The Composition of Centaur 5145 Pholus
Open accessAbstract
We present a new spectrum of the Centaur object 5145 Pholus between 1.15 and 2.4 μm. We model this, and the previously published (0.4- to 1.0-μm) spectrum, using Hapke scattering theory. Seen in absorption are the 2.04-μm band of H2O ice and a strong band at 2.27 μm, interpreted as frozen methanol and/or a photolytic product of methanol having small molecular weight. The presence of small molecules is indicative of a chemically primitive surface, since heating and other processes remove the light hydrocarbons in favor of macromolecular carbon of the kind found in carbonaceous meteorites. The unusually red slope of Pholus' spectrum is matched by fine grains of a refractory organic solid (tholin), as found previously by M. Hoffmannet al. (1993,J. Geophys. Res.98, 7403–7407) and P. D. Wilsonet al.(1994,Icarus107, 288–303). Olivine (which we model with Fo 82) also appears to be present on Pholus. We present a five-component model for the composite spectrum of all spectroscopic and photometric data available for 5145 Pholus and conclude that this is a primitive object which has not yet been substantially processed by solar heat. The properties of Pholus are those of the nucleus of a large comet that has never been active.
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A red spectral slope over 520-950 nm is not unexpected and is characteristic of many primitive objects in the solar system.
“However, we note that a red spectral slope over this range is not unexpected and is characteristic of many primitive objects in our solar system (Cruikshank et al. 1998;Jewitt & Luu 1998;Bus & Binzel 2002;Sheppard 2010;Carry et al. 2016).”
From Implications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) (2017) · cites this paper as Cruikshank et al. 1998
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Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds in Meteorites
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Self-citationCompositional Evolution of Saturn's Rings Due to Meteoroid Bombardment
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Thermal Stability of Volatiles in the North Polar Region of Mercury
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The Compositions of Kuiper Belt Objects
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COLOR SYSTEMATICS OF COMETS AND RELATED BODIES
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Natural Solid Bitumens as Possible Analogs for Cometary and Asteroid Organics:
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Hydrated Minerals on Asteroids: The Astronomical Record
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The nature of comet-asteroid transition object (3200) Phaethon
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Water Ice on Kuiper Belt Object 1996 TO[TINF]66[/TINF]
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Self-citationThe surface compositions of Pluto and Charon
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Self-citationNew insights on ices in Centaur and Transneptunian populations
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Self-citationNEAR-INFRARED SPECTRA OF CENTAURS AND KUIPER BELT OBJECTS
Barkume, K. M., Brown, M. E., & Schaller, E. L. (2007) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/55 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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Self-citationTaxonomy of Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects
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Nonlinear spectral mixing: Quantitative analysis of laboratory mineral mixtures
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The Strengths of Near‐Infrared Absorption Features Relevant to Interstellar and Planetary Ices
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Tholins as coloring agents on outer Solar System bodies
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Self-citationA close look at Saturn's rings with Cassini VIMS
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Self-citationThe Near Infrared Spectrum of Miranda Evidence of Crystalline Water Ice
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Complex Organic Materials in the Circumstellar Disk of HR 4796A
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The morphology and surface processes of Comet 19/P Borrelly
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The Surface of 2003 EL61in the Near‐Infrared
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A HYPOTHESIS FOR THE COLOR DIVERSITY OF THE KUIPER BELT
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Near-infrared laboratory spectra of solid HO/CO and CHOH/CO ice mixtures
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Self-citationColor, composition, and thermal environment of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth
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Self-citationNear-Infrared Spectroscopy of Centaurs and Irregular Satellites
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$\vec{BV\!RI}$ Photometry of 27 Kuiper Belt Objects with ESO/Very Large Telescope
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Constraints on the Composition of Trojan Asteroid 624 Hektor
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Self-citationThe Main Belt Comets and ice in the Solar System
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Distribution and Evolution of CH4, N2, and CO Ices on Pluto's Surface: 1995 to 1998
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Self-citationThe bimodal colors of Centaurs and small Kuiper belt objects
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A HYPOTHESIS FOR THE COLOR BIMODALITY OF JUPITER TROJANS
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Decoding the Domino: The Dark Side of Iapetus
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Self-citationWater Ice in 2060 Chiron and Its Implications for Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects
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Hapke modeling of Rhea surface properties through Cassini-VIMS spectra
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Self-citationThe Trans-Neptunian Solar System
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Visible and near-IR observations of transneptunian objects
Boehnhardt, H., Tozzi, G. P., Birkle, K., Hainaut, O., Sekiguchi, T., Vair, M., Watanabe, J.-I., Rupprecht, G., & The FORS Instrument Team (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011212 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Distribution and Physical State of H2O on Charon
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Multicolor Photometry of Trans-neptunian Objects
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Self-citationImplications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua)
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Ion irradiation of TNOs: from the fluxes measured in space to the laboratory experiments
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Prerequisites for explosive cryovolcanism on dwarf planet-class Kuiper belt objects
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SURVIVAL OF AMORPHOUS WATER ICE ON CENTAURS
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Surface characterization of 28978 Ixion (2001 KX$\mathsf{_{76}}$)
Boehnhardt, H., Bagnulo, S., Muinonen, K., Barucci, M. A., Kolokolova, L., Dotto, E., & Tozzi, G. P. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
NICS-TNG infrared spectroscopy of trans-neptunian objects 2000 EB173 and 2000 WR106
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Water ice on the surface of the large TNO 2004 DW
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Visible and Infrared Photometry of Fourteen Kuiper Belt Objects
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Self-citationGeophysical evolution of Saturn’s satellite Phoebe, a large planetesimal in the outer Solar System
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On the origin & thermal stability of Arrokoth's and Pluto's ices
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Self-citationUnexpected D-type interlopers in the inner main belt
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A tale of 3 dwarf planets: Ices and organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST spectroscopy
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The Neptune Trojans - a new source for the Centaurs?
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Self-citationPhysical state of ices in the outer solar system
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Self-citationVisible and near-infrared spectroscopy of the Centaur 32532 (2001 PT$_{\mathsf {13}}$)
Barucci, M. A., Boehnhardt, H., Dotto, E., Doressoundiram, A., Romon, J., Lazzarin, M., Fornasier, S., de Bérgh, C., Tozzi, G. P., Delsanti, A., et al. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021186 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationBarucci, M. A., Merlin, F., Dotto, E., Doressoundiram, A., & de Bérgh, C. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064951 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Organic matter in space: from star dust to the Solar System
Kwok, S. (2008) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-008-9965-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Composition of Saturn's Rings
Poulet, F. (2002) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6967 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Short-wavelength infrared (1.3–2.6 μm) observations of the nucleus of Comet 19P/Borrelly
Soderblom, L. A., Britt, D. T., Brown, R. H., Buratti, B. J., Kirk, R. L., Owen, T., & Yelle, R. V. (2003) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.08.019 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure and Evolution of Kuiper Belt Objects and Dwarf Planets
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A JWST/DiSCo-TNOs portrait of the primordial Solar System through its trans-Neptunian objects
Pinilla-Alonso, N., Brunetto, R., Prá, M. D., Holler, B. J., Hénault, E., Souza-Feliciano, A. C., Lorenzi, V., Pendleton, Y. J., Cruikshank, D. P., Muller, T. G., et al. (2024) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02433-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationPolarimetry of Centaurs (2060) Chiron, (5145) Pholus and (10199) Chariklo
Belskaya, I. N., Bagnulo, S., Barucci, M. A., Muinonen, K., Tozzi, G. P., Fornasier, S., & Kolokolova, L. (2010) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Aromatic and aliphatic organic materials on Iapetus: Analysis of Cassini VIMS data
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Self-citationAqueous altered silicates at the surface of two Plutinos?
de Bérgh, C., Boehnhardt, H., Barucci, M. A., Lazzarin, M., Fornasier, S., Romon, J., Tozzi, G. P., Doressoundiram, A., & Dotto, E. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031727 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Solar System Beyond The Planets
Delsanti, A., & Jewitt, D. C. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-37683-6_11 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Physical characteristics of Comet Nucleus C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
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THE YOUTHFUL APPEARANCE OF THE 2003 EL61COLLISIONAL FAMILY
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The irradiation of pure CH3OH and 1:1 mixture of NH3:CH3OH ices at 30 K using low energy electrons
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Chiron Activity and Thermal Evolution
Capria, M. T., Coradini, A., Sanctis, M. C. D., & Orosei, R. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/301371 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Search for CO gas in Pluto, Centaurs and Kuiper Belt objects at radio wavelengths
Bockelée-Morvan, D., Lellouch, E., Biver, N., Paubert, G., Bauer, J. M., Colom, P., & Lis, D. C. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011040 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cruikshank, D. P., Roush, T. L., Bartholomew, M. J., Geballe, T. R., Pendleton, Y. J., White, S. M., Bell, J. F., Davies, J. K., Owen, T. C., de Bergh, C., Tholen, D. J., Bernstein, M. P., Brown, R. H., Tryka, K. A., & Dalle Ore, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- University of Hawaii at Hilo (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Northern Arizona University (US)
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 389-407
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057433998
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Centaur asteroids, asteroid surface composition, near-infrared spectra, tholins, olivine, solar heating
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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