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Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
The experience of burnout has been the focus of much research during the past few decades. Measures have been developed, as have various theoretical models, and research studies from many countries have contributed to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of this occupationally‐specific dysphoria. The majority of this work has focused on human service occupations, and particularly health care. Research on the burnout experience for psychiatrists mirrors much of the broader literature, in terms of both sources and outcomes of burnout. But it has also identified some of the unique stressors that mental health professionals face when they are dealing with especially difficult or violent clients. Current issues of particular relevance for psychiatry include the links between burnout and mental illness, the attempts to redefine burnout as simply exhaustion, and the relative dearth of evaluative research on potential interventions to treat and/or prevent burnout. Given that the treatment goal for burnout is usually to enable people to return to their job, and to be successful in their work, psychiatry could make an important contribution by identifying the treatment strategies that would be most effective in achieving that goal.
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“we measured burnout using the full 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel MBI-HSS (MP), a well-validated tool designed to investigate the three burnout dimensions, emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) [1].”
From Burnout among neurology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Emotional exhaustion is the key psychological dimension of burnout that is characterised by a stress reaction related to work demands and overload (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both structured organizational interventions and individual-level coping approaches were reported, many of which were associated with improved resilience, engagement, and professional functioning, consistent with occupational health literature on proactive burnout mitigation (2–4).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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In the citing paper
“These findings are aligned with global evidence showing that organizational support reduces burnout risk and strengthens workforce resilience (2, 3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cyclical models of burnout (57) propose the decline in self-fulfillment as the final stage of the syndrome, following emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, conclude in a feeling of incompetence and lack of achievement at work, which negatively affects self-esteem and personal satisfaction (60).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Individuals affected by burnout are at risk of a range of associated outcomes that extend beyond the work context, including poor physical [6,12] and psychological health (including diminished well-being [13], depression [14,15], anxiety [16], and suicide [14,17]).”
From Evaluation of an App-Delivered Psychological Flexibility Skill Training Intervention for Medical Student Burnout and Well-being: Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Exhaustion is conceptually similar to a conventional stress variable and is more predictive of stress-related health outcomes compared to the other two dimensions (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
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“Burnout is widely understood as arising primarily from chronic workplace stressors embedded within organizational systems rather than solely from individual vulnerability (3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“These findings parallel global evidence that burnout is deeply rooted in systemic conditions, including inadequate staffing, administrative pressures and resource shortages rather than individual deficits, underscoring the importance of organizational reform (3, 46).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“depersonalization implies emotional disconnection and dehumanizing treatment of patients, which may have serious implications for the quality of health care (57).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Since burnout is work-related and context-dependent, whereas depression is more general and context-independent, research has demonstrated that the two constructs, while interrelated, are indeed distinct [15].”
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“Two single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and cynicism (originally called depersonalization) were included from the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-based on West’s [39] research, which demonstrated that these measures provided information on likelihood of burnout among medical professionals equivalent to the complete 22-item questionnaire (single emotional exhaustion question, rs=0.76-0.83;”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
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Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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BackgroundSalvagioni, D. A. J., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L., & Andrade, S. M. D. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185781 · Cited by 1,508
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“alludes to the theoretical model from which it starts, highlighting that among its strengths is the fact of collecting a broader vision of burnout than other instruments by including the dimension of guilt [67].”
BackgroundA systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and burnout symptoms
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“According to Maslach and Leitner the driving force in that development is not scientific progress but rather practical and administrative reasons within the ward and health system [28].”
BackgroundThe business case for investing in physician well-being
Shanafelt, T., Goh, J., & Sinsky, C. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4340 · Cited by 714
Stress, Burnout, Anxiety and Depression among Teachers: A Scoping Review
Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Burback, L., & Wei, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710706 · Cited by 707
“Researchers conceptualize burnout as having three interrelated components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment [6,7,11,16].”
BackgroundInfluentialBurnout syndrome among medical residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rodrigues, H., Cobucci, R., Oliveira, A., Cabral, J. V., Medeiros, L., Gurgel, K., Souza, T., & Gonçalves, A. K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206840 · Cited by 589
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“An important development in this field has been an attempt by researchers to expand their understanding of burnout by looking at what could be considered its positive antithesis which has been defined as ‘work engagement’ [7,8].”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of nurse burnout on organizational and position turnover
Kelly, L. A., Gee, P. M., & Butler, R. (2020) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2020.06.008 · Cited by 496
Prevalence of Burnout in Medical and Surgical Residents: A Meta-Analysis
Low, Z. X., Yeo, K. A., Sharma, V. K., Leung, G. K., McIntyre, R. S., Guerrero, A., Lu, B., Sin Fai Lam, C. C., Tran, B. X., Nguyen, L. H., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16091479 · Cited by 415
Yates, S. W. (2019) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.034 · Cited by 374
“However, depression is a disease, whereas burnout is a syndrome that is job-related and situationspecific.(61) Depression and burnout have common symptoms, which are also shared by hypothyroidism, and these should not be conflated.”
BackgroundAdler‐Milstein, J., Zhao, W., Willard‐Grace, R., Knox, M. J., & Grumbach, K. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz220 · Cited by 370
“04 Nurse practitioner Self-reported survey No 78 (90) Yes 9 (10) Scribe Administrative data No 76 (87) Yes 11 (13) Burnout Cynicism Self-reported survey Low 57 (66) High 30 (34) Exhaustion Low 43 (49) High 44 (51) Subjective EHR measures Perceived EHR proficiency Self-reported survey Optimal 14 (16) Good 41 (47) Satis…”
BackgroundMethodYıldırım, M., & Solmaz, F. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1818885 · Cited by 383
“This multidimensional model of burnout highlights the importance of individual stress experience within a social context and involves the one’s conception of both self and others (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialBurnout in the intensive care unit professionals
Chuang, C.-H., Tseng, P., Lin, C.-Y., Lin, K., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005629 · Cited by 360
“Work overload contributes to burnout by depleting the capacity of the people available to meet the demands of the job,([5]) which was described by several of the included studies([24,31,37])”
Burnout among healthcare workers in the COVID 19 era: a review of the existing literature
Leo, C. G., Sabina, S., Tumolo, M. R., Bodini, A., Ponzini, G., Sabato, E., & Mincarone, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.750529 · Cited by 303
“Burnout is a psychological syndrome described as a self-reported state of care- or work- related physical and mental stress (1) that induces emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment (PA) (2).”
BackgroundMental illness and suicide among physicians
Harvey, S. B., Epstein, R. M., Glozier, N., Petrie, K., Strudwick, J., Gayed, A., Dean, K., & Henderson, M. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01596-8 · Cited by 307
Teacher burnout explained: Teacher-, student-, and organisation-level variables
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How to prevent and combat employee burnout and create healthier workplaces during crises and beyond
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BackgroundInfluentialThe influence of electronic health record use on physician burnout: cross-sectional survey
Tajirian, T., Stergiopoulos, V., Strudwick, G., Sequeira, L., Sanches, M., Kemp, J., Ramamoorthi, K., Zhang, T., & Jankowicz, D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19274 · Cited by 241
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“…is commonly conceptualized as tripartiteconstructs including exhaustion (feeling exhausted and overwhelmed), depersonalization (indifferent and cynical attitude), and decreased personal accomplishment (reduced capability, inability to cope) (Maslach et al., 2001; Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
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“However, more investigations in this area resulted in its reconceptualization, highlighting two other components accompanying the emotional exhaustion dimension; namely, depersonalization and reduced personal efficacy (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundFinding solutions to the problem of burnout.
Maslach, C. (2017) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000090 · Cited by 266
“These include impaired physical health, poor job performance and errors, absenteeism, turnover, low morale and incivility, and a greater risk of mental illness (for a recent review, see Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
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“In such circumstances, people might constantly feel exhausted and lack the vigor and enthusiasm to meet the challenges of their everyday jobs (Maslach and Leiter, 2016).”
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How does familiarity impact the stigma of mental illness?
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“Diagnosing” burnout among healthcare professionals: Can we find consensus?
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“The trend towards categorizing burnout as a medical diagnosis implies one dimensionality, and it is clear that exhaustion has emerged as that single dimension (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Work Environment on Job Satisfaction
Donley, J. (2021) · Nurse Leader · doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2021.08.009 · Cited by 175
“This corresponds with the research on burnout, which is contrary and includes cynicism, exhaustion, and inefficacy.(5) Researchers found burnout to be a function of factors within the organizational context including work environment and leader effectiveness.”
MethodThe Problems With Burnout Research
Eckleberry-Hunt, J., Kirkpatrick, H., & Barbera, T. (2018) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001890 · Cited by 173
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“Many studies that evaluate individuals with burnout, consider burnout as an endpoint as opposed to an exposure or possible risk factor for other outcomes leaving a gap in the literature of the impact of burnout in relation to secondary associations for example of depression, anxiety, substance abuse and suicidality fo…”
BackgroundHashem, R., Ali, N., El Zein, F., Fidalgo, P., & Abu Khurma, O. (2023) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.58459/rptel.2024.19023 · Cited by 173
“…pressures, including heavy workloads, conflicting roles, school climate, interpersonal conflicts with colleagues, and behavioural challenges posed by students (Granziera et al., 2021; Hakanen et al., 2006; Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Montero-Marín et al., 2012; Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2010).”
BackgroundTaylor, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-020131 · Cited by 164
Roslan, N. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., Razak, A. A., & Morgan, K. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010090 · Cited by 164
“For the past two decades, burnout research has identified several risk factors at the individual and situational levels [23].”
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“Burnout is a multidimensional concept that has been defined as a “a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job” (Maslach and Leiter 2016, p. 103).”
BackgroundDo we experience pandemic fatigue? current state, predictors, and prevention
Haktanır, A., Can, N., Seki, T., Kurnaz, M. F., & Dilmaç, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02397-w · Cited by 161
“As burnout depicts a situation related to work (Maslach & Leiter, 2016), among these terms, we believe that “pandemic fatigue” can be the most appropriate concept.”
BackgroundOkuyan, C. B., & Begen, M. A. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12847 · Cited by 157
“Furthermore, it is essential to detach from work and not to work all the time to prevent burnout.(55,56) Taking virtual and real”
BackgroundInterventions to Reduce Stress and Burnout among Teachers: A Scoping Review
Agyapong, B., Brett-MacLean, P., Burback, L., Agyapong, V. I. O., & Wei, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20095625 · Cited by 248
“Depersonalization or cynicism is the interpersonal dimension of burnout and is associated with the negative, callous, or excessively detached response to other people [79].”
BackgroundHiggins, J. M., Arnold, S. R. C., Weise, J. C., Pellicano, E., & Trollor, J. N. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211019858 · Cited by 161
“Critically, drawing on the seminal work of Maslach and Leiter (2016), the ICD11 characterises burnout specifically within the context of unmanaged work-related stress, which results in three components of perceived exhaustion, mental distance or cynicism from one’s employment, and perceived reduced…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHavaei, F., Ma, A., Staempfli, S., & MacPhee, M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010084 · Cited by 154
“This finding may be attributed to EE being the most important consequence of heavy workloads: EE may not be significantly influenced by workplace safety factors [34,35].”
BackgroundSalvarani, V., Rampoldi, G., Ardenghi, S., Bani, M., Blasi, P., Ausili, D., Di Mauro, S., & Strepparava, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12771 · Cited by 144
Williams, E. S., Rathert, C., & Buttiġieġ, S. C. (2019) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558719856787 · Cited by 153
“However, Maslach and Leiter (2016) argue that if the focus is only on EE as the definition of burnout then invaluable interpersonal information is lost and burnout is reduced to an individual stress response without any reference to the relationship between the provider and client.”
Backgroundde la Cruz, S. P., Cebrino, J., Herruzo, J., & Vaquero-Abellán, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9041007 · Cited by 131
“The three key dimensions of this response are: (i) emotional exhaustion (EE), or a loss of enthusiasm in one’s work; (ii) depersonalization (DP), or an impersonal response to patients; and (iii) personal accomplishment (PA), or a feeling of carrying out one’s job successfully [1,2].”
BackgroundCancer‐related psychosocial challenges
Wang, Y., & Feng, W. S. (2022) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-100871 · Cited by 141
Burnout, depression, efficacy beliefs, and work-related variables among school teachers
Capone, V., Joshanloo, M., & Park, M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2019.02.001 · Cited by 178
Giuseppe, M. D., Nepa, G., Prout, T. A., Albertini, F., Marcelli, S., Orrù, G., & Conversano, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105258 · Cited by 158
“In other words, findings revealed that perceived stress is influenced by an overall psychological immaturity that affect the individual’s ability to cope with internal conflict and stressful life events, whereas burnout is highly affected by direct, intense, and prolonged exposure to chronic interpersonal stressors on…”
BackgroundGe, M., Hu, F., Jia, Y., Tang, W. H., Zhang, W., & Chen, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16708 · Cited by 170
Burnout in emergency medicine physicians
Zhang, Q., Mu, M., He, Y., Cai, Z., & Zheng-chi, L. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000021462 · Cited by 136
“The mean burnout scores were 23.95 (SD=11.88) for emotional exhaustion, 11.63 (SD=6.85) for depersonalization, and 34.69 (SD=7.71) for PA. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrate a high level of burnout prevalent in EM physicians that approximately 40% experience high levels of EE and depersonalization.”
InfluentialThe Nature and Evolution of the Mentoring Relationship in Academic Health Centers
Hill, S. E. M., Ward, W. L., Seay, A., & Buzenski, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09893-6 · Cited by 154
“…wellness, work/life balance (or lack thereof), burnout, stress, and stress-related physical ailments are paramount issues in the healthcare industry (Maslach & Leiter, 2016; National Academy of Medicine, n.d.; Williams et al, 2020) particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic (Walton et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOliveira, S., Roberto, M. S., Veiga-Simão, A. M., & Marques-Pinto, A. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09612-x · Cited by 133
Is Burnout a Depressive Condition? A 14-Sample Meta-Analytic and Bifactor Analytic Study
Bianchi, R., Verkuilen, J., Schonfeld, I. S., Hakanen, J., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., García, G. M., Laurent, É., & Meier, L. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620979597 · Cited by 162
“The job-related character of burnout has often been invoked in justifying the burnout–depression distinction (Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Shirom, 2005).”
BackgroundDiamond, A. D., Lee, C., Senften, P., Lam, A., & Abbott, D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222447 · Cited by 162
“Job burnout also contributes to poor health [106, 107].”
BackgroundBurnout, Compassion Fatigue, and Secondary Trauma in Nurses
Kelly, L. A. (2019) · Critical Care Nursing Quarterly · doi:10.1097/cnq.0000000000000293 · Cited by 160
“The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) describes a healthy work environment of consisting of 6 essential standards, each considered necessary and linked to excellent nursing practice and patient care: (1) skilled communication, (2) true collaboration, (3) effective decision-making, (4) appropriate sta…”
BackgroundImpacts of Nursing Student Burnout on Psychological Well-Being and Academic Achievement
Wei, H., Dorn, A. N., Hutto, H., Corbett, R. W., Haberstroh, A. L., & Larson, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20210616-02 · Cited by 140
JOB BURNOUT: A GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW
Lubbadeh, T. (2020) · International Review of Management and Marketing · doi:10.32479/irmm.9398 · Cited by 115
“Job burnout has been linked with several forms of adverse influences on the physical and mental health of the employee (Burke and Deszca, 1986; Cordes and Dougherty, 1993; Halbesleben and Buckley, 2004; Maslach, 2000; Maslach and Leiter, 2016b; Ozturk and Ay, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialAfulani, P. A., Gyamerah, A. O., Nutor, J. J., Laar, A. K., Aborigo, R., Malechi, H., Sterling, M., & Awoonor‐Williams, J. K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250294 · Cited by 133
“Burnout leads to lower productivity and effectiveness, decreased job satisfaction and commitment, and poor quality care, with risks to patient safety [10, 11].”
Portoghese, I., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., Galletta, M., Porru, F., D’Aloja, E., Finco, G., & Campagna, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02105 · Cited by 124
“This difference is consistent with the students’ mean on exhaustion (M = 3.36, SD = 1.34) that is nearly full standard deviation more negative than the exhaustion score for the health care providers (M = 2.19, SD = 1.49) in Leiter and Maslach (2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCarthon, J. M. B., Hatfield, L. A., Brom, H. M., Houton, M., Kelly-Hellyer, E., Schlak, A. E., & Aiken, L. H. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Care Quality · doi:10.1097/ncq.0000000000000475 · Cited by 143
How Other- and Self-Compassion Reduce Burnout through Resource Replenishment
Schabram, K., & Heng, Y. T. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2019.0493 · Cited by 131
Afonso, D. D., Romero‐Domínguez, L., & Benítez-Núñez, C. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103364 · Cited by 170
Perceived sources of stress amongst dental students: A multicountry study
Alhajj, M. N., Khader, Y. S., Murad, A. H., Čelebić, A., Halboub, E. S., Márquez, J. R., Macizo, C. C., Khan, S., Basnet, B. B., Makzoumé, J. E., et al. (2018) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12350 · Cited by 124
Suicide in Healthcare Workers: Determinants, Challenges, and the Impact of COVID-19
Awan, S., Diwan, M. N., Aamir, A., Allahuddin, Z., Irfan, M., Carano, A., Vellante, F., Ventriglio, A., Fornaro, M., Valchera, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792925 · Cited by 117
“Burnout is a psychological condition that develops when people are exposed to a stressful work environment with high job demands and limited resources (19, 20).”
BackgroundBurnout phenomenon: neurophysiological factors, clinical features, and aspects of management
Khammissa, R. A. G., Nemutandani, S. M., Feller, G., Lemmer, J., & Feller, L. (2022) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605221106428 · Cited by 182
“A source of concern to public health and occupational medicine professionals is evidence of the increasing numbers of workers taking extended sick leave and early retirement owing to unresolved burnout.(1,8,17,18) Because the WHO does not recognize burnout as a medical condition and does not include it in its classifi…”
BackgroundKim, B., & Lee, J. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04018-w · Cited by 170
“Prolonged interpersonal stresses in one ’ s job can lead to burnout, a mental condition de fi ned by emotional weariness, depersonalization, and a diminished sense of personal success (Maslach and Leiter, 2016; Maslach et al. 2001).”
The Impact of Nurse Leadership Styles on Nurse Burnout:
Wei, H., King, A. T., Jiang, Y., Sewell, K. B., & Lake, D. (2020) · Nurse Leader · doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2020.04.002 · Cited by 112
Racial/ethnic differences in burnout: a systematic review
Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A., Corbette, T., Hill, E. V., Williams, D. R., & Reede, J. Y. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00950-0 · Cited by 112
Gender role perspectives and job burnout
Artz, B., Kaya, I., & Kaya, Ö. (2021) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-021-09579-2 · Cited by 112
Sunjaya, D. K., Herawati, D. M. D., & Siregar, A. Y. M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10299-6 · Cited by 112
Predictors of Occupational Burnout: A Systematic Review
Shoman, Y., May, E. E., Marca, S. C., Wild, P. P., Bianchi, R., Bugge, M., Çağlayan, Ç., Cheptea, D., Gnesi, M., Godderis, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179188 · Cited by 138
“Occupational burnout results in low self-esteem, feelings of guilt, dissatisfaction with the work, reduction in the quality of work, absenteeism, intention to quit the job, turnover, family problems, work–home conflict, and reduction in the quality of life [99,100].”
BackgroundPetrino, R., Riesgo, L. G.-C., & Yilmaz, B. (2022) · European Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1097/mej.0000000000000952 · Cited by 113
Abraham, C. M., Zheng, K., & Poghosyan, L. (2020) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558719888427 · Cited by 99
“Burnout has been defined as a “prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors” (Maslach & Leiter, 2016, p. 103) and is characterized by the presence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feelings of low personal accomplishment (Maslach & Jackson, 1981).”
BackgroundShould Burnout Be Conceptualized as a Mental Disorder?
Nadon, L., De Beer, L. T., & Morin, A. J. S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12030082 · Cited by 112
“Burnout has been found to be associated with a wide range of maladaptive outcomes for employees, service recipients, and organizations alike [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialBurnout, career satisfaction, and well-being among US neurology residents and fellows in 2016
Levin, K. H., Shanafelt, T. D., Keran, C. M., Busis, N. A., Foster, L. A., Molano, J. R. V., O’Donovan, C. A., Ratliff, J. B., Schwarz, H. B., Sloan, J. A., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004135 · Cited by 109
“However, burnout and depression are not synonymous but rather are complexly interrelated.(31,37) The combination of depression and burnout in a trainee is especially worrisome,(16,31) possibly increasing the risk of suicide.”
BackgroundCetrano, G., Tedeschi, F., Rabbi, L., Gosetti, G., Lora, A., Lamonaca, D., Manthorpe, J., & Amaddeo, F. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2726-x · Cited by 105
“Some critical risk factors seem to be particularly applicable to mental health care and, among these, the most important is the relationship that mental health professionals have with clients who are experiencing psychological trauma [1].”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence and Radiologist Burnout
Liu, H., Ding, N., Li, X., Chen, Y., Sun, H., Huang, Y., Liu, C., Ye, P., Jin, Z., Bao, H., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48714 · Cited by 108
Determinants of Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in University Students
Schmickler, J. M., Blaschke, S., Robbins, R., & Mess, F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032019 · Cited by 152
“Emerging from prolonged emotional and interpersonal stress [49], burnout has been recognized as an increasing hazard with high prevalence among university students [50].”
BackgroundUchmanowicz, I., Manulik, S. K., Lomper, K., Rozensztrauch, A., Zborowska, A., Kolasińska, J., & Rosińćzuk, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024296 · Cited by 100
“Burnout is a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job.(11) It involves feelings of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and diminished personal accomplishment at work.”
BackgroundCheng, H., Fan, Y., & Lau, H. C. W. (2022) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2022.2078991 · Cited by 126
“Burnout has been recognized as a hazardous occupational health issue over the past few decades (Maslach and Leiter, 2016).”
BackgroundAn urgent call to address work‐related psychosocial hazards and improve worker well‐being
Schulte, P. A., Sauter, S. L., Pandalai, S. P., Tiesman, H. M., Chosewood, L. C., Cunningham, T. R., Wurzelbacher, S. J., Pana‐Cryan, R., Swanson, N. G., Chang, C., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23583 · Cited by 128
Burnout Syndrome and shift work among the nursing staff
Vidotti, V., Ribeiro, R. P., Galdino, M. J. Q., & Martins, J. T. (2018) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2550.3022 · Cited by 176
“Hence, it is characterized by a loss of meaning at work, lack of motivation, negative attitudes, and detachment from others, which harm the work process in the health field(8-9).”
BackgroundAl‐Alawi, M., Sinawi, H. A., Al-Qubtan, A., Lawati, J. A., Al-Habsi, A., Al-Shuraiqi, M., Al‐Adawi, S., & Panchatcharam, S. M. (2017) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2017.1400941 · Cited by 102
“’(20) Maslach described three characteristic of Burnout Syndrome: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment particularly about work.(21) The concept of the term Burnout Syndrome has been expanded to medical”
BackgroundEmotional labour, teaching and burnout: Investigating complex relationships
Bodenheimer, G., & Shuster, S. M. (2019) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2019.1705868 · Cited by 132
“The prevailing discourse of burnout tends to portray individuals as responsible for burnout rather than addressing the relevant socio-cultural and organisational contexts (see Maslach and Leiter 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialHayes, S. W., Priestley, J., Moore, B. A., & Ray, H. E. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211058193 · Cited by 98
“…in many other professions that may also require both significant professional skill and high degrees of interaction with people (Gray-Stanley & Muramatsu, 2011; Ilić et al., 2017; Kristensen et al., 2005; Maslach & Jackson, 1984; Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Shirom et al., 2009; Wood et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAssessment of burnout in medical undergraduate students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Altannir, Y., Al-Najjar, W., Ahmad, S. O., Altannir, M., Yousuf, F., Obeidat, A. S., & Al-Tannir, M. A. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1468-3 · Cited by 97
“Backward multiple logistics regression analysis was conducted for each of the three MBI component levels to examine the relationship between burnout and general characteristics of the participants.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffect of burnout among physicians on observed adverse patient outcomes: a literature review
Mangory, K. Y., Ali, L. Y., Rø, K. I., & Tyssen, R. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06371-x · Cited by 101
“The scale is thereby poorly validated with respect to impairment and work performance [10, 11].”
BackgroundBeames, J. R., Spanos, S., Roberts, A., McGillivray, L., Li, S., Newby, J. M., O’Dea, B., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09720-w · Cited by 109
Christodoulou-Fella, M., Middleton, N., Papathanassoglou, E., & Karanikola, M. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/1908712 · Cited by 97
“The core concept of professional burnout is emotional exhaustion, which regards experiences of psychological fatigue related to work conditions, while in this state one’s drive is replaced by tiredness, commitment by cynic behaviour, and efficiency by low motivation [28].”
BackgroundPermarupan, P. Y., Mamun, A. A., Samy, N. K., Saufi, R. A., & Hayat, N. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12010388 · Cited by 104
Hayes, S. W., Priestley, J., Ray, H., & Ishmakhametov, N. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vnkwa · Cited by 96
Fitzpatrick, O., Biesma, R., Conroy, R. M., & McGarvey, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023297 · Cited by 94
“Correlations have been reported in other studies, 51 52 including studies using the same scale as used in the present study.”
ResultIbar, C., Fortuna, F., González, D., Jamardo, J., Jacobsen, D., Pugliese, L. J., Giraudo, L., Ceres, V., Mendoza, C., Repetto, E. M., et al. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105213 · Cited by 96
Metadata
- Authors
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Acadia University (CA)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-111
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC4911781
- OpenAlex
- W2488757378
- Semantic Scholar
- bd7909e22b7f5065b135cb093af9faa87b271a78
- Cited by
- 4,200
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 840 · 2025: 776 · 2024: 532 · 2023: 523 · 2022: 502 · 2021: 387 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 208.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- burnout, psychiatrists, occupational stress, healthcare workers, burnout measurement, burnout models, burnout prevention, burnout treatment, return to work
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