How can I remember when “I” wasn’t there: long-term retention of traumatic experiences and emergence of the cognitive self
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Children aged 18 months to 5 years who underwent emergency room visits for injuries recalled very little at either time point when they were younger than 30 months at the time of the injury, but recalled very well when they were older than this.
“recalled very little at either time point when they were younger than 30 months at the time of the injury, but recalled very well when they were older than this (109).”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1995) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/1041-6080(95)90031-4 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development.
Pasupathi, M. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.651 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors
Salmon, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00086-1 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014431 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language
Simcock, G. P., & Hayne, H. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00442 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Children's Memory for Traumatic Injury
Peterson, C., & Bell, M. J. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01902.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationTo Tell or Not to Tell: Disclosure and the Narrative Self
Pasupathi, M., McLean, K. C., & Weeks, T. L. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00539.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Creating coherence out of chaos? Children's narratives of emotionally positive and negative events
Fıvush, R., HAZZARD, A. P., Sales, J. M., Sarfati, D., & Brown, T. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.854 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory and suggestibility in children with autism spectrum disorder
Bruck, M., London, K., Landa, R. J., & GOODMAN, J. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070058 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“According to Howe and colleagues ~Howe et al., 1994, 2003; Howe & Courage, 1993, 1997!, the emergence of the cognitive self ~or self-recognition! heralds the onset of ABM.”
BackgroundPasupathi, M., & Wainryb, C. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018897 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“From infancy through adolescence, children’s sense of themselves develops over time in accessibility, complexity, abstraction, coherence, and temporal extension (Damon & Hart, 1988; Harter, 1998; Howe et al., 1994).”
BackgroundThe effects of stress on young children's memory for a natural disaster.
Bahrick, L. E., Parker, J. F., Fıvush, R., & Levitt, M. J. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.4.4.308 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Lindsay, D. S., & Read, J. D. (1995) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.1.4.846 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Howe, Courage, and Peterson (1994) interviewed children who had experienced physical traumas (broken bones, contusions, etc.) sufficiently severe to require hospital treatment.”
BackgroundRecent research on children’s testimony about experienced and witnessed events
Pipe, M., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.08.006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Memory for traumatic experiences in early childhood
Cordón, I. M., Pipe, M.-E., Sayfan, L., Melinder, A., & Goodman, G. S. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.09.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“However, the evidence for non-verbal memories appears to be dependent on context, and young children may be reliant on re-encountering events, places, and people for reactivating and accessing these memories (Fivush, Pipe, Murachver, & Reese, 1997; see Howe et al., 1994, for a case study example).”
BackgroundInfluentialAckil, J. K., Abbema, D. L. V., & Bauer, P. J. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00027-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Roberts, K. P. (2002) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/s0273-2297(02)00005-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
True and false memories in maltreated children.
Howe, M. L., Cicchetti, D., Toth, S., & Cerrito, B. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00748.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“1997; Saywitz, Goodman, Nicholas, & Moan, 1991) or painful and unexpected physical interventions involved in emergency room treatment ( Howe et al., 1994, 1995 ) do parallel some of the attributes associated with physical and sexual abuse, they do not carry the same psychological ramifications (e.g., shame, guilt, thr…”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhen autobiographical memory begins
Howe, M. L. (2003) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.09.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“As well, in an investigation of children s memories for injuries requiring emergency room treatment, Howe, Courage, and Peterson (1994) reported that children who were younger than 2-yearsold expressed recollection of their accidents nonverbally after a 5-day retention interval but very little…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRecalling an event one year later: the impact of props, drawing and a prior interview
Salmon, K., & Pipe, M. (2000) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(200003/04)14:2 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Police interviews with child sexual abuse victims: Patterns of reporting, avoidance and denial
Leander, L. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.011 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Children's memory for traumatic experiences
Howe, M. L. (1997) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(97)90004-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, S., & Souza, L. H. D. (2008) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732308315433 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Intrusions in preschoolers’ recall of traumatic childhood events
Howe, M. L., Courage, M. L., & Peterson, C. (1995) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03214419 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares
Nielsen, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00201 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“and were interviewed within a few days and again 6 months later recalled very little at either time point when they were younger than 30 months at the time of the injury, but recalled very well when they were older than this (109).”
BackgroundThe influences of delay and severity of intellectual disability on event memory in children.
Brown, D. A., Lewis, C. N., Lamb, M. E., & Stephens, E. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029388 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Narrative exposure therapy in children : a case study
Schauer, E., Neuner, F., Elbert, T. R., Ertl, V., Onyut, L. P., Odenwald, M. G., & Schauer, M. (2004) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Children's basic memory processes, stress, and maltreatment
Howe, M. L., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060378 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationIndependent Paths in the Development of Infant Learning and Forgetting
Howe, M. L., & Courage, M. L. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1997.2395 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPasupathi, M., Weeks, T. L., & Rice, C. (2006) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x06289425 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Howe, M. L., & O’Sullivan, J. T. (1997) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.1996.0428 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationA sexual abuse case study: Children's memories and reports
Leander, L., Christianson, S. Å., & Granhag, P. A. (2007) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1375/pplt.14.1.120 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Considering research on children’s memories of stressful events, the vast majority of studies indicate that children remember stressful and unique events well (e.g., Goodman et al., 1991; Howe et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMcDonald, S. E., Collins, E., Cody, A. M., Nicotera, N., Graham‐Bermann, S. A., Ascione, F. R., & Williams, J. H. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516689775 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Advances in early memory development research: Insights about the dark side of the moon
Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.09.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Finally, in an investigation of children!s memories for injuries requiring emergency room treatment, Howe, Courage, and Peterson (1994, 1995) reported that children who were younger than 2-years-old expressed recollection of their accidents nonverbally after a 5 day retention interval, but…”
BackgroundSelf-citationChae, Y., Goodman, G. S., & Edelstein, R. S. (2011) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386491-8.00001-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Maltreated Children's Memory of Stressful Removals from Their Biological Parents
Baugerud, G. A., & Melinder, A. M. D. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1817 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Interference effects in young children's long-term retention.
Howe, M. L. (1995) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.4.579 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationValentino, K., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01152.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
True and false recall and dissociation among maltreated children: The role of self-schema
Valentino, K., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000102 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“However, despite the high level of emotionality and stress that might accompany recollections of unanticipated emergency room procedures (Howe et al., 1994, 1995) or hospital experiences that involve genital touching (e.g., Goodman & Quas, 1997), it is unclear whether the intensity of these…”
BackgroundMemory and Developmental Psychopathology
Howe, M. L., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939390.ch15 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren exposed to obscene phone calls: What they remember and tell
Leander, L., Granhag, P. A., & Christianson, S. Å. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This result adds to previous findings and supports the claim that, although children do omit information, what they in fact do tell is often highly accurate (Goodman et al., 1991; Howe et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResultChildren’s recall of medical experiences: the impact of stress
Brown, D. A., Salmon, K., Pipe, M., Rutter, M. M., Craw, S., & Taylor, B. J. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00127-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…a negative impact of stress on memory (Merritt et al., 1994; Peters, 1987, 1991; Vandermaas, Hess, & Baker-Ward, 1993), and still others have found no impact of stress on children’s memory (Goodman et al., 1991, Study 1; Howe et al., 1994, 1995; Oates & Shrimpton, 1991; Peterson & Bell, 1996).”
BackgroundLeander, L., Christianson, S. Å., & Granhag, P. A. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1433 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Based on research on children’s memory for stressful events (e.g. Goodman et al., 1991; Howe et al., 1996), it is reasonable to believe that the victims also remembered the severe sexual acts (as well as the less severe acts).”
BackgroundMemory and Knowledge Development
Schneider, W., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2005) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781848608306.n17 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Paley, J. H., & Alpert, J. L. (2003) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.20.2.329 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The role of repeated interviewing in children's responses to cross‐examination‐style questioning
O’Neill, S. C., & Zajac, R. (2012) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02096.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yaseen, Z. S., Zhang, X., Muran, J., Winston, A., & Galynker, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00090 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
McKinlay, A., Corrigan, J. D., Bogner, J. A., & Horwood, L. J. (2017) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000284 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lindberg, M. A., Jones, S., Collard, L. M., & Thomas, S. W. (2001) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221320109597486 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Episodic Memory: An Evolving Concept
Szpunar, K. K., & McDermott, K. B. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00147-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Children as Witnesses to Homicidal Violence: What They Remember and Report
Christianson, S. Å., Azad, A., Leander, L., & Selenius, H. (2012) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2012.692930 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Richardson, R., & Hayne, H. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00508.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The role of age at asthma diagnosis in the development of triggers of asthma episodes
Sarafino, E. P., Gates, M., & DePaulo, D. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00233-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Third, although children’s memories of traumatic and nontraumatic events can be robust, the memories of children under 2 years of age are more limited than those of older children, and this difference results more so from failures in storage than in retrieval processes [16,17,22].”
BackgroundChild Sexual Abuse Evaluations
Kuehnle, K. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Somatic expressions of trauma in experiential play therapy.
Norton, B. E., Ferriegel, M., & Norton, C. C. (2011) · International Journal of Play Therapy · doi:10.1037/a0024349 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Children's Beliefs about Long-Term Retention
O’Sullivan, J. T., Howe, M. L., & Marche, T. A. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01899.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLamb, M. E., & Thierry, K. L. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470756676.ch24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Children's Reports of Verbal Sexual Abuse: Effects of Police Officers' Interviewing Style
Leander, L., Granhag, P. A., & Christianson, S. Å. (2009) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218710902930226 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This result confirms previous findings and supports the claim that, although children do omit sexual information, what they in fact do tell is often highly accurate (Bidrose & Goodman, 2000: Goodman et al., 1991; Howe et al., 1996).”
ResultThe legal treatment of recovered memories of child sexual abuse
Taub, S. (1996) · Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1080/01947649609511006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The development of event memory: Implications for child witness testimony.
Pipe, M., Thierry, K. L., & Lamb, M. E. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315086309-19 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Factors influencing recall of childhood sexual abuse
Rogers, M. L. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02102895 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The aims of anesthesia in infants: the relevance of philosophy, psychology and a little evidence
Davidson, A. J. (2006) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.02053.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A different view of metamemory with illustrations from children’s beliefs about long-term retention
O’Sullivan, J. T., & Howe, M. L. (1998) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172810 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“That is, more gist than peripheral details are remembered (e.g., Howe, Courage, & Peterson, 1994 ) and postevent information can interfere with memory for the original traumatic event (e.g., Howe, Courage, & Peterson, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChildren’s Vantage Point of Recalling Traumatic Events
Dawson, K. S., & Bryant, R. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162030 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Additionally, a series of studies conducted by Howe [11, 12] exploring the enduring nature of children’s memories for painful and invasive medical procedures found that despite a substantial decline a year later in recall of “peripheral” aspects of the event (e.g. who took the child home after the procedure), children…”
BackgroundInfluentialAzad, A., Christianson, S., & Selenius, H. (2013) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2013.793337 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Victor and Catherine Henri on earliest recollections
Nicolas, S., Gounden, Y., & Piolino, P. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503313003035 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Memory narrowing in children and adults
Rush, E. B., Quas, J. A., & Yim, I. S. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1757 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Shaping of New Testament Narrative and Salvation Teachings by Painful Childhood Experience
Abelow, B. J. (2011) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/157361211x552218 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These early memories are said to be “remembered,” but in an abstracted form that is incomplete with respect to awareness that the events actually happened to oneself (Howe, 2000, e.g. p. 89; Howe, Courage, and Peterson, 1996).”
Infants' and Toddlers' Remembering and Forgetting of a Stressful Medical Procedure
Lindholm, T., Sjöberg, R. L., Pedroletti, C., Boman, A., Olsson, G., Sund, A., & Lindblad, F. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn066 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Early memories come in small packages: episodic memory in young children and adults
Tustin, K., & Hayne, H. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21423 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Recall of unpleasant emotion using memory-enhancing principles
Engelberg, E., & Christianson, S. (2000) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160008410835 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nachson, I. (2001) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/026975800100800101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pacheco, C. R., & Scheeringa, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2021.1994498 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Finally, two studies of children who were recruited from emergency departments following treatment for accidental injuries found no relations between trauma exposure and memory accuracy (Howe et al., 1994; Peterson & Bell, 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluential“Implicit Memory” Cannot Explain Dissociated Traumatic Memory: A Theoretical Critique
Milchman, M. S. (2003) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v04n01_03 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Remembering Early Experiences during Childhood
Pipe, M., Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., Bidrose, S., Ablin, D. S., & Craw, S. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2672-5_19 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Acute confusion indicators: Risk factors and prevalence using MDS data
Mentes, J. C., Culp, K. R., Maas, M. L., & Rantz, M. (1999) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-240x(199904)22:2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Alternative “truths” of repressed memories: Views of judges of the Israeli supreme court
Nachson, I. (2025) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12275 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Child Sexual Abuse Evaluations
Kuehnle, K., & Connell, M. A. (2012) · Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop211024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A 2‐year‐old child's memory of hospitalization during early infancy
Solter, A. (2008) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.570 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…dependent on a cognitive sense of self, this case study appears to contradict the assumptions that a sense of self does not emerge until 24 months (Howe et al., 1994), and that true mental time travel (specifically the ability to remember the past using episodic memory) does not emerge until 3–4…”
ResultAutobiographical Memory and Culture
Chae, Y., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190057695.013.35 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Memory, Suggestibility, and Disclosure Processes
Slonecker, E. M., Olaguez, A. P., Taffe, R., & Klemfuss, J. Z. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549513.013.4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What sexually abused children remember and report : minding the gap
Leander, L. (2007) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A direct comparison of children's recall of stressful and non-stressful events
Price, H. L. (2006) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Racine, A. A. (2016) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood
Hatton, L. (2008) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Valentino, K., & McDonnell, C. G. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3187 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advances in investigative and legal procedures
Hill, E. S. (2011) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sun, W. S. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118597705.ch34 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Bird's Eye View of Consciousness
Macphail, E. M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452977-0/50006-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Switzer, H. (2005) · doi:10.82465/5313 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jurkanin, T. J., Анатольевич, С. В., Allen, J. M., Anderson, B., Barringer, T., Bender, L. G., Bolton, M., & Bowman, D. (2006)
Explaining the role of emotional valence in children's memory suggestibility
Conradt, T. W. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Stokke, R. K. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
A Dissertation entitled Explaining the Role of Emotional Valence in Children's Memory Suggestibility
Conradt, T. W., London, K., & Geers, A. L. (2013)
The influence of stress on giving testimony
Snežana, B. (2015) · Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Novi Sad · doi:10.5937/zrpfns49-9781
Sharing memories in children: The importance of close and significative relationship
Russo, K., Aiello, G., Sarno, A. M. D., Salvati, T., Catone, G., & Gritti, A. (2017) · Journal of Psychosocial Systems · doi:10.23823/jps.v1i2.21
“For example, as time goes by, peripheral details of the event are lost, whereas central aspects are maintained (Howe et al. 1994).”
BackgroundChild witnesses: a study of memory and suggestibility.
Grattagliano, I., Berlingerio, I., Lisi, A. M.-D., et al. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.7417/ct.2013.1542
“The quantity and quality of the details contained in the account are also affected by the time that has passed since the event occurred (9, 10).”
Narratives of Young People Living with Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Adlington, R. L. (2012) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)
Victor and Catherine Henri on earliest recollections
Nicolas, S., Gounden, Y., & Piolino, P. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.133.0349
Lamb, M. E., PhD, I. H., Orbach, Y., & D, P. W. E. E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470773291.refs
- Authors
- Howe, M. L., Courage, M. L., & Peterson, C.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 327-355
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2012246159
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- autobiographical memory, early childhood memories, traumatic memory, long-term memory retention, cognitive self, self-concept development, stress and memory, false memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
