SmallSats: a new technological frontier in ecology and conservation?
Open accessAbstract
We are in the midst of a revolution in satellite technology, with the rapid development and advancement of small satellites (or SmallSats, i.e., satellites <180 kg). Here, we review the opportunities and challenges that such technology might afford in the field of conservation and ecology. SmallSat constellations may yield higher resolutions than those that are currently available to scientists and practitioners, increasing opportunities to improve environmental‐monitoring and animal‐tracking capabilities. They may cut access costs to end users, by reducing operational costs and bringing increased competition to the existing market. Their greater flexibility and affordability may moreover enable the development of bespoke constellations for specific conservation and ecological applications, and provide greater interoperability with ground‐based sensors, such as tracking devices and camera traps. In addition, SmallSats may serve as cost‐effective research and development platforms for new components and products. Combined, these benefits could significantly improve our ability to monitor threats to the environment as they unfold, while enhancing our understanding of animal ecology and ecosystem dynamics. However, significant hardware and software developments are required before such technology is able to produce, process and handle reliable and cost‐effective data, and the initial research and development costs still represent a major challenge. Further, we argue that much remains to be done to ensure these new data products become accessible, equitable and sustainable.
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From A Comprehensive Survey on TinyML (2023) · cites this paper as [88]
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Lazreg, N., Bahri, O. B., & Besbes, K. (2017) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.11.019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Paradigm Change in Earth Observation - Skybox Imaging and SkySat-1
Dyer, J., & McClelland, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-34024-1_5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Author Correction: Finding Plastic Patches in Coastal Waters using Optical Satellite Data
Biermann, L., Clewley, D., Martínez-Vicente, V., & Topouzelis, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64889-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Doing Science with Nano-satellites
Gregorio, A., Cuttin, A., Fragiacomo, M., & Messerotti, M. (2017) · Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56218-6_16 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Design and Evaluation of a Low-Cost CubeSat Communication Relay Constellation
Perea-Tamayo, R., Fuchs, C. M., Ergetu, E., & Li, B. (2018) · IEEE MTT-S Latin America Microwave Conference (LAMC) · doi:10.1109/lamc.2018.8699047 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
CubeSat-Scale High-Speed Laser Downlinks
Welle, R., Janson, S., Rowen, D. W., & Rose, T. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32817-1_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Automated Detection of Selective Logging Using SmallSat Imagery
Descals, A., Szantoi, Z., Beck, P. S. A., Brink, A. B., & Strobl, P. A. (2017) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2017.2720841 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Next up: a phone powered by microbial wires?
Pennisi, E. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.369.6506.904 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tracking telemetry and command using software defined radio with nano-satellite parameters
Wangsa, D. W., Syihabuddin, B., Edwar, & Wijanto, H. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/620/1/012095 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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A review on TinyML: State-of-the-art and prospects
Ray, P. P. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.11.019 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Survey on TinyML
Abadade, Y., Temouden, A., Bamoumen, H., Benamar, N., Chtouki, Y., & Hafid, A. S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294111 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
TinyML for Ultra-Low Power AI and Large Scale IoT Deployments: A Systematic Review
Schizas, N., Karras, A., Karras, C., & Sioutas, S. (2022) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi14120363 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Tiny Machine Learning: Progress and Futures [Feature]
Lin, J., Zhu, L., Chen, W.-M., Wang, W.-C., & Han, S. (2023) · IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcas.2023.3302182 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
TinyML: Tools, applications, challenges, and future research directions
Kallimani, R., Pai, K., Raghuwanshi, P., Iyer, S., & López, O. L. A. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16740-9 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Lake, T. A., Runquist, R. D. B., & Moeller, D. A. (2022) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.288 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ali, A., & Kaul, H. (2025) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs17020279 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Aneece, I. P., Foley, D., Thenkabail, P. S., Oliphant, A. J., & Teluguntla, P. G. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3204223 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Duncan, C., Primavera, J. H., Hill, N. A. O., Wodehouse, D. C. J., & Koldewey, H. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.775341 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationJustice and ethics in conservation remote sensing: Current discourses and research needs
York, N. D. L., Pritchard, R., Sauls, L. A., Enns, C., & Foster, T. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110319 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stoll, E., Roopsind, A., Maharaj, G., Velazco, S., & Caughlin, T. T. (2022) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.250 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Soltani, S., Feilhauer, H., Duker, R., & Kattenborn, T. (2022) · ISPRS Open Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.ophoto.2022.100016 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hanuš, J., Slezák, L., Fabiánek, T., Fajmon, L. (., Hanousek, T., Janoutová, R., Kopkáně, D., Novotný, J., Pavelka, K., Pikl, M., et al. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15123130 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Soltani, S., Ferlian, O., Eisenhauer, N., Feilhauer, H., & Kattenborn, T. (2024) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-21-2909-2024 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Remote Sensing That Makes Sense in Ecological Research—From Pixels to Conservation
Luiselli, L. M., & Pacini, N. (2025) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.70002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flamm, P., Lambach, D., Schaefer-Rolffs, U., Stolle, C., & Braun, V. (2024) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196241255088 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Analysis of Biological Images and Quantitative Monitoring Using Deep Learning and Computer Vision
Gálvez-Salido, A., Robles, F., Gonçalves, R. J., de la Herrán, R., Rejón, C. R., & Navajas‐Pérez, R. (2026) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging12020088 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A review of PlanetScope CubeSats for forest monitoring
Shields, S. G., Coops, N. C., Achim, A., Hamelin, R. C., & Mulverhill, C. (2025) · Science of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.srs.2025.100314 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Satellite Remote Sensing for Wildlife Research in the Polar Regions
Lynch, H. J. (2023) · Marine Technology Society Journal · doi:10.4031/mtsj.57.3.1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
On-Orbit Performance and Hyperspectral Data Processing of the TIRSAT CubeSat Mission
Aoyanagi, Y., Doi, T., Arai, H., Shimada, Y., Yasuda, M., Yamazaki, T., & Sawazaki, H. (2025) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs17111903 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Patricio-Valerio, L., Shaw, J. D. S., González, F., Robinson, S. A., & Helmstedt, K. J. (2022) · doi:10.31223/x5ds7q · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fine-scale mapping of ocean user groups to support species and habitat spatial management
Exeter, O. M., Branscombe, J., Broderick, A. C., Hooper, T., Maclennan, J., Russell, T., Sugar, K., Trevail, A. M., Webber, J., & Metcalfe, K. (2025) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106588 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flatt, E. J., Brumberg, H., Hidalgo, M., & Whitworth, A. W. (2024) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605324000097 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How commercial SmallSats are revolutionizing the remote detection and mapping of snow algae
Rand, C. F., & Khan, A. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Remote Sensing · doi:10.3389/frsen.2025.1572973 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gurkin, G., Efremov, A., Koryakina, I., Perchikov, R. N., Kharkova, A. S., Medvedeva, A. S., Fabiano, B., Reverberi, A. P., & Arlyapov, V. A. (2025) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels11110849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Soltani, S., Gillespie, L., Expósito‐Alonso, M., Ferlian, O., Eisenhauer, N., Feilhauer, H., & Kattenborn, T. (2025) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-22-6545-2025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hong, G., Yu, C., Lu, J., & Liu, L. (2026) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture16020191 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Langroudi, H. F., Karia, V., Pandit, T., Mashaido, B., & Kudithipudi, D. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09779-9_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Satellite Hands-On Learning Through ESAT Platform
Al-Mulla, Y. A., & Al-Alawi, M. (2024) · IEEE Mediterranean and Middle-East Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (M2GARSS) · doi:10.1109/m2garss57310.2024.10537352
Space 4.0 – a common, democratic European space, part 4
Romaniuk, R. S., & Orleański, P. (2025) · International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications · doi:10.24425/ijet.2025.153605
Application of Environmental Remote Sensing Data Fusion Technology in Ecological Monitoring
Zhou, W. (2025) · International Conference on Computer Science and Management Technology (ICCSMT) · doi:10.1145/3795154.3795388
Bayaraa, M., Sheil, B., & Rossi, C. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-51005-z
Self-citationMarine megafauna select pelagic habitats in a dynamic ocean
D’Antonio, B., Kavanaugh, M. T., Street, G. M., Andrews, R. D., Aoki, D. M., Gallagher, A. J., Lesage, V., Muller-Karger, F. E., Montes, E., Otis, D. B., et al. (2026) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-026-02428-6
Emerging innovations in movement ecology to address planetary challenges
Speaker, T., Beery, S., Davidson, S. C., Kays, R., Rutz, C., Solomon, J. N., Batist, C., & O'Donnell, S. A. L. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2026.1259
- Authors
- Curnick, D. J., Davies, A. J., Duncan, C., Freeman, R., Jacoby, D. M. P., Shelley, H. T. E., Rossi, C., Wearn, O. R., Williamson, M. J., & Pettorelli, N.
- Affiliations
- Zoological Society of London (GB)
- Arribada Initiative 25 Montague Road Manchester M33 3BU UK
- Iota Technology Unit 30, 5‐10 Corbridge Crescent London E2 9DS UK
- Satellite Applications Catapult (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Fauna and Flora International (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Curnick, David J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-150
- ISSN
- 2056-3485 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3203592713
- Semantic Scholar
- b3054be957218c269c696ee9b41e5b7f58a8eef8
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation Bertarelli
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/L002485/1)
- AXA Research Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft Design and Technology
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space exploration and regulation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Remote Sensing in Agriculture
- Keywords
- small satellites, satellite constellations, environmental monitoring, animal tracking, camera traps, conservation technology, ecosystem dynamics, research and development costs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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