Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 246

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Meta‐analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. I: Control of bias and comparison with large co‐operative trials

Chalmers, Thomas C., Levin, Howard, Sacks, Henry S., Reitman, Dinah, Berrier, Jayne, Nagalingam, Raguraman·1987·Statistics in Medicine
DOI 10.1002/sim.4780060320
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Meta‐analysis is an important method of bridging the gap between undersized randomized control trials and the treatment of patients. However, as in any retrospective study, the opportunities for bias to distort the results are widespread. Attempts must be made to introduce the controls found in prospective studies by blinding the selection of papers and extraction of data and making blinded duplicate determinations. Informal and personalized methods of obtaining data are probably more liable to error and bias than employing only published data. Publication bias is a serious problem requiring further research. There also need to be more comparisons of meta‐analysed small studies with large co‐operative trials.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/sim.4780060320

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 75

  1. 10.1146/annurev.pu.06.050185.000245 · DOI
  2. 10.1002/sim.4780030421 · DOI · Paper page
  3. 10.1038/bjc.1976.220 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 10.1038/bjc.1977.1 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 10.1016/S0197-2456(80)80006-7 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Glass G. V., 1981, Meta‐analysis in Social Research, 11
  7. Hedges L. V., 1985, Statistical Methods for Meta‐analysis
  8. Sacks H. S., 1985, Meta‐analyses of randomized control trials, Clinical Research, 33, 525A
  9. 10.1056/NEJM198702193160806 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Chalmers T. C., 1983, Clinical Trials: Issues and Approaches, 115
  11. 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90029-2 · DOI
  12. Chalmers T. C.‘Concluding session: general discussion’ in Chalmers T. C. and Amacher P. (eds.) ‘Conference on recent history of randomized clinical trials’ Controlled Clinical Trials 3 299–309(1982). · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(82)90013-7
  13. 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.6.942 · DOI · Paper page
  14. 10.1002/sim.4780060306 · DOI · Paper page
  15. 10.1002/sim.4780060308 · DOI · Paper page
  16. 10.1002/sim.4780060314 · DOI
  17. Chan S. S., 1982, The epidemiology of unpublished randomized control trials, Clinical Research, 30, 234A
  18. Dickersin K. Chan S. S. Chalmers T. C. Sacks H. S.andSmith H.Jr.‘Publication bias in randomized control trials’ Controlled Clinical Trials (in press).
  19. 10.1056/NEJM197602262940905 · DOI · Paper page
  20. 10.1056/NEJM198307073090105 · DOI · Paper page
  21. 10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80123-0 · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(81)80123-0
  22. 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)34653-0 · DOI
  23. 10.1037/h0083036 · DOI
  24. 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · DOI · Paper page
  25. 10.1002/sim.4780040103 · DOI
  26. Chalmers I. Hetherington J. Newdick M. Mutch L. Grant A. Enkin M. Enkin E.andDickersin K.‘The Oxford database of perinatal trials: Developing a register of published reports of controlled trials’ Controlled Clinical Trials (in press).
  27. 10.1016/0197-2456(85)90106-0 · DOI · Paper page
  28. 10.1056/NEJM198401053100103 · DOI · Paper page
  29. 10.1016/S0002-9149(84)80306-9 · DOI
  30. 10.1136/hrt.53.4.388 · DOI
  31. Yusuf S., 1983, Reduction in infarct size, arrhythmias and chest pain by early intravenous beta blockade in suspected acute myocardial infarction, Circulation, 67, I‐32
  32. 10.1136/bmj.286.6364.506 · DOI
  33. 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb02057.x · DOI
  34. 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)90231-7 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1161/01.CIR.57.6.1091 · DOI · Paper page
  36. 10.1136/hrt.43.6.617 · DOI
  37. 10.1136/bmj.4.5578.508 · DOI
  38. 10.1172/JCI109677 · DOI
  39. 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)90651-2 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Herlitz J., 1984, The Goteborg metoprolol trial in acute myocardial infarction, American Journal of Cardiology, 53, 1D
  41. 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92684-9 · DOI · Paper page
  42. 10.1136/hrt.45.5.583 · DOI
  43. Jurgensen H. J., 1984, Effect of acute and long‐term beta‐adrenergic blockade with alprenolol in definite or suspected myocardial infarction, Acta Medica Scandinavica, 680, 4
  44. 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91628-8 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Evemy K. L., 1978, Intravenous and oral practolol in the acute stages of myocardial infarction, European Journal of Cardiology, 7, 391
  46. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061844 · DOI
  47. The MIAMI Trial Research Group, 1985, MIAMI: Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction, American Journal of Cardiology, 56, 1G
  48. ISIS‐1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group, 1986, Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS‐1, Lancet, 2, 57
  49. 10.1136/bmj.3.5770.325 · DOI
  50. 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1971.tb04333.x · DOI
  51. 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92501-3 · DOI
  52. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90463-7 · DOI
  53. 10.1136/bmj.2.6044.1100 · DOI
  54. 10.1056/NEJM197910113011501 · DOI · Paper page
  55. The European Cooperative Study Group, 1981, Streptokinase in Acute myocardial infarction extended report of the European cooperative trial, Acta Medica Scandinavica, 648, 7
  56. Amery A., 1969, Single‐blind randomised multicentre trial comparing heparin and streptokinase treatment in recent myocardial infarction, Acta Medica Scandinavica, 505, 4
  57. 10.1056/NEJM198606053142301 · DOI · Paper page
  58. 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90001-3 · DOI
  59. Schmutzler R., 1971, Fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction, Thromb Diath Haemorrh, 47, 211
  60. Gormsen J., 1972, Biochemical evaluation of standard treatment with streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction, Acta Medica Scandinavica, 191, 77
  61. Gruppo Italiano Per Lo Studio Della Streptochinasi Nell'infarto Miocardico (GISSI), 1986, Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction, Lancet, 1, 397
  62. 10.1136/adc.61.2.196 · doi:10.1136/adc.61.2.196
  63. Bedard M. P., 1984, Effect of prophylactic phenobarbital on intraventricular hemorrhage in high‐risk infants, Pediatrics, 73, 435, 10.1542/peds.73.4.435 · doi:10.1542/peds.73.4.435
  64. 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91217-5 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91217-5
  65. Goldstein G. W., 1982, Further Observations on the use of phenobarbital to prevent neonatal intracranial hemorrhage, Pediatrics, 70, 1014, 10.1542/peds.70.6.1014 · doi:10.1542/peds.70.6.1014
  66. 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92357-1 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92357-1
  67. 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90470-0 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90470-0
  68. Morgan M. E. I., 1982, Does phenobarbitone prevent periventricular hemorrhage in very low‐birth‐weight babies?: A controlled trial, Pediatrics, 70, 186, 10.1542/peds.70.2.186 · doi:10.1542/peds.70.2.186
  69. 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92062-1 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92062-1
  70. 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90848-5 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90848-5
  71. 10.1055/s-2008-1033960 · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1033960
  72. 10.1055/s-2007-999915 · doi:10.1055/s-2007-999915
  73. Kuban K. C. K., 1986, Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and phenobarbital, Pediatrics, 77, 443, 10.1542/peds.77.4.443 · doi:10.1542/peds.77.4.443
  74. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061905 · DOI · Paper page
  75. 10.1056/NEJM198211043071904 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 246

Metadata

Authors
Chalmers, T. C., Levin, H., Sacks, H. S., Reitman, D., Berrier, J., & Nagalingam, R.
Venue
Statistics in Medicine
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1987-04
Volume
6
Issue
3
Pages
315-325
ISSN
  • 0277-6715 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-0258
DOI
10.1002/sim.4780060320
OpenAlex
W2105494532
Cited by
246
References
5
FWCI
13.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 7134 d)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.