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Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results

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Coplen, Tyler B.·2011·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry

DOI 10.1002/rcm.5129

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Abstract

To minimize confusion in the expression of measurement results of stable isotope and gas-ratio measurements, recommendations based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are presented. Whenever feasible, entries are consistent with the Système International d'Unités, the SI (known in English as the International System of Units), and the third edition of the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 3rd edition). The recommendations presented herein are approved by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights and are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios to ensure that quantity equations instead of numerical value equations are used for quantity definitions. Examples of column headings consistent with quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented.

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In the paper
“If kinetic isotope effect is used to describe a cascade of reaction steps instead of an elementary chemical reaction (e.g., in enzyme reactions or environmental processes), the value will be affected by all processes leading up to and including the first irreversible step.[22]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. D. B. Northrop. The expression of isotope effects on enzyme- catalyzed reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1981, 50, 103. source
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In the paper
“For tracer studies and isotope balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, either of the quantities atom fraction, isotope-number fraction, or ' i E give accurate results as opposed to the quantities R( i E) or d i E, which yield increasingly incorrect mass or amount-of-substance balance with increasing values of x( i E). [12,13,18]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. T. N. Corso, J. T. Brenna. High-precision position-specificiso- tope analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 1049. source
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In the paper
“For example, the two versions of APE equations yield substantially different values for Cl, B, and Li isotopic measurements.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Examples:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“For tracer studies and isotope-mass balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, the use of the isotope-amount fraction, x( i E) P/std , yields accurate results and is preferred to delta over baseline, which yields increasingly incorrect mass-balance results with increasing values of d i E P .[12,13]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
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In the paper
“In evaluating isotope ratios, IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights includes system linearity, baseline correction, isobaric interferences, instrumental fractionation, and sample preparation in its determination of K-factors, where r is the published isotope-amount ratio.[25]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. M. E. Wieser, M. Berglund. Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81, 2131. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03. source
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In the paper
“The factors of 1000, 10000, and 1000000 are extraneous numerical factors and none of them should appear in any equation used to define Δ i E to ensure that the equation is coherent.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“The unit part per million is not an SI unit, but it commonly is used.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“The choice of uppercase X for the number fraction is in agreement with the German standard.[23,24]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 5:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. T. Cvitaš. Quantities describing compositions of mixtures. Metrologia 1996, 33, 35. source
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  cites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
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In the paper
“How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
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In the paper
“Taking into account non-reacting positions and intramolecular competition, it is possible to estimate kinetic isotope effects from kinetic isotopic fractionation factors.[21]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. M. Elsner, L. Zwank, D. Hunkeler, R. P. Schwarzenbach. A new concept linking observable stable isotope fraction- ation to transformation pathways of organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6896. DOI: 10.1021/ es0504587. source
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In the paper
“Use of atom fraction is preferred over use of delta values for tracer and mixing calculations because x( i E) P is linearly correlated to mixing fraction, whereas d is not.[12]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“The quantity Δ i E P/Q should be defined by authors to avoid confusion because this symbol can also be used to express mass-independent isotopic variation and this quantity has been defined in different ways in the literature.[26]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not matched
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  cites [26] 26. I. Friedman, J. R. O'Neil. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-KK, Data of Geochemistry, (6th edn.), 1977, chap. KK.
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In the paper
“The microscopic (atomic) quantity N is related to the macroscopic quantity amount of substance, n, through the scaling factor N A , the Avogadro constant, [14] as shown in Fig. 1 and discussed in the section on isotope-amount fraction.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. P. De Bièvre, S. Valkiers, P. D. P. Taylor. The importance of the Avogadro constant for amount-of-substance measure- ments. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1998, 361, 227. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.09.019. source
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In the paper
“IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights regularly publishes a 'Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements' that provides evaluated isotopic abundance data.[8]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. M. Berglund, M. E. Wieser. Isotopic compositions of the ele- ments 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 397. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02. source
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In the paper
“This relation contains the extraneous factors 100 and 1000, both of which should be deleted from the equation so that it is a coherent quantity equation.[4,13]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
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In the paper
“The quantity e P/Q has been defined in the literature as: e P=Q ¼ 1000 a P=Q À 1 À Á This equation is incorrect.The factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted to give a coherent equation.[4]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 2:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“APE is defined by two different relations (excess atom fraction and relative exceedance) that are not equivalent”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Examples:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“Number of entities is a dimensionless quantity and the kind of quantity is not the same as mass fraction or isotope-amount fraction even though they have the same dimension.[5]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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In the paper
“The number of entities, N, is a fundamental base quantity in any system of units, such as the SI, because it can be regarded as a base quantity in all systems of quantities.[4,5]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1: The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.Such isotopic variations are termed mass-dependent isotopic fractionation because the physical and chemical processes that produce these isotope effects have a strong and direct dependence on isotope mass.Some isotope effects are produced by physical and chemical processes that have strong dependences on parameters other than isotope mass and are termed mass-independent isotope effects.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.Mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) has also been referred to as non-mass-dependent fractionation and anomalous fractionation of isotopes of an element.Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.For this reason, Δ has been used to describe situations where mass-independent isotopic fractionation has occurred.How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. R. N. Clayton, L. Grossman, T. K. Mayeda. A component of primitive nuclear composition in carbonaceous meteorites. Science 1973, 182, 485. DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4111.485. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
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In the paper
“The quantity d is not proportional to atom fraction; for example, the relation above will give increasingly incorrect results with larger differences between d 13 C P and d 13 C Q .”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
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In the paper
“The symbol X for number fraction is in accord with the German standard.[24]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 3:
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
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In the paper
“Current published guidelines for some common d measurements include: for d 2 H measurements, [41] d 13 C measurements, [42] d 15 N measurements, [43] d 18 O measurements, [41] and d 34 S measurements.[44]”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > REPORTING ISOTOPE-DELTA VALUES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] 41. T. B. Coplen. New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60, 3359. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. T. B. Coplen, W. A. Brand, M. Gehre, M. Gröning, H. A. J. Meijer, B. Toman, R. M. Verkouteren. New guidelines for d 13 C measurements. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 2439. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] 43. A. Mariotti. Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15 N abundance measurements. Nature 1983, 303, 685. source
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In the paper
“In the Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to describing measurement, [5] a true isotope-ratio value is considered unique and unknowable, in practice.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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In the paper
“The symbol d is pronounced 'delta'; 'del' is incorrect because it is the name for the del operator, symbol r.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 1:
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [20] 20. IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, (3rd edn). (the 'Green Book'). Prepared for publication by E. R. Cohen, T. Cvitaš, J. G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. L. Strauss, M. Takami, A. J. Thor. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
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In the paper
“The SI suggestion for table-column headings and for axis labels of graphs, [4] based upon quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and recommended by numerous journals, is to use the quotient of the physical, chemical, or biological quantity and a unit so that the values are pure numbers.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > COLUMN HEADINGS OF TABLES AND AXIS LABELS OF GRAPHS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
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In the paper
“Because of their universality, they hold for any units as they do not contain extraneous numerical factors or units.”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 9:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
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In the paper
“the range in d i E values for many commonly studied chemical elements [3] is less than 0.2”
§ Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stableisotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results †, { > Note 7:
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. T. B. Coplen, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, T. Ding, N.E. Holden, J. A. Hopple, H. R. Krouse, A. Lamberty, H. S. Peiser, K. M. Révész, S.E. Rieder, K.J. R. Rosman, E. Roth, P. D. P. Taylor, R.D. Vocke Jr, Y. K. Xiao. Isotopic abundance variations of selected elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1987. DOI: 10.1351/pac200274101987. source
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70 of 70

The paper relies on this without support.
There is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.
“During the 2003 meeting in Ottawa, Canada, of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, members recognized that there is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.
“Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction, and it is position- and reaction-specific.
“An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction.It is position-and reaction-specific (i.e., for the same reaction, each molecular position has a different isotope effect, and the same position shows different isotope effects in different reactions).”
The paper relies on this without support.
All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.
“All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.”

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GUIDE TO THE EXPRESSION OF UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
Standard, S. (2006) · Cited by 6,460
Isotopic Patterns in Modern Global Precipitation
Różański, K., Araguás‐Araguás, L., & Gonfiantini, R. (2011) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/gm078p0001 · Cited by 2,011
Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., Bièvre, P. D., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., et al. (2016) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503 · Cited by 1,689
Self-citation
Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)
Müller, P. (1994) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac199466051077 · Cited by 1,606
Quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry
Renner, T. (2007) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781847557889 · Cited by 1,280
Standards for stable isotope measurements in natural compounds
Gonfiantini, R. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/271534a0 · Cited by 1,082 · cited 1×
“5 % relative to VSMOW, respectively.([40]) To keep the value ‘11.”
Background
Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements
Mariotti, A. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/303685a0 · Cited by 908 · cited 1×
“Current published guidelines for some common d measurements include: for d(2)H measurements,([41]) d(13)C measurements,([42]) d(15)N measurements,([43]) d(18)O measurements,([41]) and d(34)S measurements.”
Background
New Guidelines for δ 13 C Measurements
Coplen, T. B., Brand, W. A., Gehre, M., Gröning, M., Meijer, H. A. J., Toman, B., & Verkouteren, R. M. (2006) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac052027c · Cited by 906
Self-citation
New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data
Coplen, T. B. (1996) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00263-3 · Cited by 862
Self-citation
A Component of Primitive Nuclear Composition in Carbonaceous Meteorites
Clayton, R. N., Grossman, L., & Mayeda, T. K. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.182.4111.485 · Cited by 798 · cited 1×
“Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen,([32,33]) sulfur, and mercury.”
Background

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Show all 42 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

BIPM.The International System of Units (SI) 8th edition brochure (in English);2006. Available:http://www.bipm.org/.
IUPAC.Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed. (the ‘Gold Book’). Compiled by A. D. McNaught A. Wilkinson.Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 1997. XML on‐line corrected version:http://goldbook.iupac.org(2006) created by M. Nic J. Jirat B. Kosata. Updates compiled by A. Jenkins.
Friedman I., 1977, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440–KK, Data of Geochemistry
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Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,821

Quantifying nitrate pollution sources of shallow groundwater and related health risks based on deterministic and Monte Carlo models: A study in Huaibei mining area, Huaibei coalfield, China
Qiu, H., Gui, H., Xu, H., et al. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114434 · Cited by 43
Toward a common methodological framework for the sampling, extraction, and isotopic analysis of water in the Critical Zone to study vegetation water use
Ceperley, N., Gimeno, T. E., Jacobs, S., et al. (2024) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water · doi:10.1002/wat2.1727 · Cited by 43
Isotopic fractionation of tritium in biological systems
Goff, P. L., Fromm, M., Vichot, L., et al. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.020 · Cited by 43
“Delta values may also be expressed relative to an international measurement standard (Coplen 2011).”
Exploring the metabolic potential of microbial communities in ultra‐basic, reducing springs at The Cedars, CA, USA: Experimental evidence of microbial methanogenesis and heterotrophic acetogenesis
Kohl, L., Cumming, E. A., Cox, A., Rietze, A., Morrissey, L. S., Lang, S. Q., Richter, A. A., Suzuki, S., Nealson, K. H., & Morrill, P. L. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2015jg003233 · Cited by 41
“…carbon and V-SMOW for hydrogen isotopes: δnX ¼ Rsam Rstd 1 (4) where X is the element (i.e., C, H, or O), n is the heavy isotope (i.e., 13, 2, and 18, respectively) of the element, and Rsam and Rstd are the ratio of heavy to light isotopes for the sample and standard, respectively [Coplen, 2011].”
Background
Isotopic characterization of vanillin ex glucose by GC-IRMS - New challenge for natural vanilla flavour authentication?
Wilde, A. S., Frandsen, H. L., Fromberg, A., Smedsgaard, J., & Greule, M. (2019) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106735 · Cited by 41
Stable carbon isotope ratio analysis of anhydrosugars in biomass burning aerosol particles from source samples.
Sang, X.-F., Gensch, I., Laumer, W., Kammer, B., Chan, C., Engling, G., Wahner, A., Wissel, H., & Kiendler-Scharr, A. (2012) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/es204094v · Cited by 44
Stable Isotopes Provide Insight into Population Structure and Segregation in Eastern North Atlantic Sperm Whales
Borrell, A., Velásquez, A., Pinela, A. M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082398 · Cited by 43
Trophic specializations of damselfishes are tightly associated with reef habitats and social behaviours
Gajdzik, L., Parmentier, É., Sturaro, N., & Frédérich, B. (2016) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-016-3020-x · Cited by 42
“Isotope ratios were conventionally expressed as δ values in ‰ relative to the vPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) for carbon (C), atmospheric N2 for nitrogen (N) and Canon Diablo troilite (CDT) for sulphur (S) (Coplen 2011).”
Method
Compound specific isotope analysis of organophosphorus pesticides
Wu, L., Yao, J., Trebše, P., Zhang, N., & Richnow, H. H. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.037 · Cited by 41
Origin of gaseous hydrocarbons, noble gases, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in Carboniferous and Permian strata of the distal part of the Polish Basin: Geological and isotopic approach
Kotarba, M. J., Nagao, K., & Karnkowski, P. H. (2014) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.06.012 · Cited by 42
Carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation of benzene and toluene during hydrophobic sorption in multistep batch experiments
Imfeld, G., Kopinke, F., Fischer, A., & Richnow, H. H. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.063 · Cited by 42
“The carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios were expressed in the delta notation (d(13)C and d(2)H) in per mil units (‰) relative to the international standards according to the following equation (Coplen, 2011):”
Method
Predicting leaf wax n‐alkane 2 H /1 H ratios: controlled water source and humidity experiments with hydroponically grown trees confirm predictions of C raig– G ordon model
Tipple, B. J., Berke, M. A., Hambach, B., et al. (2014) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.12457 · Cited by 42
“As with delta values, epsilon values are reported in per mil notation, which implies a factor of 1000 (Coplen 2011).”
Background
Effects of mistletoe removal on growth, N and C reserves, and carbon and oxygen isotope composition in Scots pine hosts
Yan, C., Geßler, A., Rigling, A., et al. (2016) · Tree Physiology · doi:10.1093/treephys/tpw024 · Cited by 42
“Carbon isotopic values were expressed in δ notation relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard ( Coplen 2011).”
Method
Abundances of isotopologues and calibration of CO 2 greenhouse gas measurements
Tans, P., Crotwell, A., & Thoning, K. (2017) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-10-2669-2017 · Cited by 44
“In addition, in this paper we need to distinguish between isotope-amount fractions within CO2 (denoted “x” above in 20 accordance with Coplen (2011)) of isotopes (and isotopologues) from mole fraction in air.”
Background
Depositional environment and hydrocarbon source potential of the Lower Miocene oil shale deposit in the Aleksinac Basin (Serbia)
Bechtel, A., Oberauer, K., Kostić, A., Gratzer, R., Milisavljević, V., Aleksić, N., Stojanović, K., Groß, D., & Sachsenhofer, R. F. (2017) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.10.009 · Cited by 42
Stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur and mercury concentrations as descriptors of trophic ecology and contamination sources of Mediterranean whales
Pinzone, M., Damseaux, F., Michel, L. N., et al. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124448 · Cited by 42
Spatial, seasonal and individual variation in the diet of White‐tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla assessed using stable isotope ratios
Nadjafzadeh, M. N., Voigt, C. C., & Krone, O. (2015) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.12311 · Cited by 42
“The isotope ratios were reported as d-values and expressed as relative difference per mil (&) according to the following equation, shortened according to Coplen (2011):”
Method
Small-scale studies of roasted ore waste reveal extreme ranges of stable mercury isotope signatures
Smith, R. S., Wiederhold, J. G., Jew, A. D., et al. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.037 · Cited by 41
Characterization of the last deglacial transition in tropical East Africa: Insights from Lake Albert
Berke, M. A., Johnson, T. C., Werne, J. P., Livingstone, D. A., Grice, K., Schouten, S., & Damsté, J. S. S. (2014) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.04.014 · Cited by 43
Validation of user- and environmentally friendly extraction and clean-up methods for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in soils
Ivdra, N., Martín, S. H., & Fischer, A. (2014) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.014 · Cited by 42
“Carbon isotope ratios were expressed in delta 161 notation (δ(13)C) relative to V-PDB according to equation (1) [51]: 162”
Method
Dominant amphipods of P osidonia oceanicaseagrass meadows display considerable trophic diversity
Michel, L. N., Dauby, P., Gobert, S., Graeve, M., Nyssen, F., Thelen, N., & Lepoint, G. (2014) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/maec.12194 · Cited by 41
“Isotopic ratios were expressed using the widespread d relative notation (Coplen 2011).”
Method
Calibration of isotopologue-specific optical trace gas analysers: a practical guide
GRIFFITH, D. W. T. (2018) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-11-6189-2018 · Cited by 41
Dual Carbon–Chlorine Isotope Analysis Indicates Distinct Anaerobic Dichloromethane Degradation Pathways in Two Members of Peptococcaceae
Chen, G., Shouakar‐Stash, O., Phillips, E., Justicia-Leon, S. D., Gilevska, T., Lollar, B. S., Mack, E. E., Seger, E. S., & Löffler, F. E. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01583 · Cited by 42
Economic and socio-cultural consequences of changing political rule on human and faunal diets in medieval Valencia (c. fifth–fifteenth century AD) as evidenced by stable isotopes
Alexander, M., Gutiérrez, A., Millard, A. R., et al. (2019) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00810-x · Cited by 41
“Stable isotope ratios were reported as δ values expressed as per mille (‰) deviation from the international standards VPDB (carbon) and AIR (nitrogen) following the equation (δ= (Rsample− Rstandard) Rstandard) (Coplen 2011).”
Method
Benthification, biotic homogenization behind the trophic downgrading in altered ecosystems
Bezerra, L. A. V., Ribeiro, V. M., Freitas, M. O., Kaufman, L., Padial, A. A., & Vitule, J. R. S. (2019) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2757 · Cited by 41
An overview of contemporary advances in the usage of 15N natural abundance (δ15N) as a tracer of agro-ecosystem N cycle processes that impact the environment
Chalk, P. M., Inácio, C. T., & Chen, D. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.106570 · Cited by 41
Ecosystem functioning in urban grasslands: The role of biodiversity, plant invasions and urbanization
Onandía, G., Schittko, C., Ryo, M., Bernard‐Verdier, M., Heger, T., Joshi, J., Kowarik, I., & Geßler, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225438 · Cited by 42
“where Rsample is the isotopic ratio ( (13)C/(12)C or (15)N/(14)N) of the sample and Rreference is the known isotopic ratio of the standard [86].”
Background
Using stable isotope labeling approach and two dimensional correlation spectroscopy to explore the turnover cycles of different carbon structures in extracellular polymeric substances
Maqbool, T., Cho, J.-W., Shin, K., & Hur, J. (2019) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115355 · Cited by 42
Insolation and Greenhouse Gas Forcing of the South American Monsoon System Across Three Glacial‐Interglacial Cycles
Hou, A., Bahr, A., Raddatz, J., et al. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl087948 · Cited by 41
“Values are reported in the standard delta notation in per mil (‰) versus Vienna Standard Mean Ocean (VSMOW) following Coplen (2011).”
Background
Organic geochemical study of source rocks and natural gas and their genetic correlation in the eastern part of the Polish Outer Carpathians and Palaeozoic–Mesozoic basement
Kotarba, M. J., Więcław, D., Dziadzio, P. S., et al. (2014) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.03.014 · Cited by 41
Organic geochemical study of source rocks and natural gas and their genetic correlation in the central part of the Polish Outer Carpathians
Kotarba, M. J., Więcław, D., Dziadzio, P. S., et al. (2013) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.04.018 · Cited by 40
Distribution and origin of dissolved methane, ethane and propane in shallow groundwater of Lower Saxony, Germany
Schlömer, S., Elbracht, J., Blumenberg, M., et al. (2016) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.02.005 · Cited by 40
A review of flavors authentication by position‐specific isotope analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: the example of vanillin
Remaud, G. S., & Akoka, S. (2016) · Flavour and Fragrance Journal · doi:10.1002/ffj.3366 · Cited by 40
Obtaining Accurate Isotopic Compositions with the Double Spike Technique: Practical Considerations
Klaver, M., & Coath, C. D. (2018) · Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research · doi:10.1111/ggr.12248 · Cited by 40
“A clear advantage of this approach is that 107 the absolute composition of the reference material need not be known as long as results are expressed as the 108 relative difference of an isotopic ratio (δ notation; Coplen 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Trophic resource use by macrozoobenthic primary consumers within a semi-enclosed coastal ecosystem: Stable isotope and fatty acid assessment
Dubois, S., Blanchet, H., Garcia, A., Massé, M., Galois, R., Grémare, A., Charlier, K., Guillou, G., Richard, P. J., & Savoye, N. (2014) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/j.seares.2014.01.004 · Cited by 39
Drivers of ecosystem and climate change in tropical West Africa over the past ∼540 000 years
Miller, C., Gosling, W. D., Kemp, D. B., et al. (2016) · Journal of Quaternary Science · doi:10.1002/jqs.2893 · Cited by 39
Interactive Effects of CO2 Concentration and Water Regime on Stable Isotope Signatures, Nitrogen Assimilation and Growth in Sweet Pepper
Serret, M. D., Yousfi, S., Vicente, R., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.02180 · Cited by 39
“Results were expressed as δ18O values, using two secondary standards (IAEA 601 and IAEA 602) calibrated against Vienna Standard Mean Oceanic Water (VSMOW) (Coplen, 2011); the analytical precision was ≈ 0.25%.”
MethodInfluential
Water and sediment as sources of phosphate in aquatic ecosystems: The Detroit River and its role in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Colborne, S. F., Maguire, T. J., Mayer, B., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.029 · Cited by 39
“Nitrogen isotope ratios are measured with respect to air and oxygen isotope ratios with respect to Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Stable isotope analysis reveals trophic diversity and partitioning in territorial damselfishes on a low-latitude coral reef
Eurich, J. G., Matley, J. K., Baker, R. J., McCormick, M. I., & Jones, G. P. (2019) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-018-3463-3 · Cited by 39
Assessing nutrient dynamics in mangrove porewater and adjacent tidal creek using nitrate dual-stable isotopes: A new approach to challenge the Outwelling Hypothesis?
Taillardat, P., Ziegler, A. D., Friess, D. A., et al. (2019) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103662 · Cited by 39
Estuarine habitats structure zooplankton communities: Implications for the pelagic trophic pathways
David, V., Selleslagh, J., Nowaczyk, A., Dubois, S., Bachelet, G., Blanchet, H., Gouillieux, B., Lavesque, N., Leconte, M., Savoye, N., et al. (2016) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.022 · Cited by 44
Mass bias stabilization by Mg doping for Si stable isotope analysis by MC-ICP-MS
Oelze, M., Schuessler, J. A., & von Blanckenburg, F. (2016) · Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry · doi:10.1039/c6ja00218h · Cited by 39
Stable isotope ratio analysis of different European raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, currants and strawberries
Perini, M., Giongo, L., Grisenti, M., Bontempo, L., & Camin, F. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.023 · Cited by 39
Discovering Nature’s Fingerprints: Isotope Ratio Analysis on Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometers
Neubauer, C., Kantnerová, K., Lamothe, A., Savarino, J., Hilkert, A. W., Juchelka, D., Hinrichs, K., Elvert, M., Heuer, V. B., Elsner, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1021/jasms.2c00363 · Cited by 46
Metabolic associations with archaea drive shifts in hydrogen isotope fractionation in sulfate‐reducing bacterial lipids in cocultures and methane seeps
Dawson, K. S., Osburn, M. R., Sessions, A. L., & Orphan, V. J. (2015) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12140 · Cited by 35
“Fractionation between lipids and culture water was calculated as el-w = (al-w 1), where a = [(dl + 1)/ (dw + 1)] and are reported in & as per Coplen (2011).”
Background
Examining social and cultural differentiation in early Bronze Age China using stable isotope analysis and mortuary patterning of human remains at Xin’anzhuang, Yinxu
Cheung, C., Jing, Z., Tang, J., Yue, Z., & Richards, M. P. (2015) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-015-0302-z · Cited by 37
The effects of Porapak™ trap temperature on δ(18)O, δ(13)C, and Δ47 values in preparing samples for clumped isotope analysis.
Petersen, S., Winkelstern, I., Lohmann, K. C., & Meyer, K. W. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7438 · Cited by 34
“The factor of 1000 commonly found at the end of this equation([11,14]) has again been removed to conform with IUPAC notation guidelines.([13]) Contaminants that have a small but relevant effect on ∆47 will often have an order of magnitude larger effect on ∆48([6]), making it a good diagnostic for contamination.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pitfalls and New Mechanisms in Moss Isotope Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition
Liu, X., Koba, K., Liu, C., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es300779h · Cited by 38
Water-rock interaction and methanogenesis in formation water in the southeast Huaibei coalfield, China
Li, Q., Ju, Y., Lu, W., et al. (2016) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.06.021 · Cited by 38
Characterizing the Qinghai Lake watershed using oxygen-18 and deuterium stable isotopes
Wu, H., Li, X., He, B., Li, J., Xiao, X., Liu, L., & Liu, J. (2017) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2017.03.010 · Cited by 40
Atmospheric SO2 oxidation by NO2 plays no role in the mass independent sulfur isotope fractionation of urban aerosols
Yang, D. A., Bardoux, G., Assayag, N., Laskar, C., Wîdory, D., & Cartigny, P. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.007 · Cited by 39
Carbon isotope compositions of whole wine, wine solid residue, and wine ethanol, determined by EA/IRMS and GC/C/IRMS, can record the vine water status—a comparative reappraisal
Spangenberg, J. E., & Zufferey, V. (2019) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-019-01625-4 · Cited by 38
Plant hosts control microbial denitrification activity
Achouak, W., Abrouk, D., Guyonnet, J. P., Barakat, M., Ortet, P., Simon, L., Lerondelle, C., Heulin, T., & Haichar, F. E. Z. (2019) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz021 · Cited by 40
Qualitative identification of hydrologically different water sources used by plants in rock-dominated environments
Nie, Y., Chen, H., Ding, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.097 · Cited by 38
Modeling of stable isotope and multi-element compositions of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) for origin traceability of protected geographical indication (PGI) products in Xinjiang, China
Wang, C., He, W., Zhao, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103577 · Cited by 38
Cu, Fe, and Zn isotope ratios in murine Alzheimer's disease models suggest specific signatures of amyloidogenesis and tauopathy
Solovyev, N. D., El‐Khatib, A. H., Costas‐Rodríguez, M., Schwab, K., Griffin, E., Raab, A., Platt, B., Theuring, F., Vogl, J., & Vanhaecke, F. (2021) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100292 · Cited by 39
Ecological and spatial variations of legacy and emerging contaminants in white-tailed sea eagles from Germany: Implications for prioritisation and future risk management
Badry, A., Treu, G., Gkotsis, G., Nika, M., Alygizakis, N. A., Τhomaidis, Ν. S., Voigt, C. C., & Krone, O. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106934 · Cited by 36
“…isotope ratios were reported as δ-values and expressed as relative difference per mil [‰] according to the following equation, shortened according to Coplen (2011): δX = Rsample = Rstandard – 1, where X is 13C or 15N, Rsample is the corresponding ratio 13C/12C or 15N/14N, and Rstandard refers to…”
Method
Trophic niche overlap between round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) and sympatric pelagic fish species in the Western Mediterranean
Bachiller, E., Giménez, J., Albo‐Puigserver, M., Pennino, M. G., Marí‐Mena, N., Esteban, A., Lloret‐Lloret, E., Bellido-Millán, J. M., & Marta Coll, M. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8293 · Cited by 36
Spatial differentiation of sediment organic matter isotopic composition and inferred sources in a temperate forest lake catchment
Douglas, P., Stratigopoulos, E., Park, S., & Keenan, B. (2022) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.120887 · Cited by 37
Application of Water Quality Index as a vulnerability indicator to determine seawater intrusion in unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers in a tropical coastal region of Sri Lanka
Chandrajith, R., Bandara, U. G. C., Diyabalanage, S., et al. (2022) · Groundwater for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100831 · Cited by 38
Effects of estradiol, estrogen receptor subtype-selective agonists and genistein on glucose metabolism in leptin resistant female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats
Weigt, C., Hertrampf, T., Flenker, U., Hülsemann, F., Kurnaz, P., Fritzemeier, K. H., & Diel, P. R. (2015) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.002 · Cited by 38
Calibration and data processing in gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Zhang, Y., Tobias, H. J., Sacks, G. L., et al. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.394 · Cited by 38
Chemodenitrification in the cryoecosystem of Lake Vida, Victoria Valley, Antarctica
Ostrom, N. E., Gandhi, H., Trubl, G., & Murray, A. E. (2016) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12190 · Cited by 38
“Note that we are following the convention that the use of & after d values implies a factor of 1000 (Coplen, 2011).”
BackgroundMethod
A comprehensive investigation of Bronze Age human dietary strategies from different altitudinal environments in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor
Wang, W., Liu, Y., Duan, F., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Reid, R. E. B., Zhang, M., Dong, W., Wang, Y., Ruan, Q., et al. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105201 · Cited by 36
Stable isotopic and elemental characteristics with chemometrics for the geographical origin authentication of Dendrobium officinale at two spatial scales
Xiong, F., Yuan, Y., Li, C., et al. (2022) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113871 · Cited by 37
Perfluoroalkylated compounds in the eggs and feathers of resident and migratory seabirds from the Antarctic Peninsula
Padilha, J. D. A. G., de Carvalho, G. O., Willems, T., Lepoint, G., da Cunha, L. S. T., Pessôa, A. R. L., Eens, M., Prinsen, E., Costa, E. S., Torres, J. P. M., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114157 · Cited by 38
Subducted carbonates not required: Deep mantle melting explains stable Ca isotopes in kimberlite magmas
Antonelli, M. A., Giuliani, A., Wang, Z., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.03.025 · Cited by 37
Investigations on hydrogen isotope ratios of endogenous urinary steroids: reference‐population‐based thresholds and proof‐of‐concept
Piper, T., Thomas, A., Thevis, M., & Saugy, M. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1416 · Cited by 37
Bulk C, H, O, and fatty acid C stable isotope analyses for purity assessment of vegetable oils from the southern and northern hemispheres
Spangenberg, J. E. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7734 · Cited by 37
Mg Isotope Fractionation during Uptake by a Rock-Inhabiting, Model Microcolonial Fungus Knufia petricola at Acidic and Neutral pH
Pokharel, R., Gerrits, R., Schuessler, J. A., Floor, G. H., Gorbushina, A. A., & von Blanckenburg, F. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b01798 · Cited by 37
Geochemical, isotopic and hydrological mass balance approaches to constrain the lake water–groundwater interaction in Dal Lake, Kashmir Valley
Saleem, M., & Jeelani, G. (2017) · Environmental Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6865-5 · Cited by 37
“Using these isotopes (d18O or d2H) isotope-balance approaches (Coplen, 2011; Sacks et al. 2014; Jeelani et al. 2015) have been used in numerous hydrological studies to quantify groundwater inflow to lakes (Turner et al. 1984; Krabbenhoft et al. 1990; LaBaugh et al. 1997).”
Method
Extreme spatial variation of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic signatures and 48 element mass fractions in surface sediment of the Elbe River Estuary - Suitable tracers for processes in dynamic environments?
Reese, A., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.401 · Cited by 37
Using an apex predator for large-scale monitoring of trace element contamination: Associations with environmental, anthropogenic and dietary proxies
Badry, A., Palma, L., Beja, P. R., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.217 · Cited by 37
“Isotopic ratios were conventionally expressed as δ values in‰ relative to the vPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) for C, atmospheric N2 for N and CDT (Canon Diablo Troilite) for S (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Comparative study of nutritional mode and mycorrhizal fungi in green and albino variants of Goodyera velutina, an orchid mainly utilizing saprotrophic rhizoctonia
Suetsugu, K., Yamato, M., Matsubayashi, J., et al. (2019) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15213 · Cited by 37
“The relative abundances of the stable isotopes were calculated as δ15N or δ13C = Rsample/Rstandard − 1, where Rsample is the 13C/12C or 15N/14N ratio of the sample, and Rstandard is the 13C/12C ratio of Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) or the 15N/14N ratio of atmospheric nitrogen (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
The role of soluble sugars during drought in tropical tree seedlings with contrasting tolerances
O’Brien, M. J., Valtat, A., Abiven, S., Studer, M. S., Ong, R. C., & Schmid, B. (2020) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtaa017 · Cited by 38
“The atom fraction within each plant organ was calculated following Coplen (2011): x13C = 1 1+ 1((δ13C/1000)+1)× RV-PDB These values were used to calculate the amount of isotope contributed by previously stored sugars using the mixing models described in Dawson et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Vertical mobility of pyrogenic organic matter in soils: a column experiment
Schiedung, M., Bellè, S.-L., Sigmund, G., Kalbitz, K., & Abiven, S. (2020) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-17-6457-2020 · Cited by 37
Carbon allocation dynamics in conifers and broadleaved tree species revealed by pulse labeling and mass balance
Rog, I., Jakoby, G., & Klein, T. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119258 · Cited by 40
“Isotopic composition of the different pools and fluxes are presented in δ-notation in per mill units (‰) relative to the VPDB standard. δ13C values were transformed into atom fraction as contribution of 13C atoms number to the total C atoms (Coplen, 2011).”
Method
Measurements and applications of δ2H values of wood lignin methoxy groups for paleoclimatic studies
Greule, M., Wieland, A., & Keppler, F. (2021) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107107 · Cited by 36
Potentials and caveats with oxygen and sulfur stable isotope analyses in authenticity and origin checks of food and food commodities
Krivachy, N., Roßmann, A., & Schmidt, H. (2014) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.002 · Cited by 37
Carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotopic ratios of filter-feeding bivalves along the French coasts: An assessment of specific, geographic, seasonal and multi-decadal variations
Briant, N., Savoye, N., Chouvelon, T., et al. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.281 · Cited by 37
The IsoArcH initiative: Working towards an open and collaborative isotope data culture in bioarchaeology
Plomp, E., Stantis, C., James, H. F., Cheung, C., Snoeck, C., Kootker, L. M., Kharobi, A., Borges, C., Reynaga, D. K. M., Pospieszny, Ł., et al. (2022) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108595 · Cited by 43
Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Body Water and Hair: Modeling Isotope Dynamics in Nonhuman Primates
O’Grady, S. P., Valenzuela, L. O., Remien, C. H., Enright, L. E., Jorgensen, M. J., Kaplan, J. R., Wagner, J. D., Cerling, T. E., & Ehleringer, J. R. (2012) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22019 · Cited by 36
“Stable isotope abundances are reported in δnotation as parts per thousands (‰), where δsample = (Rsample / Rstandard − 1) × 1000 (1) and Rsample and Rstandard are the molar ratios of the rare-to-abundant isotope (e.g., 2H/1H) in the sample and standard, respectively [Coplen, 2011].”
BackgroundMethod
Oxygen isotope anomaly observed in water vapor from Alert, Canada and the implication for the stratosphere
Lin, Y., Clayton, R. N., Huang, L., Nakamura, N., & Lyons, J. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1313014110 · Cited by 36
Mean annual temperatures of mid-latitude regions derived from δ2H values of wood lignin methoxyl groups and its implications for paleoclimate studies
Anhäuser, T., Greule, M., Polag, D., et al. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.189 · Cited by 36
Carbon, Hydrogen and Chlorine Stable Isotope Fingerprinting for Forensic Investigations of Hexachlorocyclohexanes
Ivdra, N., Fischer, A., Martín, S. H., Giunta, T., Bonifacie, M., & Richnow, H. H. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03039 · Cited by 37
Stable isotope reversal and evolution of gas during the hydrous pyrolysis of continental kerogen in source rocks under supercritical conditions
Wu, Y., Zhang, Z., Sun, L., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Coal Geology · doi:10.1016/j.coal.2019.03.004 · Cited by 36
Nitrogen and Phosphorus effect on Sun-Induced Fluorescence and Gross Primary Productivity in Mediterranean Grassland
Martini, D., Pacheco-Labrador, J., Pérez-Priego, Ó., van der Tol, C., El-Madany, T., Julitta, T., Rossini, M., Reichstein, M., Christiansen, R., Rascher, U., et al. (2019) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs11212562 · Cited by 29
Lipid Profiling and Stable Isotopic Data Analysis for Differentiation of Extra Virgin Olive Oils Based on Their Origin
Lukić, I., Ros, A. D., Guella, G., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25010004 · Cited by 36
“The values were denoted in delta in relation to the international V-PDB (Vienna-Pee Dee Belemnite) for δ13C and Vienna-standard mean ocean water (V-SMOW) for δ18O and δ2H, according to the following general equation: δi E = (i RSA − i RREF), where i is the mass number of the heavier isotope of element E, RSA is the re…”
Method
Hydrological Modeling to Assess the Efficiency of Groundwater Replenishment through Natural Reservoirs in the Hungarian Drava River Floodplain
Salem, A., Dezső, J., El-Rawy, M., et al. (2020) · Water · doi:10.3390/w12010250 · Cited by 36
The roles of vegetation, tide and sediment in the variability of carbon in the salt marsh dominated tidal creeks
Tan, L.-S., Ge, Z.-M., Bei-li, F., et al. (2020) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106752 · Cited by 36
Illuminating isotopic offset between bulk soil water and xylem water under different soil water conditions
Zhao, Y. J., Dai, J., Tang, Y., et al. (2022) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109150 · Cited by 35
High‐precision zinc isotope measurement of chemically different geostandards by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Liu, S., Li, D., Liu, W., et al. (2023) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.9606 · Cited by 35
Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry of recalcitrant target compounds: performance of different combustion reactors and strategies for standardization
Reinnicke, S., Juchelka, D., Steinbeiss, S., Meyer, A. H., Hilkert, A. W., & Elsner, M. (2012) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.6199 · Cited by 34
“relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (V-PDB) and AIR-N2, respectively,([35,36]) where d(13)C is expressed as:”
Conditions to obtain precise and true measurements of the intramolecular 13C distribution in organic molecules by isotopic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
Bayle, K., Gilbert, A., Julien, M., et al. (2014) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.018 · Cited by 35
δ 15N measurement of organic and inorganic substances by EA-IRMS: a speciation-dependent procedure
Gentile, N., Rossi, M. J., Delémont, O., et al. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6471-z · Cited by 35
Grassland to woodland transitions: Dynamic response of microbial community structure and carbon use patterns
Creamer, C. A., Filley, T. R., Boutton, T. W., & Rowe, H. I. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2016jg003347 · Cited by 35
“…of SOC and total N and δ13C values of SOC were measured in duplicate on the ground soils using a CHN elemental analyzer (Sercon Ltd., Crewe, UK) interfaced to the 20/22 IRMS. δ13C values are expressed relative to the international Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) standard [Coplen, 2011].”
Method
Illitization decrypted by B and Li isotope geochemistry of nanometer-sized illite crystals from bentonite beds, East Slovak Basin
Clauer, N., Williams, L. B., Lemarchand, D., et al. (2017) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.027 · Cited by 35
Anaerobic biotransformation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by Dehalococcoides species and an enrichment culture
Bashir, S., Kuntze, K., Vogt, C., et al. (2018) · Biodegradation · doi:10.1007/s10532-018-9838-9 · Cited by 35
“The carbon isotope enrichment factor (ec) was determined by the logarithmic form of the Rayleigh equation (Coplen 2011), plotting ln(Ct/C0) versus ln[(dt 13C ?”
Method
Isotope discrimination by form IC RubisCO from Ralstonia eutropha and Rhodobacter sphaeroides , metabolically versatile members of ‘ Proteobacteria ’ from aquatic and soil habitats
Thomas, P. J., Boller, A. J., Satagopan, S., et al. (2018) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14423 · Cited by 35
Calcium Isotopes in Human Urine as a Diagnostic Tool for Bone Loss: Additional Evidence for Time Delays in Bone Response to Experimental Bed Rest
Heuser, A., Frings‐Meuthen, P., Rittweger, J., & Galer, S. J. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00012 · Cited by 35
“All results are reported using the common δ notation for stable isotope variations (Eisenhauer et al., 2004; Coplen, 2011). δ44/42Ca values (in per mil, h) were expressed according to: δ44/42Ca = [(44Ca/42Ca)sample / (44Ca/42Ca)reference) − 1] × 1000 (1) Here, the reference material used for “zero…”
Method

Authors: Coplen, T. B.
Affiliations: United States Geological Survey (US)
Corresponding author: Coplen, Tyler B.
ORCID: Coplen, Tyler B.
Venue: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-08-19
Volume: 25
Issue: 17
Pages: 2538-2560
ISSN: 0951-4198 (ISSN-L)
1097-0231
DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5129
OpenAlex: W2123004271
Cited by: 1,831
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 118 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 77.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Geological Survey
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemistry and Stereochemistry Studies
Keywords: stable isotope ratios, gas mixture ratio, isotope ratio measurement, terminology, SI units, VIM, IUPAC recommendations

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Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results

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