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Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
The experience of burnout has been the focus of much research during the past few decades. Measures have been developed, as have various theoretical models, and research studies from many countries have contributed to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of this occupationally‐specific dysphoria. The majority of this work has focused on human service occupations, and particularly health care. Research on the burnout experience for psychiatrists mirrors much of the broader literature, in terms of both sources and outcomes of burnout. But it has also identified some of the unique stressors that mental health professionals face when they are dealing with especially difficult or violent clients. Current issues of particular relevance for psychiatry include the links between burnout and mental illness, the attempts to redefine burnout as simply exhaustion, and the relative dearth of evaluative research on potential interventions to treat and/or prevent burnout. Given that the treatment goal for burnout is usually to enable people to return to their job, and to be successful in their work, psychiatry could make an important contribution by identifying the treatment strategies that would be most effective in achieving that goal.
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“we measured burnout using the full 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel MBI-HSS (MP), a well-validated tool designed to investigate the three burnout dimensions, emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) [1].”
From Burnout among neurology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Emotional exhaustion is the key psychological dimension of burnout that is characterised by a stress reaction related to work demands and overload (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Both structured organizational interventions and individual-level coping approaches were reported, many of which were associated with improved resilience, engagement, and professional functioning, consistent with occupational health literature on proactive burnout mitigation (2–4).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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In the citing paper
“These findings are aligned with global evidence showing that organizational support reduces burnout risk and strengthens workforce resilience (2, 3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cyclical models of burnout (57) propose the decline in self-fulfillment as the final stage of the syndrome, following emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, conclude in a feeling of incompetence and lack of achievement at work, which negatively affects self-esteem and personal satisfaction (60).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Individuals affected by burnout are at risk of a range of associated outcomes that extend beyond the work context, including poor physical [6,12] and psychological health (including diminished well-being [13], depression [14,15], anxiety [16], and suicide [14,17]).”
From Evaluation of an App-Delivered Psychological Flexibility Skill Training Intervention for Medical Student Burnout and Well-being: Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Exhaustion is conceptually similar to a conventional stress variable and is more predictive of stress-related health outcomes compared to the other two dimensions (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
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“Burnout is widely understood as arising primarily from chronic workplace stressors embedded within organizational systems rather than solely from individual vulnerability (3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“These findings parallel global evidence that burnout is deeply rooted in systemic conditions, including inadequate staffing, administrative pressures and resource shortages rather than individual deficits, underscoring the importance of organizational reform (3, 46).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“depersonalization implies emotional disconnection and dehumanizing treatment of patients, which may have serious implications for the quality of health care (57).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Since burnout is work-related and context-dependent, whereas depression is more general and context-independent, research has demonstrated that the two constructs, while interrelated, are indeed distinct [15].”
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“Two single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and cynicism (originally called depersonalization) were included from the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-based on West’s [39] research, which demonstrated that these measures provided information on likelihood of burnout among medical professionals equivalent to the complete 22-item questionnaire (single emotional exhaustion question, rs=0.76-0.83;”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
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Citations
Cites
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Items 901–1,000 of 1,011
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Temporal Stages of Burnout: How to Design Prevention?
Leclercq, C., & Hansez, I. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21121617 · Cited by 33
“Nevertheless, this initial belief that burnout was confined to human-services sectors has been then dismissed, leading to a broader conceptualization applicable across various occupational fields [23–25].”
Rasulova, D., & Tanova, C. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104789 · Cited by 14
Belita, E., Neil‐Sztramko, S., Seale, C., Zhou, F., Ongolo-Zogo, C., Boamah, S. A., Cabaj, J., Jack, S. M., Banfield, L. E., Neudorf, C. O., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12888-2 · Cited by 22
“…that targeted organizational resources, the work environment, or work responsibilities/tasks, including but not limited to changes in workload, scheduling, operational practices, leadership models, communication strategies, establishing peer or social support systems, or training [13, 14].”
Lewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519 · Cited by 19
“Competing reduced personal accomplishment (PA) [7] and may lead to a sense of disconnection in the clinician–patient relationship.”
Ungurianu, A., & Marina, V. (2025) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract15110199 · Cited by 16
“Characterized by emotional exhaustion, deperson-alization, and reduced personal accomplishment [1], burnout not only undermines the wellbeing of healthcare staff but also threatens patient safety and the efficiency of health-care systems [2].”
Tjugum, V., Kolstad, L. R., Larsen, M. H., & Steindal, S. A. (2025) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/21650799251377451 · Cited by 14
“Psychosocial factors are occupational stress factors that affect general health outcomes (Niedhammer et al., 2008) and can lead to burnout, substance abuse, and even suicide among health care professionals (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
Carton, A. M., Steinhardt, K., & Cordwell, J. (2021) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2021.103137 · Cited by 14
Collegial Organizational Climate Alleviates Japanese Schoolteachers’ Risk for Burnout
Hashimoto, H., & Maeda, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737125 · Cited by 14
Profiles of Burnout, Job Demands and Personal Resources among Emergency Call-Takers and Dispatchers
Załuski, M., & Makara‐Studzińska, M. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020281 · Cited by 16
“As far as personal resources, it should be noted at the outset that the transactional burnout model has been based on theories about job stress, and the notion of imbalances leading to strain [51].”
BackgroundSingleton, G., Johnson, L., Singleton, N., & Li, H. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22863 · Cited by 14
“Burnout is caused by chronic stressors under conditions of high demands and limited resources (Maslach & Leiter, 2016), which are distinctive characteristics of the pandemic‐related demands women and caregivers face.”
BackgroundLindsay, S. L., & Mathieson, K. M. (2022) · Nursing Management · doi:10.1097/01.numa.0000831416.21965.e2 · Cited by 14
Job Crafting and Burnout as Predictors of Food Safety Behaviors in the Foodservice Industry
Nascimento, L. G. P., da Silva, A. M. C., Stedefeldt, E., & da Cunha, D. T. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11172671 · Cited by 16
“exhaustion, feelings of cynicism, and sense of ineffectiveness [36].”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment of the Social and Emotional Competence Assessment Battery for Adults
Oliveira, S., Roberto, M. S., Simão, A. M. V., & Pinto, A. M. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221127922 · Cited by 21
“Indeed, as Emotional exhaustion is a more internalized dimension referring to feelings of emotional distress (Maslach & Leiter, 2016), this dimension was expected to be discriminated from interpersonal skills and responsible decision-making.”
BackgroundFeatures of burnout amongst pathologists: A reassessment
Cohen, M. B., Martin, M. S., Gross, D. J., Johnson, K. A., Robboy, S. J., Wheeler, T. M., Johnson, R. L., & Black-Schaffer, S. (2022) · Academic Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.acpath.2022.100052 · Cited by 14
Zhao, S., Yang, Q., Im, H., Ye, B., Zeng, Y., Chen, Z.-N., Liu, L., & Huang, D.-W. (2022) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-022-00174-0 · Cited by 18
“COVID‐19 burnout & impulsive consumption Burnout is defined as the psychological phenomenon of exhaustion, detachment, and feelings of inadequacy stemming from prolonged exposure to stressors [54].”
BackgroundFactors associated with burnout in Polish healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Holas, P., Wojtkowiak, N., Gambin, M., Hansen, K., Kmita, G., Pisula, E., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. M., & Łojek, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1018612 · Cited by 30
Predictors of job burnout among Chinese nurses: a systematic review based on big data analysis
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“According to Maslach and Leiter (2016), job burnout is described as a ‘prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stresses’ (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
The stressors affecting teacher burnout in emergency remote teaching context
Emir, G., Saral, N. Ç., Saçan, B. M., & Özmen, K. S. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104313 · Cited by 20
Nassir, M., & Benoliel, P. S. (2023) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-04-2023-0077 · Cited by 17
Han, S. J., Lee, S.-Y., & Kim, S.-E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11192695 · Cited by 15
“Burnout is characterized by three typical symptoms: exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment [31].”
BackgroundMindful Self-Compassion as an Antidote to Burnout for Mental Health Practitioners
Lyon, T. R., & Galbraith, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11202715 · Cited by 20
“Burnout also causes persistent interpersonal and emotional strain [2] since it is not only an individual experience, but also carries social implications related to conceptions of the self and others [10].”
BackgroundThe contribution of mindfulness in the association between L2 learners’ engagement and burnout
Wu, J., & Zhao, Q.-F. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21769 · Cited by 17
“In line with Maslach and Leiter [73], burnout comprises the following three interdependent elements: Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and Poor individual achievement.”
BackgroundApaydin, E. A., Rose, D. E., McClean, M. R., Mohr, D. C., Yano, E. M., Shekelle, P., Nelson, K. M., Guo, R., Yoo, C. K., & Stockdale, S. E. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10270-8 · Cited by 14
“Prior to the pandemic, the burnout phenomenon [13] was associated with both individual and organizational drivers [14], and linked to numerous negative healthcare consequences [14–16], including increased medical errors, reduced patient satisfaction, poorer quality of care, and increased turnover .”
BackgroundBottini, S. B., Slowiak, J. M., & Kazee, A. (2024) · Journal of organizational behavior management · doi:10.1080/01608061.2024.2319623 · Cited by 14
“Burnout also impacts organizations and the larger service delivery system, which may explain findings that burnout tends to perpetuate itself, propagating across employees (Bakker et al., 2005; Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
Dawes, M., Sterrett, B. I., Brooks, D. S., Lee, D. L., Hamm, J. V., & Farmer, T. W. (2024) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266241235154 · Cited by 21
“Defined as “a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job” (Maslach & Leiter, 2016, p. 103), the concept of burnout captures the experience of increasing exhaustion and compromised commitment to the job.”
BackgroundOrganizational Factors Affecting Burnout in Veterinary Nurses: A Systematic Review
Chapman, A. J., Rohlf, V., Moser, A. Y., & Bennett, P. C. (2024) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2024.2333161 · Cited by 20
“Historically, burnout has been reported as a syndrome occurring in caregiving occupations (Maslach & Jackson, 1981); however, it is now recognized as a more widespread problem across other occupational groups (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
Lei, M., Alam, G. M., Bashir, K., & Gui, P. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19224-z · Cited by 19
“Studies such as those by Maslach et al. [1, 22] defined job burn-out from the psychosocial perspective, explaining it as a chronic stress-related syndrome that leads to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or cynicism.”
MethodYılmaz, K. (2024) · MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.33206/mjss.1491850 · Cited by 14
Impact of politics on emotional exhaustion, satisfaction and turnover intention
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Burnout, Work Satisfaction, and Well-being Among Non-consultant Psychiatrists in Ireland
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Clinical research and burnout syndrome in Italy – only a physicians’ affair?
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“Finally, the feeling of low professional achievement or low job satisfaction (third dimension) can be described as the awareness that very little has been attained and what is accomplished is worthless [2, 3].”
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Macias-Velasquez, S., Baez-Lopez, Y. A., Tlapa, D., Limón-Romero, J., Maldonado-Macías, A. A., Flores, D., & Realyvásquez-Vargas, A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3082177 · Cited by 27
“The sample consisted of middle and senior managers, a population that is representative for the study because their profile describes the main cause of suffering burnout syndrome according to Maslach and Leiter [35], which is the frequent and demanding contact with people as a result of their multiple responsibilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialYu, X., Wu, S., Chen, W., Zheng, W., Huang, M., Lei, Y., & Zhou, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212167 · Cited by 14
“This result confirmed the suggestion that the professional efficacy subscale is weakly linked to the other two subscales and can be used separately [1,2,61].”
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“According to burnout experts, organizational interventions that alleviate employee depersonalization and low personal accomplishment must focus on building a sense of community and acknowledging job well done, respectively, as opposed to workload management strategies for alleviating employee emotional exhaustion [25].”
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Chinese English as Foreign Language Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Motivation as Predictors of Burnout
Mei-ling, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899687 · Cited by 16
JUY, R., Nieto, A. M., Contador, I., Ramos, F., & Fernández‐Calvo, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010044 · Cited by 17
“, sample size) may explain the heterogeneity of the figures [9,14].”
BackgroundThe COVID-19 burnout scale: development and initial validation
Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Sourtzi, P., Siskou, O. C., Konstantakopoulou, O., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2023.2245914 · Cited by 14
Experiences of peer support for newly qualified nurses in a dedicated online group: Study protocol
Webster, N., Jenkins, C., Oyebode, J. R., Bentham, P., & Smythe, A. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14001 · Cited by 14
Nadon, L., Бабенко, О., Chazan, D., & Daniels, L. M. (2020) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09572-0 · Cited by 18
Alvarez, C., & Mulligan, P. C. (2020) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnc.2020.05.001 · Cited by 14
Burnout syndrome and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional population-based study
das Mercês, M. C., Coelho, J. M. F., Lua, I., Silva, D. D. S. E., Gomes, A. M. T., Santana, A. I. C., da Silva, D. A. R., dos Santos, L. N., & Júnior, A. D. (2020) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2020.1819186 · Cited by 14
“In this scenario, Burnout Syndrome (BS) is defined as a psychological syndrome that arises as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors at work.(3) Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the most widely used resource worldwide, measures BS among three dimensions: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), which refers to sign…”
BackgroundDiagnosing problems, prescribing solutions, and advancing athlete burnout research
Madigan, D. J. (2021) · Society for Transparency, Openness, and Replication in Kinesiology eBooks · doi:10.51224/b1028 · Cited by 15
Burnout in the Clinical Personnel of Puerto Rico during the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Cortina-Rodríguez, G., & Afanador, Y. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0451.v1 · Cited by 14
“Besides, conflicts may appear in the workplace, due to a significant decrease in performance and motivation, as well as in the quality of the services.[4,3]”
BackgroundBaltic Journal of Psychology; Volume 20, Number 1&2
(2019) · BALTIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.22364/bjp.20.01-02 · Cited by 14
Gisselbaek, M., Suppan, M., Saxena, S., Hudelson, P. M., & Savoldelli, G. L. (2025) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-025-02957-8 · Cited by 15
“Burnout syndrome is characterized by emotional exhaustion, a reduced sense of personal accomplishment and depersonalization (a feeling of detachment from one’s job) [12].”
Lillelien, K., & Jensen, M. T. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15070799 · Cited by 20
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The relationship between professional moral courage and patient safety silence among nurses
Yousofvand, V., Sani, N., Khazaei, S., & Torabi, M. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03950-9 · Cited by 13
Radiologist burnout: AI’s true black box
Parikh, J. R., & Lexa, F. J. (2026) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-025-12278-6 · Cited by 15
“Burnout is characterized by three dimensions-feelings of exhaustion or energy depletion, negativity or cynicism towards one ’ s job, and reduced professional ef fi cacy [2].”
Rahman, R., Ghesquiere, A., Spector, A. Y., Goldberg, R., & González, O. M. (2020) · Human Services Organizations Management Leadership & Governance · doi:10.1080/23303131.2020.1737293 · Cited by 13
“…job-related resources have been associated with disruptive behaviors in the workplace such as low support, high interpersonal conflict among coworkers (backstabbing, scapegoating, and sabotage), and insufficient recognition and reward in the workplace (Laeeque et al., 2018; Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of quality of work-life on emotional exhaustion: A study among nurses in Malaysia
Permarupan, P. Y., Mamun, A. A., Hayat, N., Saufi, R. A., & Samy, N. K. (2020) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2020.1720516 · Cited by 17
“Emotional exhaustion is defined as the conception of personal, physical and emotional loss of resources in the workplace which can lead to tiredness and loss of emotional interest in work (Christina & Leiter, 2016; Khamisa et al., 2013; Long, Kowang, Ping, & Muthuveloo, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialIdentifying Individuals at High Risk for Permanent Disability From Depression and Anxiety
Behrens-Wittenberg, E., & Wedegaertner, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00740 · Cited by 12
“As sense of accomplishment and effectiveness at work rise, feelings of overwhelming exhaustion and cynicism, which are typical aspects of depression, decline (4).”
BackgroundLoss of Meaning at Work Associated with Burnout Risk in Academic Medicine
Messias, E., Flynn, V., Gathright, M. M., Thrush, C. R., Atkinson, T. J., & Thapa, P. (2021) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001220 · Cited by 13
“These findings provide quantitative evidence for the calls to enhance professional well-being by increasing meaning,(1,2) an area in which psychiatrists and mental health professionals can play a key role.(27) There are problems with burnout research(28,29) that we tried to address.”
Does Burnout Exist in Academic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the United States?
Milder, M. J., Roser, S. M., Austin, T. M., & Abramowicz, S. (2021) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2021.03.017 · Cited by 13
Covid-19 and Increased Risk of Physician Suicide: A Call to Detoxify the U.S. Medical System
Kakarala, S. E., & Prigerson, H. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.791752 · Cited by 15
“Burnout, an occupational problem comprising exhaustion, cynicism, detachment and feelings of ineffectiveness (16), also rose among U.”
BackgroundBurnout in Palliative Care - Difficult Cases: Qualitative Study
Koh, M. Y. H., Gallardo, M. D., Khoo, H. S., & Hum, A. Y. M. (2022) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003347 · Cited by 13
What Causes Burnout in Special School Physical Education Teachers? Evidence from China
Sang, G., Yuan, C., Wang, M., Chen, J., Han, X., & Zhang, R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142013037 · Cited by 25
Novikova, A. V., Shirokov, V. A., & Am, E. (2022) · ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT · doi:10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-10-67-74 · Cited by 13
Chen, H.-J., Liao, L., Lin, H., & Chang, L. (2023) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/10598405221150879 · Cited by 13
“Burnout is a psychological syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundAssessment of Medical Students Burnout during COVID-19 Pandemic
Muaddi, M. A., El‐Setouhy, M., Alharbi, A., Makeen, A. M., Adawi, E. A., Gohal, G. A., & Alqassim, A. Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043560 · Cited by 23
“Reduced personal accomplishment refers to a sense of ineffective and unfulfilling work performance [4].”
BackgroundFeeling like the enemy: the emotion management and alienation of hospital doctors
Byrne, J.-P., Creese, J., McMurray, R. G., Costello, R. W., Matthews, A., & Humphries, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2023.1232555 · Cited by 13
“Burnout refers to an interplay of chronic work-related stressors resulting in feelings of exhaustion, cynicism or detachment, and a sense of ineffectiveness or lack of accomplishment (Maslach and Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundBurnout and Its Consequences among Vascular Surgeons and Trainees: A Danish National Survey
Møller, C. M., Clausen, T., Aust, B., Budtz-Lilly, J. W., & Eiberg, J. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000000853 · Cited by 13
von Känel, R., Princip, M., Holzgang, S., Sivakumar, S., Pazhenkottil, A., Vieito, D. G., & Zuccarella-Hackl, C. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108687 · Cited by 12
“Nevertheless, characteristics of the clinical phenotype associated with adrenal fatigue like sleep difficulties, mild depressive mood and decreased productivity (Mullur, 2018) are commonly reported by individuals with burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
Analyzing Latent Burnout Profiles in a Sample of Spanish Nursing and Psychology Undergraduates
Aguayo‐Estremera, R., Membrive‐Jiménez, M. J., Albendín‐García, L., Gómez‐Urquiza, J. L., Romero‐Béjar, J. L., Fuente-Solana, E. I. D. L., & Cañadas, G. R. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12040438 · Cited by 16
“A combination of high levels of emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy is considered to be indicative of burnout [12,13].”
BackgroundMethodFactors Contributing to Disproportionate Burnout in Women Breast Imaging Radiologists: A Review
Dodelzon, K., Milch, H. S., Mullen, L. A., Dialani, V. M., Jacobs, S. A., Parikh, J. R., & Grimm, L. J. (2024) · Journal of Breast Imaging · doi:10.1093/jbi/wbad104 · Cited by 13
Cates, E. C., Ramlogan‐Salanga, C., MacKenzie, R. K., Wilson‐Mitchell, K., & Darling, E. (2024) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2024.101613 · Cited by 13
Elliott, J., Hodges, C., Boots, M., Pattinson, R., Gillen, E., Whybrow, D., & Bundy, C. (2024) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2024.05.016 · Cited by 13
Fu, C., Wang, X., & Gao, Y. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104461 · Cited by 25
Bostan, A., Balcıoğlu, Y. S., & Elçi, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162310205 · Cited by 14
Zeng, Y., Zhao, X., Xie, Z., Lin, X., Qi, M., & Li, P. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.17071 · Cited by 14
Liu, L., Li, K., Yue, L., & Arshad, M. Z. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105421 · Cited by 20
Inefficacy: the tipping point of driver burnout
Thomas, S., Liao‐Troth, S., & Williams, D. F. (2020) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-07-2019-0223 · Cited by 13
Preventing Physician Burnout in Breast Imaging: Scope of the Problem and Keys to Success
Kalantarova, S., Mickinac, N., Santhosh, S., Malik, S., Surovitsky, M., Madsen, L., Rapoport, I., Lee, C. S., & Hoffmann, J. C. (2020) · Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology · doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.09.005 · Cited by 13
Verhoef, N. C., Ruiter, M. D., Blomme, R. J., & Curfs, E. C. (2021) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2021.16 · Cited by 13
“Emotional exhaustion refers to feelings of exhaustion by the demands of the job (Maslach & Leiter, 2016a).”
Tomaszek, K., & Muchacka-Cymerman, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158055 · Cited by 18
Mushtaq, W., Qammar, A., Shafique, I., & Anjum, Z. U. Z. (2021) · foresight · doi:10.1108/fs-01-2021-0018 · Cited by 18
Factors Associated With a Positive View of Respiratory Care Leadership
Burr, K. L., Hinkson, C. R., Smith, B. J., Roberts, K. J., Strickland, S. L., Hoerr, C. A., Rehder, K. J., & Miller, A. G. (2022) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.10081 · Cited by 13
Prevalence and Predictors of Burnout Syndrome among Medical Students of Cairo University
(2019) · The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejcm.2019.43375 · Cited by 13
“" For adults aged (18-64) it should be at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity.(22) Adequate sleep is defined as "sleeping 7 or more hours per night on a regular basis to promote optimal health".”
BackgroundMethodThe Psychosocial Risk Factors Evaluation and Management of Shift Personnel at Forest Harvesting
Korneeva, Y. A., Simonova, N. N., & Shadrina, N. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f13091447 · Cited by 13
Ulbrichtová, R., Švihrová, V., Tatarková, M., Švihra, J., Novak, M., & Hudečková, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912664 · Cited by 13
“Burnout is a psychological syndrome arising from a long-term response to chronic interpersonal stressors at work that induce emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment (PA) [5].”
BackgroundEducation Research: Impact of Burnout on Neurology Residents and Research Fellows in Europe
Liberto, G. D., Baldizzi, G., Carvalho, V., Cuffaro, L., Sauerbier, A., Klingelhoefer, L., Vashchenko, N., Pavlakova, L., Sander, A., de Visser, M., et al. (2022) · Neurology Education · doi:10.1212/ne9.0000000000200035 · Cited by 13
“10 Recent studies in this fi eld have shown a substantial variability in the burnout prevalence among physicians.”
Allam, Z., George, S., Yahia, K. B., & Malik, A. (2022) · International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies · doi:10.53894/ijirss.v6i1.1067 · Cited by 13
Wali, R. M., Aljohani, H., Shakir, M. O., Jaha, A. Y., & Alhindi, H. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.33672 · Cited by 13
Štěpánek, L., Nakládalová, M., Janošíková, M., Ulbrichtová, R., Švihrová, V., Hudečková, H., Sovová, E., Sova, M., & Vévoda, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043720 · Cited by 14
“MBI has been translated and validated in many languages and adjusted for various kinds of professions [1,15].”
BackgroundBassam, S., Mohsen, H. A., Barakat, Z., & Abbas, L. A. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03169-7 · Cited by 14
“It is a psychological syndrome that results from prolonged interpersonal stress in workplace [6].”
BackgroundAlagarsamy, S., Mehrolia, S., & Mathew, J. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3289 · Cited by 15
Armborst, D., Metzner, C., Alteheld, B., Bitterlich, N., Rösler, D., & Siener, R. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050551 · Cited by 13
Caring for healthcare practitioners
Williams, R., & Kemp, V. (2019) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2019.66 · Cited by 13
Elkayam, C., Snir, S., & Regev, D. (2020) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2020.1739721 · Cited by 13
“2007; Malach-Pines, 2011; Maslach & Leiter, 2016) pinpoint four main working conditions that can lead to employee burnout: physical conditions, work structure, interactional climate with coworkers, and interactional climate with superiors.”
BackgroundCoping with stress in emergency department physicians through improved patient-flow management
Cildoz, M., Ibarra, A., & Mallor, F. (2020) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2020.100828 · Cited by 14
Burnout and Time Perspective of Blue-Collar Workers at the Shipyard
Detaille, S., Reig‐Botella, A., Clemente, M., Golpe, J. L., & de Lange, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186905 · Cited by 13
Meschede, M., Roick, C., Ehresmann, C., Badura, B., Meyer, M., Ducki, A., & Schröder, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61524-9_22 · Cited by 13
Gruszczyńska, E., Basińska, B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251257 · Cited by 19
“Exhaustion has been characterized by a loss of energy, resources depletion, cognitive wearing out, and fatigue [21,22], which is a broader understanding compared to the earlier proposal by Maslach and Jackson [14].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDunn, T. J., Terao, M. A., Blazin, L., Spraker‐Perlman, H. L., Baker, J. N., Mandrell, B. N., Sellers, J., Crabtree, V. M., Hoffman, J. M., & Burlison, J. D. (2021) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.29214 · Cited by 19
Sleep status of psychiatric nurses: A survey from China
Lyu, X., Li, K., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Yang, Z. H., Yang, Y., Yang, Q., Wang, H., Yuan, N., Ji, C., et al. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.972 · Cited by 12
“Burnout is described as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach & Jackson, 1981; Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundUnderstanding burnout in nurses: identification and coping strategies
Butler, S. (2025) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2024.0244 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Acadia University (CA)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-111
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC4911781
- OpenAlex
- W2488757378
- Semantic Scholar
- bd7909e22b7f5065b135cb093af9faa87b271a78
- Cited by
- 4,200
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 840 · 2025: 776 · 2024: 532 · 2023: 523 · 2022: 502 · 2021: 387 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 208.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- burnout, psychiatrists, occupational stress, healthcare workers, burnout measurement, burnout models, burnout prevention, burnout treatment, return to work
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