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Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
The experience of burnout has been the focus of much research during the past few decades. Measures have been developed, as have various theoretical models, and research studies from many countries have contributed to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of this occupationally‐specific dysphoria. The majority of this work has focused on human service occupations, and particularly health care. Research on the burnout experience for psychiatrists mirrors much of the broader literature, in terms of both sources and outcomes of burnout. But it has also identified some of the unique stressors that mental health professionals face when they are dealing with especially difficult or violent clients. Current issues of particular relevance for psychiatry include the links between burnout and mental illness, the attempts to redefine burnout as simply exhaustion, and the relative dearth of evaluative research on potential interventions to treat and/or prevent burnout. Given that the treatment goal for burnout is usually to enable people to return to their job, and to be successful in their work, psychiatry could make an important contribution by identifying the treatment strategies that would be most effective in achieving that goal.
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“we measured burnout using the full 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel MBI-HSS (MP), a well-validated tool designed to investigate the three burnout dimensions, emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) [1].”
From Burnout among neurology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Emotional exhaustion is the key psychological dimension of burnout that is characterised by a stress reaction related to work demands and overload (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
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“Both structured organizational interventions and individual-level coping approaches were reported, many of which were associated with improved resilience, engagement, and professional functioning, consistent with occupational health literature on proactive burnout mitigation (2–4).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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In the citing paper
“These findings are aligned with global evidence showing that organizational support reduces burnout risk and strengthens workforce resilience (2, 3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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In the citing paper
“Cyclical models of burnout (57) propose the decline in self-fulfillment as the final stage of the syndrome, following emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, conclude in a feeling of incompetence and lack of achievement at work, which negatively affects self-esteem and personal satisfaction (60).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Individuals affected by burnout are at risk of a range of associated outcomes that extend beyond the work context, including poor physical [6,12] and psychological health (including diminished well-being [13], depression [14,15], anxiety [16], and suicide [14,17]).”
From Evaluation of an App-Delivered Psychological Flexibility Skill Training Intervention for Medical Student Burnout and Well-being: Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Exhaustion is conceptually similar to a conventional stress variable and is more predictive of stress-related health outcomes compared to the other two dimensions (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
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“Burnout is widely understood as arising primarily from chronic workplace stressors embedded within organizational systems rather than solely from individual vulnerability (3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“These findings parallel global evidence that burnout is deeply rooted in systemic conditions, including inadequate staffing, administrative pressures and resource shortages rather than individual deficits, underscoring the importance of organizational reform (3, 46).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“depersonalization implies emotional disconnection and dehumanizing treatment of patients, which may have serious implications for the quality of health care (57).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Since burnout is work-related and context-dependent, whereas depression is more general and context-independent, research has demonstrated that the two constructs, while interrelated, are indeed distinct [15].”
In the citing paper
“Two single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and cynicism (originally called depersonalization) were included from the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-based on West’s [39] research, which demonstrated that these measures provided information on likelihood of burnout among medical professionals equivalent to the complete 22-item questionnaire (single emotional exhaustion question, rs=0.76-0.83;”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
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Cites
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Items 401–500 of 1,011
Moral injury and mental health outcomes in nurses: A systematic review
Anastasi, G., Gravante, F., Barbato, P. M., Bambi, S., Stievano, A., & Latina, R. (2024) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/09697330241281376 · Cited by 38
“…moral injury is marked by emotional suffering due to engaging in or witnessing actions that breach moral beliefs, 4,20,36 burnout manifests as emotional exhaustion, 47 where individuals ‘ are no longer distressed at the violation of deeply held moral beliefs, because they are beyond feeling ’ .”
Penz, M. S., Wekenborg, M., Pieper, L., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Walther, A., Miller, R. E., Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1613 · Cited by 35
“Together with a close self‐report assessment, we aim to find patterns of psychological and biological data that are specific for burnout and distinguishable from other syndromes (e.g., depression) or general exhaustion (Maslach & Leiter, 2016a).”
BackgroundCampos-Puente, A. D. L. M., Navarro, M. L. A., Mas, M. D. L. M. B., Sánchez-Martín, M., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., & Trigueros, R. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183250 · Cited by 34
“Therefore, as a result of social dysfunction, the tendency to distance themselves from family and friends limits their social interaction [6].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPredictors of burnout among Belgrade veterinary students: A cross-sectional study
Ilić-Živojinović, J., Backović, D., Belojević, G., Valčić, O., Soldatović, I., & Janković, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230685 · Cited by 35
Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Burnout Based on a Structural Equation Model
Song, X., Xiang, M., Liu, Y., & Yu, C. (2020) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002040 · Cited by 34
“This may be because after occupational exposure, lacking control over their work and challenge their sense of professional efficacy.(40) Burnout can hurt the physical and mental health of doctors and it can also lead to reduced productivity, reduced working hours or early retirement in the industry.”
BackgroundInfluence of Burnout and Feelings of Guilt on Depression and Health in Anesthesiologists
Misiolek-Marín, A., Soto-Rubio, A. L., Misiołek, H., & Gil-Monte, P. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249267 · Cited by 41
“Maslach [51] pointed out that the issue of the relation between burnout and psychological health is complex and emphasizes that in many studies, burnout was linked with neurotic traits and with work-related neurasthenia [52,53].”
BackgroundThe physical activity paradox: a longitudinal study of the implications for burnout
de Vries, J. D., & Bakker, A. B. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01759-y · Cited by 46
The Impact of Negative Affectivity on Teacher Burnout
Genoud, P. A., & Waroux, E. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413124 · Cited by 55
“Burnout is defined as the response to chronic interpersonal stressors and is generally structured with three main components: emotional exhaustion, feelings of cynicism and detachment (depersonalization), and a lack of personal accomplishment [1] and is often assessed through the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) [2,3].”
MethodSu-Keene, E., & DeMatthews, D. E. (2022) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2022.2097623 · Cited by 47
“Burnout is a multi-dimensional concept defined as “a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job” (Maslach and Leiter 2016, 103).”
BackgroundAnders, R., Willemin-Petignat, L., Salathé, C. R., Samson, A. C., & Putois, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159218 · Cited by 54
“BO is formally defined as a prolonged response to chronic stress at work [21], involving significant negative emotional and energy states that make it difficult to collaborate with colleagues and accomplish tasks at work [22].”
BackgroundPreventing Burnout: Strategies for Volunteers and Staff
Global, N., & Kazanskaia, A. N. (2025) · doi:10.64357/burnout-prevention-2025 · Cited by 33
Understanding Debriefing: A Qualitative Study of Event Reconstruction at an Academic Medical Center
Sweeney, R. E., Clapp, J. T., Arriaga, A. F., Muralidharan, M., Burson, R. C., Gordon, E. K. B., Falk, S. A., Baranov, D. Y., & Fleisher, L. A. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002999 · Cited by 33
Interaction between job stress, serum BDNF level and the BDNF rs2049046 polymorphism in job burnout.
He, S.-C., Wu, S., Wang, C., Wang, D.-M., Wang, J.-S., Xu, H., Wang, L., & Zhang, X.-Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.181 · Cited by 26
Kocalevent, R., Pinnschmidt, H. O., Selch, S., Nehls, S., Meyer, J., Boczor, S., Scherer, M., & van den Bussche, H. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02061-0 · Cited by 36
Occupational Health among Swedish Occupational Therapists: A Cross-Sectional Study
Lexén, A., Kåhlin, I., Erlandsson, L., & Håkansson, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103379 · Cited by 33
“According to the job demand-control-support model, balance between demands, decision latitude and social support is vital to experiencing mental health at work [39,40].”
MethodMoroń, M., Yıldırım, M., Jach, Ł., Nowakowska, J., & Atłas, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02543-4 · Cited by 36
“A psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic stressors is burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFu, L., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-06-2020-0181 · Cited by 36
Current Status of Burnout in Canadian Radiology
Cao, D. J., Hurrell, C., & Patlas, M. N. (2022) · Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal · doi:10.1177/08465371221117282 · Cited by 33
“Burnout is often described as some combination of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and perceived lack of personal accomplishment.(1) Nearly half of all US physicians reported experiencing some symptom of burnout in 2012.”
BackgroundResultGrande, R. A. N., Berdida, D. J. E., Villagracia, H. N., Raguindin, S. M., Cornejo, L. T. O., Alreshidi, N. M., Alshammari, A. T., Aljebari, B. J., & Alabd, A. M. A. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13754 · Cited by 33
“Overwhelming fatigue, a sense of pessimism and disengagement from work, and inefficiency and productivity are symptoms of this condition (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialXia, W., Defang, W., Xiaoli, G., Jinrui, C., Wang, W., Junya, L., Hu, L., & Wang, H. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13777 · Cited by 33
“Burnout refers to a psychological syndrome caused by exposure to chronic stressors in work, which is manifested as emotional and physical exhaustion, feeling cynical and indifferent, a lack of a sense of achievement or incompetence (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundIacolino, C., Cervellione, B., Isgrò, R., Lombardo, E. M. C., Ferracane, G., Barattucci, M., & Ramaci, T. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13010006 · Cited by 41
“The results of this study should, therefore, be considered to be a preliminary assessment for a larger intervention study to evaluate potential prevention programs that can be implemented for stressed teachers [21,29,40,67,86].”
Effective Interventions for Nursing Student Burnout
Burleson, S., Thomas, L. B., & DeBoor, S. S. (2022) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/nne.0000000000001348 · Cited by 32
Modeling the effect of loving pedagogy dispositions and teacher self-efficacy on teacher burnout
Chen, S.-Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157324 · Cited by 41
Voultsos, P. P., Koungali, M., Psaroulis, K., & Boutou, A. (2020) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x20902780 · Cited by 32
“As Maslach and Leiter have recently highlighted, BOS is the result of prolonged interpersonal stressors at work.(9) However, under the same working conditions, some individuals burn out and some others have no symptomatology;(10) therefore, a person’s reaction to work stressors might range from minor to significant st…”
BackgroundBurnout, distress, and depressive symptoms in adults with type 1 diabetes
Abdoli, S., Miller-Bains, K. L., Burr, E. M., Smither, B., Vora, A. C., & Hessler, D. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107608 · Cited by 32
Psychological challenges for nurses working in palliative care and recommendations for self-care
Hussain, F. A. (2021) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2021.30.8.484 · Cited by 33
Effects of compassion training on brain responses to suffering others
Ashar, Y. K., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Halifax, J. S., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab052 · Cited by 37
“One reason for caregiver burnout is the detachment, depersonalization and the erosion of meaning caused in part by repeated exposure to suffering others without tools for handling the accompanying emotional load (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundRožman, M., & Tominc, P. (2021) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-10-2020-0469 · Cited by 32
“Thus, adverse working conditionsmay lead to different symptoms of health problems (Maslach and Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundPujol-Cols, L., & Lazzaro-Salazar, M. V. (2021) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2021a18 · Cited by 65
Burnout and Turnover among NICU Nurses
Thomas, A. O., Bakas, T., Miller, E., Johnson, K., & Tubbs‐Cooley, H. L. (2021) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000780 · Cited by 37
Enhancing Respiratory Therapists' Well-Being: Battling Burnout in Respiratory Care
Miller, A. G., Burr, K. L., Juby, J. G., Hinkson, C. R., Hoerr, C. A., Roberts, K. J., Smith, B. J., Strickland, S. L., & Rehder, K. J. (2022) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.10632 · Cited by 35
“1,32 Patient Care Burnout in HCWs negatively impacts patient care.”
Unachukwu, I. C., Abrams, M. P., Dolan, A. R., Oyekemi, K., Meisel, Z. F., South, E. C., & Aronowitz, S. V. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00752-7 · Cited by 37
“Burnout among healthcare workers Burnout among healthcare workers has been a rising health concern in recent years [25, 26].”
BackgroundMediators of Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Clinical Burnout
Santoft, F., Salomonsson, S., Hesser, H., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Öst, L.-G., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.08.005 · Cited by 31
Engaging Gen Z in professional selling: a systematic literature review
Loring, A., & Wang, J. (2021) · European journal of training and development · doi:10.1108/ejtd-07-2020-0120 · Cited by 49
Chen, Y., Huang, Z.-L., & Chu, H.-C. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02167-w · Cited by 66
Teacher’s burnout syndrome: the phenomenology of the process
Bulatevych, N. (2017) · Polish Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1515/pjph-2017-0014 · Cited by 31
“The studies conducted in different countries of the world show that teachers constitute a special “risk group” [1,6-9].”
BackgroundHiebler‐Ragger, M., Nausner, L., Blaha, A., Grimmer, K., Korlath, S., Mernyi, M., & Unterrainer, . (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2494 · Cited by 31
“…experience of secondary traumatic stress (Adams, Figley, & Boscarino, 2008), whereas ‘work engagement’ may be considered as the opposite of burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016) or an independent concept defined by a state of contentment composed of vigour, dedication and absorption (Demerouti,…”
BackgroundGuo, Y., Hu, S., & Liang, F. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10535-z · Cited by 35
Dias, A. R., Fernandes, S. M., Silva, I. T. F., Silva, T. C., Miranda‐Scippa, Â., & Almeida, A. G.-D. (2021) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0187 · Cited by 31
Chen, J. Y., Vedantham, S., & Lexa, F. J. (2022) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110153 · Cited by 31
“Burnout has been defined as a syndrome caused by prolonged job related stressors in which three key dimensions are an overwhelming exhaustion, feelings of cynicism and detachment from the job and a sense of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment[2].”
BackgroundFactors Associated with Work-Related Burnout among Corporate Employees Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic
Lam, L. T.-M., Lam, M. K., Reddy, P., & Wong, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031295 · Cited by 31
“After years of research on the topic, Maslach concluded that burnout is an occupationalspecific phenomenon and recognised that most of the research has been focusing on the human services area, particularly in the health care sector [13].”
BackgroundJob experiences, challenges, revelations and narratives of nurse academics. A qualitative study
Singh, C., Jackson, D. W., Munro, I., & Cross, W. M. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15232 · Cited by 31
Shah, A. H., Becene, I. A., Nguyen, K. T. N. H., Stuart, J. J., West, M. G., Berrill, J., Hankins, J. A., Borba, C. P. C., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100130 · Cited by 39
Burnout Among Respiratory Therapists Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Strickland, S. L., Roberts, K. J., Smith, B. J., Hoerr, C. A., Burr, K. L., Hinkson, C. R., Rehder, K. J., & Miller, A. G. (2022) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.10144 · Cited by 31
Levante, A., Petrocchi, S., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., & Lecciso, F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010859 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, as claimed by Maslach and Leiter [27], depersonalization leads teachers to leave their jobs; hence, in order to prevent resignations, further investigations on risk and protective factors may provide insights to contribute to subsequent preventive programmes.”
BackgroundPromoting Burnout Prevention Through a Socio-Ecological Lens
Habeger, A. D., Connell, T., Harris, R. L., & Jackson, C. (2022) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2022.05.008 · Cited by 31
Ma, Y., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104219 · Cited by 49
Teachers’ emotional labour: the joys, demands, and constraints
Smith, K. D., Sheridan, L., Duursma, E., & Alonzo, D. (2025) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2025.2466560 · Cited by 30
“The cultural myth that individuals are to blame for burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016) has led to schools being slow to engaging with their responsibilities to understand and prevent teacher burnout (Bodenheimer & Shuster, 2020).”
Testing a Strategy to Identify Incidence of Nurse Suicide in the United States
Davidson, J. E., Stuck, A. R., Zisook, S., & Proudfoot, J. A. (2018) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000610 · Cited by 31
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An Exploratory Study of a 3-Minute Mindfulness Intervention on Compassion Fatigue in Nurses
Owens, R. A., Alfes, C. M., Evans, S., Wyka, K., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2020) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000402 · Cited by 35
The work environment of haemodialysis nurses and its mediating role in burnout
Moisoglou, I., Yfantis, A., Tsiouma, E., & Galanis, P. (2020) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/jorc.12353 · Cited by 30
Burnout in the disciplines of medical radiation science: A systematic review
Shields, M., James, D., McCormack, L., & Warren‐Forward, H. M. (2021) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2021.04.001 · Cited by 30
Northwood, K. S., Siskind, D. J., Suetani, S., & McArdle, P. (2021) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562211038906 · Cited by 32
Esteban, L. P., & Herrador-Alcaide, T. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910339 · Cited by 30
Koutsimani, P., & Montgomery, A. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211051263 · Cited by 36
Sfeir, E., Rabil, J.-M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Khalife, M. F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12733-9 · Cited by 28
“Chronic work fatigue can lead by itself to burnout with loss of personal achievements [2].”
BackgroundOgakwu, V. N., Ede, M. O., Amaeze, F. E., Manafa, I. F., Okeke, F. C., Omeke, F. C., Amadi, K. C., Ede, A. O., & Ekesionye, N. E. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22806 · Cited by 41
Mental health and wellbeing among Egyptian medical students: a cross-sectional study
El‐Gabry, D. A., Okasha, T. A., Shaker, N. M., Elserafy, D., Mohamed, M. Y., Aziz, K. A., Bhugra, D., Molodynski, A., & Elkhatib, H. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00193-1 · Cited by 30
“Burnout has been defined as a psychological syndrome that is characterized by overwhelming exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal efficiency [28].”
BackgroundSowden, J. F., Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110783 · Cited by 33
Burnout and Cardiovascular Risk in Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Alameri, F., Aldaheri, N., Almesmari, S., Basaloum, M., Albeshr, N. A., Simsekler, M. C. E., Ugwuoke, N. V., Dalkilinc, M., Qubaisi, M. A., Campos, L. A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867233 · Cited by 30
Tran, T. X., Vo, T. T. T., & Ho, C. Y. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030206 · Cited by 30
“Burnout is an emerging mental health issue in the contemporary society, which affects humans in various sectors [38].”
BackgroundWickramasinghe, N. D., Dissanayake, D. S., & Abeywardena, G. S. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-1048-y · Cited by 30
Is meaningful work the silver bullet? Perspectives of the social workers
Tan, K., Lew, T. Y., & Sim, A. K. S. (2019) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-09-2018-0267 · Cited by 31
Servant Leadership, Third‐Party Behavior, and Emotional Exhaustion of Followers
Obi, I. O., Bollen, K., Aaldering, H., Robijn, W., & Euwema, M. C. (2020) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/ncmr.12184 · Cited by 28
Briciu, V., Leucuta, D.-C., Tőkés, G. E., & Colcear, D. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054118 · Cited by 29
“The burnout construct is defined as a psychological syndrome caused by a prolonged response to interpersonal stressors, mainly at the workplace, which encompasses three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a decrease in personal achievements [1,2].”
BackgroundHedima, E. W., Okoro, R. N., Yelmis, G. A., & Adam, H. (2022) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100109 · Cited by 29
“Burnout is a syndrome brought on by long-term workplace stress.(8) The recognition of burnout in the profession of pharmacy has been increasing over the last five years.”
Liang, F., Hu, S., & Guo, Y. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04009-8 · Cited by 31
“The MBI is often described in terms of a sequential conceptual model which identifies the following: emotional exhaustion (EE) that firstly occurs in response to job-related stressors such as overload, which are followed by detachment reactions (DP or cynicism), and finally, by simultaneously or sequentially reduced P…”
BackgroundOlivier, É., Lazariuk, L., Archambault, I., & Morin, A. J. S. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09826-7 · Cited by 41
“As a key component of burnout, emotional exhaustion manifests as a cluster of physical and psychological symptoms, encompassing feelings of being overextended and emotionally worn out (Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Maslach et al., 2001).”
Algorithmic learning or learner autonomy? Rethinking AI’s role in digital education
Nopas, D.-S. (2025) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-11-2024-0282 · Cited by 55
Burnout and well-being among higher education teachers: Influencing factors of burnout
Pakdee, S., Cheechang, P., Thammanoon, R., Krobpet, S., Piya-amornphan, N., Puangsri, P., & Gosselink, R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22602-w · Cited by 74
“It is well known that the lack of economic and social rewards has been reported to reduce personal accomplishment through induced perceived lack of support [1, 36].”
InfluentialStress management in the workplace for employees with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial
Clemow, L., Pickering, T. G., Davidson, K. W., Schwartz, J. E., Williams, V. P., Shaffer, J. A., Williams, R. B., & Gerin, W. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby018 · Cited by 29
Telepsychiatry: Implications for Psychiatrist Burnout and Well-Being
Vogt, E. L., Mahmoud, H., & Elhaj, O. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800465 · Cited by 32
Addressing burnout in clinical pharmacy: What can we learn from other health care disciplines?
Haase, K. K. (2019) · JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY · doi:10.1002/jac5.1189 · Cited by 30
“Professions at risk of burnout are those that “require an ongoing and intense level of personal, emotional contact” with those for whom they provide service.(1) By definition, clinical pharmacists directly interact with patients and assume responsibility and accountability for their care.”
BackgroundSun, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Liu, J., & Ge, H. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8245-4 · Cited by 29
Vukmirović, M., Rajović, N., Pavlovic, V. R., Mašić, S., Mirković, M., Tasic, R., Randjelovic, S., Mostić-Stanišić, D., Velickovic, I., Nestorovic, E. M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165658 · Cited by 29
“For many years, burnout syndrome has been accepted as an occupational hazard for various people-oriented professions, with special emphasis on education, health care, and human services [25].”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of a scale to measure diabetes burnout
Abdoli, S., Miller-Bains, K. L., Fanti, P., Silveira, M. S., & Hessler, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100251 · Cited by 32
Crowe, L., Young, J., & Turner, J. (2021) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-20-400 · Cited by 29
“Authors of the MBI state that neither the coding nor the original numerical scores should be used for diagnostic purposes of burnout as there is insufficient research on the pattern(s) of scores as indicators of individual dysfunction or the need for intervention (1,40).”
Bernuzzi, C., Setti, I., Maffoni, M., & Sommovigo, V. (2021) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2021.1955682 · Cited by 29
“Emotional exhaustion, in this context, refers to a chronic state of depletion of emotional resources due to excessive job requests (Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Sommovigo et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHow and when mindfulness inhibits emotional exhaustion: a moderated mediation model
Bayighomog, S. W., Ogunmokun, O. A., Ikhide, J. E., Tanova, C., & Anasori, E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02193-6 · Cited by 35
“Maslach and Leiter (2016) argued that if it is not quickly checked, employees who experience PDwill soon suffer physical and psychological burnout.”
BackgroundLykins, A., Seroka, N. W., Mayor, M., Seng, S., Higgins, J. T., & Okoli, C. T. C. (2021) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903211066125 · Cited by 31
“In fact, the World Health Organization (2019) has identified BO as a diagnosed condition, characterized by emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and detachment, which often leads to illness, fatigue, and depression (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundAljabri, D., Al-Shatti, F. A., Alumran, A. K., Al-Rayes, S., Alsalman, D. M., Althumairi, A., Al-Kahtani, N. K., Aljabri, M., Alsuhaibani, S. S., & Alanzi, T. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.854687 · Cited by 31
Bhagwagar, H. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103227 · Cited by 25
Alzailai, N., Barriball, K. L., Alkhatib, A., & Xyrichis, A. (2022) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2022.11.002 · Cited by 30
COVID-19 burnout, resilience, and psychological distress among Chinese college students
Sun, Y., Zhu, S., ChenHuang, G., Zhu, L., Yang, S., Zhang, X., & Zheng, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009027 · Cited by 32
Burnout in oral health students: A scoping review
MacAulay, R., Morash, J., Kenwell, L. S., & Haslam, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.13143 · Cited by 29
The Relationship Between Pharmacist Resilience, Burnout, and Job Performance
Weiss, S. S., Weiss, L., Clayton, R. W., Ruble, M. J., & Cole, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/08971900231164886 · Cited by 38
“13 Due to the nature of the job, healthcare professionals are more prone to burnout.”
BackgroundSíntomas psicopatológicos, estrés y burnout en estudiantes de medicina
Oró, P., Esquerda, M., Salas, J. V., Yuguero, O., & Pifarré, J. (2017) · Educación Médica · doi:10.1016/j.edumed.2017.09.003 · Cited by 29
Burnout in Anesthesiology Providers: Shedding Light on a Global Problem
Milenovic, M. S., Matejic, B. R., Simić, D., & Luedi, M. M. (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004542 · Cited by 29
Factors Associated with Burnout in the United States Versus International Nurses
Sullivan, D., White, K. M., & Frazer, C. (2022) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2021.11.003 · Cited by 39
Supporting Professionals in Critical Care Medicine
Niven, A. S., & Sessler, C. N. (2022) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2022.05.010 · Cited by 30
Burnout and depression in college students
Wang, X., Yang, M., Ren, L., Wang, Q., Liang, S., Li, Y., Li, Y., Zhan, Q., Huang, S., Xie, K., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115828 · Cited by 36
“Based on empirical evidence, redundancies or overlaps between burnout and depression mainly occur in the exhaustion dimension (Maslach and Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialCorrelates of burnout and dropout intentions in medical students: A cross-sectional study
Sinval, J., Oliveira, P., Novais, F., Almeida, C. M., & Telles‐Correia, D. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.003 · Cited by 28
“Such studies would also contribute to the broader understanding of the continuum of affective disorders, from sub-threshold affective symptoms to more pronounced mood disturbances, as they manifest in high-stress environment (Maslach and Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundBurnout e a organização do trabalho na Enfermagem
Sobral, R. C., Stephan, C., Zanatta, A. B., & de Lucca, S. R. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho · doi:10.5327/z1679443520180127 · Cited by 28
Nursing management challenges: Effect of quality of work life on depersonalization
Permarupan, P. Y., Mamun, A. A., Hayat, N., Saufi, R. A., & Samy, N. K. (2020) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2020.1728924 · Cited by 29
“Safe and healthy working conditions and depersonalization A vital workplace attribute is a safe and healthy working condition that provide necessary physically safe and healthy working environment [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialKhairat, S., Xi, L., Liu, S., Shrestha, S., & Austin, C. (2020) · JMIR Nursing · doi:10.2196/13996 · Cited by 36
“Findings From Previous Literature Clinician well-being has been studied for decades [1,24].”
BackgroundRahmani, R., Sargazi, V., Jalali, M. S., & Babamiri, M. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering · doi:10.52547/johe.7.4.61 · Cited by 28
A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors
Doherty, A. M., Colleran, G., Durcan, L., Irvine, A. D., & Barrett, E. (2021) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3 · Cited by 28
Potential classroom stressors of teachers: An audiovisual and physiological approach
Junker, R., Donker, M. H., & Mainhard, T. (2021) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101495 · Cited by 33
The Use of Music to Manage Burnout in Nurses: A Systematic Review
Finnerty, R., Zhang, K., Tabuchi, R. A., & Zhang, K. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221105862 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Acadia University (CA)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-111
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC4911781
- OpenAlex
- W2488757378
- Semantic Scholar
- bd7909e22b7f5065b135cb093af9faa87b271a78
- Cited by
- 4,200
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 840 · 2025: 776 · 2024: 532 · 2023: 523 · 2022: 502 · 2021: 387 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 208.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- burnout, psychiatrists, occupational stress, healthcare workers, burnout measurement, burnout models, burnout prevention, burnout treatment, return to work
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