The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
The experience of burnout has been the focus of much research during the past few decades. Measures have been developed, as have various theoretical models, and research studies from many countries have contributed to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of this occupationally‐specific dysphoria. The majority of this work has focused on human service occupations, and particularly health care. Research on the burnout experience for psychiatrists mirrors much of the broader literature, in terms of both sources and outcomes of burnout. But it has also identified some of the unique stressors that mental health professionals face when they are dealing with especially difficult or violent clients. Current issues of particular relevance for psychiatry include the links between burnout and mental illness, the attempts to redefine burnout as simply exhaustion, and the relative dearth of evaluative research on potential interventions to treat and/or prevent burnout. Given that the treatment goal for burnout is usually to enable people to return to their job, and to be successful in their work, psychiatry could make an important contribution by identifying the treatment strategies that would be most effective in achieving that goal.
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In the citing paper
“we measured burnout using the full 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel MBI-HSS (MP), a well-validated tool designed to investigate the three burnout dimensions, emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) [1].”
From Burnout among neurology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Emotional exhaustion is the key psychological dimension of burnout that is characterised by a stress reaction related to work demands and overload (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both structured organizational interventions and individual-level coping approaches were reported, many of which were associated with improved resilience, engagement, and professional functioning, consistent with occupational health literature on proactive burnout mitigation (2–4).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These findings are aligned with global evidence showing that organizational support reduces burnout risk and strengthens workforce resilience (2, 3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cyclical models of burnout (57) propose the decline in self-fulfillment as the final stage of the syndrome, following emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, conclude in a feeling of incompetence and lack of achievement at work, which negatively affects self-esteem and personal satisfaction (60).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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In the citing paper
“Individuals affected by burnout are at risk of a range of associated outcomes that extend beyond the work context, including poor physical [6,12] and psychological health (including diminished well-being [13], depression [14,15], anxiety [16], and suicide [14,17]).”
From Evaluation of an App-Delivered Psychological Flexibility Skill Training Intervention for Medical Student Burnout and Well-being: Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exhaustion is conceptually similar to a conventional stress variable and is more predictive of stress-related health outcomes compared to the other two dimensions (Maslach & Leiter, 2016).”
From Intervention Programs Targeting the Mental Health, Professional Burnout, and/or Wellbeing of School Teachers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (2023) · cites this paper as Maslach & Leiter, 2016
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“Burnout is widely understood as arising primarily from chronic workplace stressors embedded within organizational systems rather than solely from individual vulnerability (3).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings parallel global evidence that burnout is deeply rooted in systemic conditions, including inadequate staffing, administrative pressures and resource shortages rather than individual deficits, underscoring the importance of organizational reform (3, 46).”
From Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“depersonalization implies emotional disconnection and dehumanizing treatment of patients, which may have serious implications for the quality of health care (57).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Since burnout is work-related and context-dependent, whereas depression is more general and context-independent, research has demonstrated that the two constructs, while interrelated, are indeed distinct [15].”
In the citing paper
“Two single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and cynicism (originally called depersonalization) were included from the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-based on West’s [39] research, which demonstrated that these measures provided information on likelihood of burnout among medical professionals equivalent to the complete 22-item questionnaire (single emotional exhaustion question, rs=0.76-0.83;”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
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Citations
Cites
The measurement of experienced burnout
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030020205 · Cited by 14,496
Self-citationThe Job Demands‐Resources model: state of the art
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940710733115 · Cited by 12,996
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 · Cited by 12,852
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Self-citationThe Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282471 · Cited by 7,403
The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure
Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06 · Cited by 5,898
Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction
Aiken, L. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.1987 · Cited by 5,226
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Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370500297720 · Cited by 3,136
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Self-citationEarly predictors of job burnout and engagement.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498 · Cited by 2,397
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
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- Ahola K, 2014, Burnout at work: a psychological perspective, 10
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,011 of 1,011
Factors contributing to burnout among healthcare workers during COVID-19 in Sabah (East Malaysia)
Pang, N. T. P., Hadi, N. M. N., Mohaini, M. I., Kamu, A., Ho, C. M., Koh, E. B. Y., Loo, J. L., Theng, D. Q. L., & Wider, W. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10061068 · Cited by 9
“Considering work-related burnout, it is interesting that social support from families and friends were the two significant factors that remain aligned with a previous study [17].”
ResultDitton, E., Knott, B., Hodyl, N., Horton, G., Walker, F. R., & Nilsson, M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/43263 · Cited by 9
Kendrick, A. H., Tay, M. K., & Shahin, M. J. H. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13030226 · Cited by 8
“To assess burnout, a checklist of common signs and symptoms based on the Maslach and Jackson Burnout scale (1984) [42] was created, with additional symptoms specific to teaching and learning added to the January 2021 checklist that emerged from the qualitative data analysis [46].”
Assessing the prevalence of burnout among female microvascular head and neck surgeons
Benjamin, T., Gulati, A., Zebolsky, A. L., Seth, R., Knott, P. D., Okuyemi, O., & Park, A. M. (2023) · Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine · doi:10.1089/fpsam.2022.0312 · Cited by 8
Burnout in psychodermatology: results from a European survey
Gkini, M. ‐., Hussain, K., Taylor, R., & Bewley, A. (2020) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.19308 · Cited by 7
Gil-Almagro, F., Carmona-Monge, F. J., García-Hedrera, F. J., & Peñacoba-Puente, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1522134 · Cited by 4
Kapiki, S. (., & Pappa, A. (2025) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/jhom-03-2025-0134 · Cited by 4
“Maslach and Leiter (2016) identify key drivers of burnout, including lack of control, insufficient recognition, and poor leadership.”
Resident burnout trends during COVID-19: a retrospective observational study
Elwood, A. D., MaloneyPatel, N., & Hutchinson-Colas, J. (2023) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.02.014 · Cited by 3
Han, J.-H., Lee, M., Cha, C., & Baek, G. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13243253 · Cited by 3
“Three burnout dimensions have been identified: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low personal accomplishment (PA) [2].”
Management strategies for healthcare worker burnout in Sub-Saharan Africa: an integrative review
Khangamwa-Singano, F., Singano, V. H., Kaunda, P., Machongo, R. B., & Nkhoma-Mussa, Y. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1779807 · Cited by 1
“Making this distinction explicit is important, as burnout is recognized as an occupational phenomenon driven largely by systemic and organizational factors (3), and excessive focus on individual coping may divert attention from these structural determinants (Table 4).”
InfluentialBurnout and patient safety: navigating between exaggerated evidence and warranted assertability
Montgomery, A., Chalili, V., Maliousis, I., & Lainidi, O. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1801061
“Profiling the different types of burnout and engagement (as recommended by Leiter and Maslach, 2016) has the potential to elucidate better the mechanisms of patient safety.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Acadia University (CA)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-111
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC4911781
- OpenAlex
- W2488757378
- Semantic Scholar
- bd7909e22b7f5065b135cb093af9faa87b271a78
- Cited by
- 4,200
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 840 · 2025: 776 · 2024: 532 · 2023: 523 · 2022: 502 · 2021: 387 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 208.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- burnout, psychiatrists, occupational stress, healthcare workers, burnout measurement, burnout models, burnout prevention, burnout treatment, return to work
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