Yang, K., Tang, Y., Wen, T., Wang, Y., Rillig, M. C., Rohe, L., Pan, J., Li, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31584-x · Cited by 240
Proposal for an international molybdenum isotope measurement standard and data representation
Nägler, T. F., Anbar, A. D., Archer, C., Goldberg, T., Gordon, G. W., Greber, N. D., Siebert, C., Sohrin, Y., & Vance, D. (2014) · Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-908x.2013.00275.x · Cited by 235
“…scientific fields, such as the tracking of metal pollution (Chappaz et al. 2012, Lane et al. 2013), the investigation of core formation and in planetary sciences more generally (Burkhardt 2012) as well as in the study of igneous and hydrothermal processes (Mathur et al. 2010, Greber et al. 2011).”
Background
Stable isotope techniques for verifying the declared geographical origin of food in legal cases
Camin, F., Boner, M., Bontempo, L., Fauhl‐Hassek, C., Kelly, S. D., Riedl, J., & Roßmann, A. (2017) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.12.007 · Cited by 253
Normalization of stable isotope data for carbonate minerals: Implementation of IUPAC guidelines
Kim, S.-T., Coplen, T. B., & Horita, J. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.011 · Cited by 207
Self-citation
Magnesium isotope evidence that accretional vapour loss shapes planetary compositions
Hin, R. C., Coath, C. D., Carter, P. J., Nimmo, F., Lai, Y.-J., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Willbold, M., Leinhardt, Z. M., Walter, M. J., & Elliott, T. R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23899 · Cited by 206
Quantification of organic pollutant degradation in contaminated aquifers using compound specific stable isotope analysis – Review of recent developments
Thullner, M., Centler, F., Richnow, H. H., & Fischer, A. (2011) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.011 · Cited by 208
Isotopocule analysis of biologically produced nitrous oxide in various environments
Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., & Koba, K. (2015) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.21459 · Cited by 202
Normalization procedures and reference material selection in stable HCNOS isotope analyses: an overview
Skrzypek, G. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6517-2 · Cited by 205
Organic Reference Materials for Hydrogen, Carbon, and Nitrogen Stable Isotope-Ratio Measurements: Caffeines, n-Alkanes, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, Glycines, l -Valines, Polyethylenes, and Oils
Schimmelmann, A., Qi, H., Coplen, T. B., Brand, W. A., Fong, J., Meier‐Augenstein, W., Kemp, H. F., Toman, B., Ackermann, A., Assonov, S. S., et al. (2016) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04392 · Cited by 205
Self-citation
Resolution of inter-laboratory discrepancies in Mo isotope data: an intercalibration
Goldberg, T., Gordon, G., Izon, G., Archer, C., Pearce, C. R., McManus, J., Anbar, A. D., & Rehkämper, M. (2013) · Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry · doi:10.1039/c3ja30375f · Cited by 185
Recent Developments in Mercury Stable Isotope Analysis
Blum, J. D., & Johnson, M. W. (2017) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2017.82.17 · Cited by 186
Solution Speciation Controls Mercury Isotope Fractionation of Hg(II) Sorption to Goethite
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Bourdon, B., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3008112 · Cited by 182
The importance of ice algae-produced carbon in the central Arctic Ocean ecosystem: Food web relationships revealed by lipid and stable isotope analyses
Kohlbach, D., Graeve, M., Lange, B. A., et al. (2016) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10351 · Cited by 182
“According to the following equation, the isotopic ratios were conventionally expressed as parts per thousand (&) in the d notation (Coplen 2011):”
Background
Progress and challenges in using stable isotopes to trace plant carbon and water relations across scales
Werner, C., Badeck, F., Brugnoli, E., Cohn, B., Cuntz, M., Dawson, T. E., Geßler, A., Ghashghaie, J., Grams, T. E. E., Kayler, Z. E., et al. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-3083-2012 · Cited by 184
Environmental control on eastern broadleaf forest species’ leaf wax distributions and D/H ratios
Tipple, B. J., & Pagani, M. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.042 · Cited by 176
Molybdenum isotope variations in magmatic rocks
Willbold, M., & Elliott, T. R. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.011 · Cited by 178
“The majority of laboratories have now adopted NIST SRM 3134 as a primary reference solution and, accordingly, the Mo isotope variations in this contribution are defined as δ98=95Mo ¼ 98Mo=95Mosample = 98Mo=95MoNIST3134 h i –1 and are expressed in ‰ (see Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Combining multi-isotopic and molecular source tracking methods to identify nitrate pollution sources in surface and groundwater
Carrey, R., Ballesté, E., Blanch, A. R., Lucena, F., Pons, P., López, J. M., Rull, M., Solà, J., Micola, N., Fraile, J., et al. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116537 · Cited by 176
Reporting Stable-Isotope Ratios in Ecology: Recommended Terminology, Guidelines and Best Practices
Bond, A. L., & Hobson, K. A. (2012) · Waterbirds · doi:10.1675/063.035.0213 · Cited by 175
“Indeed, until Coplen (2011), there were no universal recommendations (but see Jardine and Cunjak 2005; Wassenaar 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Depositional environment of oil shale within the second member of Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu Basin, Northwest China
Liu, B., Bechtel, A., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Groß, D., Gratzer, R., & Chen, X. (2017) · International Journal of Coal Geology · doi:10.1016/j.coal.2017.03.011 · Cited by 164
Female hunters of the early Americas
Haas, R., Watson, J. T., Buonasera, T. Y., Southon, J. R., Chen, J. C., Noe, S. J., Smith, K. N., Llave, C. V., Eerkens, J. W., & Parker, G. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 · Cited by 197
Examination of deep root water uptake using anomalies of soil water stable isotopes, depth-controlled isotopic labeling and mixing models
Beyer, M., Hamutoko, J. T., Wanke, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.08.060 · Cited by 157
Understanding and managing nitrogen nutrition in grapevine: a review
Verdenal, T., Dienes-Nagy, Á., Spangenberg, J. E., Zufferey, V., Spring, J.-L., Viret, O., Marin‐Carbonne, J., & van Leeuwen, C. (2021) · OENO One · doi:10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.3866 · Cited by 160
“The δ unit is milliurey (mUr) as defined by the International System of Units (Coplen, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Insights into plant water uptake from xylem‐water isotope measurements in two tropical catchments with contrasting moisture conditions
Evaristo, J., McDonnell, J. J., Scholl, M. A., et al. (2016) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10841 · Cited by 152
“We use conventional notation for isotope composition (Coplen, 2011) where δ18O or δ2H = [(Rsample / RSMOW) 1], with R as the ratio of 18O/16O or 2H/1H in the sample or in Standard Mean OceanWater: SMOW.”
Method
Below ground carbon inputs to soil via root biomass and rhizodeposition of field-grown maize and wheat at harvest are independent of net primary productivity
Hirte, J., Leifeld, J., Abiven, S., Oberholzer, H., & Mayer, J. (2018) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.010 · Cited by 142
Beyond temperature: clumped isotope signatures in dissolved inorganic carbon species and the influence of solution chemistry on carbonate mineral composition
Tripati, A. K., Hill, P. S., Eagle, R. A., Mosenfelder, J. L., Tang, J., Schauble, E. A., Eiler, J. M., Zeebe, R. E., Uchikawa, J., Coplen, T. B., et al. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.021 · Cited by 139
“where R is the number ratio (Coplen, 2011), the number of a minor isotopologue to the number of the major isotopologue of a specified molecule (or atom) of interest.”
Self-citation
Rapidly assessing changes in bone mineral balance using natural stable calcium isotopes
Morgan, J. L. L., Skulan, J. L., Gordon, G. W., Romaniello, S. J., Smith, S. M., & Anbar, A. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1119587109 · Cited by 145
δ2H isotopic flux partitioning of evapotranspiration over a grass field following a water pulse and subsequent dry down
Good, S. P., Soderberg, K., Guan, K., et al. (2014) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1002/2013wr014333 · Cited by 144
“The d values are reported in per mil [&] notation, which is equivalent to 1 3 103 [Coplen, 2011].”
Background
What can we learn from N 2 O isotope data? – Analytics, processes and modelling
Yu, L., Harris, E., Lewicka‐Szczebak, D., Barthel, M., Blomberg, M. R. A., Harris, S. J., Johnson, M. S., Lehmann, M. F., Liisberg, J. B., Müller, C., et al. (2020) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8858 · Cited by 155
Similar composition but differential stability of mineral retained organic matter across four classes of clay minerals
Sanderman, J., Maddern, T. M., & Baldock, J. (2014) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-014-0009-8 · Cited by 137
Apportionment and uncertainty analysis of nitrate sources based on the dual isotope approach and a Bayesian isotope mixing model at the watershed scale
Zhang, M., Zhi, Y., Shi, J., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.239 · Cited by 139
Stable isotope tracers: Enriching our perspectives and questions on sources, fates, rates, and pathways of major elements in aquatic systems
Glibert, P. M., Middelburg, J. J., McClelland, J. W., & Zanden, M. J. V. (2018) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.11087 · Cited by 135
“…are defined and provided here; more detailed reviews of terminology and best practices based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) can be found in Coplen (2011) and Bond and Hobson (2012).”
Background
Fire distinguishers: Refined interpretations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for paleo-applications
Karp, A. T., Holman, A. I., Hopper, P., Grice, K., & Freeman, K. H. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.024 · Cited by 137
Source and fate of nitrate in contaminated groundwater systems: Assessing spatial and temporal variations by hydrogeochemistry and multiple stable isotope tools
Biddau, R., Cidu, R., Pelo, S. D., Carletti, A., Ghiglieri, G., & Pittalis, D. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.007 · Cited by 141
Nickel Isotope Variations in Terrestrial Silicate Rocks and Geological Reference Materials Measured by MC ‐ ICP ‐ MS
Guéguen, B., Rouxel, O. J., Ponzevera, E., Bekker, A., & Fouquet, Y. (2013) · Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-908x.2013.00209.x · Cited by 135
Methane clumped isotopes: Progress and potential for a new isotopic tracer
Douglas, P., Stolper, D. A., Eiler, J. M., Sessions, A. L., Lawson, M. J., Shuai, Y., Bishop, A. N., Podlaha, O. G., Ferreira, A. A. C. M., Neto, E. V. S., et al. (2017) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.07.016 · Cited by 136
“Delta values are commonly expressed as per mil (‰) values, which implicitly includes a multiplicative factor of 1000 (Coplen, 2011).”
Background
Isotope Signatures of N2O in a Mixed Microbial Population System: Constraints on N2O Producing Pathways in Wastewater Treatment
Wunderlin, P., Lehmann, M. F., Siegrist, H., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es303174x · Cited by 131
Hydrogen storage and geo-methanation in a depleted underground hydrocarbon reservoir
Hellerschmied, C., Schritter, J., Waldmann, N., Zaduryan, A. B., Rachbauer, L., Scherr, K. E., Andiappan, A., Bauer, S., Pichler, M., & Loibner, A. P. (2024) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-024-01458-1 · Cited by 137
“Isodetect GmbH (Leipzig) determined carbon isotope ratios ( 13 C/ 12 C) of CH 4 through compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) 49 .”
Influential
A comparison of extraction systems for plant water stable isotope analysis
Millar, C., Pratt, D. L., Schneider, D. J., & McDonnell, J. J. (2018) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8136 · Cited by 134
Tracing the flow of carbon dioxide and water vapor between the biosphere and atmosphere: A review of optical isotope techniques and their application
Griffis, T. J. (2013) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.009 · Cited by 129
Quantifying nitrous oxide production pathways in wastewater treatment systems using isotope technology – A critical review
Duan, H., Ye, L., Erler, D. V., et al. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.054 · Cited by 129
Is lipid correction necessary in the stable isotope analysis of fish tissues?
Skinner, M. M., Martin, A. A., & Moore, B. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7480 · Cited by 128
Source tracing of natural organic matter bound mercury in boreal forest runoff with mercury stable isotopes
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Skyllberg, U., Kronberg, R., & Kretzschmar, R. (2017) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c7em00245a · Cited by 129
A deuterium-based labeling technique for the investigation of rooting depths, water uptake dynamics and unsaturated zone water transport in semiarid environments
Beyer, M., Koeniger, P., Gaj, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.037 · Cited by 127
In situ unsaturated zone water stable isotope ( 2 H and 18 O) measurements in semi-arid environments: a soil water balance
Gaj, M., Beyer, M., Koeniger, P., et al. (2016) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-20-715-2016 · Cited by 126
“18O /16O and 2H /1H isotope ratios are normalized on the international δ scale and expressed as parts per thousand: δ = [( Rsample Rreference ) − 1 ] , (1) where Rsample (−) denotes the 18O /16O isotope ratio (or 2H /1H) of a water sample and Rstandard (−) those of the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) (Coplen,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Ecological niche of Neanderthals from Spy Cave revealed by nitrogen isotopes of individual amino acids in collagen
Naito, Y. I., Chikaraishi, Y., Drucker, D. G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.009 · Cited by 123
Photochemistry of Sulfur Dioxide and the Origin of Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation in Earth's Atmosphere
Ono, S. (2017) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012324 · Cited by 119
Evapotranspiration partitioning at the ecosystem scale using the stable isotope method—A review
Xiao, W., Wei, Z., & Wen, X. (2018) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.005 · Cited by 120
“The delta (δ) notation is used to represent the isotopic composition normalized in reference to an international standard (Coplen, 2011):”
Method
Variation in the Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Plants and Soil along a Precipitation Gradient in Northern China
Ma, J., Sun, W. B., Liu, X., & Chen, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051894 · Cited by 127
Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by sulfate-reducing Desulfobacteraceae from various anoxic aquifers
Kümmel, S., Herbst, F., Bahr, A., et al. (2015) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiv006 · Cited by 118
“…were expressed in the delta notation (δ13C) in per mil [ ] units relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) according to the following equation (Coplen 2011): δ13Csample [0/00] = ( Rsample Rreference − 1 ) , where Rsample and Rreference are the ratios of the heavy isotope to the light isotope…”
Method
Bioactive Trace Metals and Their Isotopes as Paleoproductivity Proxies: An Assessment Using GEOTRACES‐Era Data
Horner, T. J., Little, S., Conway, T. M., Farmer, J. R., Hertzberg, J. E., Lough, A., McKay, J. L., Tessin, A. C., Galer, S. J. G., Jaccard, S. L., et al. (2021) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2020gb006814 · Cited by 120
Resolving the controls of water vapour isotopes in the Atlantic sector
Bonne, J., Behrens, M., Meyer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Rabe, B., Schönicke, L., Steen‐Larsen, H. C., & Werner, M. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09242-6 · Cited by 123
Stable isotopes of water reveal differences in plant – soil water relationships across northern environments
Tetzlaff, D., Buttle, J. M., Carey, S. K., et al. (2020) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.14023 · Cited by 115
“All isotope data are given in delta-notation (Coplen, 2011) in reference to the VSMOW.”
Method
Isotope meteorology of cold front passages: A case study combining observations and modeling
Aemisegger, F., Spiegel, J. K., Pfahl, S., et al. (2015) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2015gl063988 · Cited by 114
Gas exchange and water‐use efficiency in plant canopies
Cernusak, L. A. (2018) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/plb.12939 · Cited by 115
Mineralogy dictates the initial mechanism of microbial necromass association
Creamer, C. A., Foster, A. L., Lawrence, C. R., McFarland, J. W., Schulz, M. S., & Waldrop, M. P. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.028 · Cited by 120
Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in aquatic food webs are tracers of diet and provenance
Soto, D. X., Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (2013) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12054 · Cited by 112
Spatial, seasonal, and source variability in the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters throughout the USA
Landwehr, J. M., Coplen, T. B., & Stewart, D. W. (2013) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10004 · Cited by 111
“year period as reported by Coplen and Kendall (2000) also had smaller ranges in δ(18)O (δ(2)H) values of 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Cryogenic vacuum artifacts do not affect plant water‐uptake studies using stable isotope analysis
Newberry, S. L., Nelson, D. B., & Kahmen, A. (2017) · Ecohydrology · doi:10.1002/eco.1892 · Cited by 111
“Water was injected using a GC PAL autosampler (CTC, Zwingen, Switzerland), and the δ(18)O and δ(2)H values reported here are normalized to the VSMOW scale using calibrated laboratory standards and expressed in per mill (‰) implying multiplication by 1,000 (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Dynamics of particulate organic matter composition in coastal systems: A spatio-temporal study at multi-systems scale
Liénart, C., Savoye, N., Bozec, Y., et al. (2017) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.03.001 · Cited by 110
“(1); Coplen, 2011): d13Csample or d 15Nsample ¼ ½ðRsample=RstandardÞ 1 ð1Þ where R = 13C/12C or 15N/14N, and the references are Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) for d13C and atmospheric N2 for d15N.”
Background
Products and Applications of Biopolymers
Verbeek, C. J. R. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1802 · Cited by 110
Deglaciation records of 17 O-excess in East Antarctica: reliable reconstruction of oceanic normalized relative humidity from coastal sites
Winkler, R., Landais, A., Sodemann, H., Dümbgen, L., Prié, F., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., & Jouzel, J. (2012) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-8-1-2012 · Cited by 110
“Note that in previous studies, the unit permeg instead of ppm was used, but here we use ppm to be consistent with the SI system ( Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Triple isotopic composition of oxygen in surface snow and water vapor at NEEM (Greenland)
Landais, A., Steen‐Larsen, H. C., Guillevic, M., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Vinther, B. M., & Winkler, R. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.022 · Cited by 107
Contribution of isotopologue self-shielding to sulfur mass-independent fractionation during sulfur dioxide photolysis
Ono, S., Whitehill, A. R., & Lyons, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50183 · Cited by 103
“The common multiplication factor of 1000 is omitted because it technically belongs to % symbol [Coplen, 2011].”
Background
Si stable isotope fractionation during adsorption and the competition between kinetic and equilibrium isotope fractionation: Implications for weathering systems
Oelze, M., von Blanckenburg, F., Vollprecht, D., Dietzel, M., & Bouchez, J. (2014) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.04.027 · Cited by 107
“We report Si isotope data relative to the standard reference material NBS28 (quartz sand) in the delta notation according to Coplen (2011) as δ ( 29/28 Si) NBS28 and δ ( 30/28 Si) NBS28 expressed in per mill ( ‰ ) by multiplication of Eqs.”
Calling all archaeologists: guidelines for terminology, methodology, data handling, and reporting when undertaking and reviewing stable isotope applications in archaeology
Roberts, P., Fernandes, R., Craig, O. E., Larsen, T., Lucquin, A., Swift, J., & Zech, J. (2017) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8044 · Cited by 102
“comparison of the sample with a standard with an internationally recognized isotopic abundance.(11,15) It is correct to state that an archaeological material such as bone”
Background
IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) for the Education Community (IUPAC Technical Report)
Holden, N. E., Coplen, T. B., Böhlke, J. K., Tarbox, L., Benefield, J., Laeter, J. R. D., Mahaffy, P. G., O’Connor, G., Roth, É., Tepper, D. H., et al. (2018) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 · Cited by 117
Self-citation
Mechanisms of consistently disjunct soil water pools over (pore) space and time
Sprenger, M., Llorens, P., Cayuela, C., et al. (2019) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-23-2751-2019 · Cited by 104
Evidence linking calcium to increased organo-mineral association in soils
Rowley, M. C., Grand, S., Spangenberg, J. E., & Verrecchia, É. P. (2021) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-021-00779-7 · Cited by 99
“%) difference of the 13C/12C ratio in the sample relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard (d13C in % VPDB; Coplen 2011).”
Result
Sulfur-33 constraints on the origin of secondary pyrite in altered oceanic basement
Ono, S., Keller, N. S., Rouxel, O., & Alt, J. C. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.016 · Cited by 101
Geochemistry, stable isotopes and statistic tools to estimate threshold and source of nitrate in groundwater (Sardinia, Italy)
Biddau, R., Dore, E., Pelo, S. D., et al. (2023) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.119663 · Cited by 102
Isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in a tropical marine boundary layer
Savarino, J., Morin, S., Erbland, J., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216639110 · Cited by 101
Selenium as paleo-oceanographic proxy: a first assessment
Mitchell, K., Mason, P. R. D., Van Cappellen, P., Johnson, T. M., Gill, B. C., Owens, J. D., Diaz, J., Ingall, E. D., Reichart, G.-J., & Lyons, T. W. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.038 · Cited by 100
Rapidly increasing methyl mercury in endangered ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) feathers over a 130 year record
Bond, A. L., Hobson, K. A., & Branfireun, B. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0032 · Cited by 99
Spatial and temporal variations of p CO 2 , dissolved inorganic carbon and stable isotopes along a temperate karstic watercourse
van Geldern, R., Schulte, P., Mäder, M., Baier, A., & Barth, J. A. C. (2015) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10457 · Cited by 99
“…reported in the standard δnotation as deviations in per mil (‰) from the respective reference material according to δ ¼ Rsample Rreference 1 (7) where R is the ratio of the numbers (n) of the heavy and light isotope of an element [e.g. n(18O)/n(16O)] in the sample and the reference (Coplen, 2011).”
Background
Biomarkers for Terrestrial Plants and Climate
Freeman, K. H., & Pancost, R. D. (2013) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01028-7 · Cited by 116

Authors: Coplen, T. B.
Affiliations: United States Geological Survey (US)
Corresponding author: Coplen, Tyler B.
ORCID: Coplen, Tyler B.
Venue: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-08-19
Volume: 25
Issue: 17
Pages: 2538-2560
ISSN: 0951-4198 (ISSN-L)
1097-0231
DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5129
OpenAlex: W2123004271
Cited by: 1,831
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 118 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 77.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Geological Survey
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemistry and Stereochemistry Studies
Keywords: stable isotope ratios, gas mixture ratio, isotope ratio measurement, terminology, SI units, VIM, IUPAC recommendations

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Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results

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