The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 112 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Composition of Centaur 5145 Pholus
Open accessAbstract
We present a new spectrum of the Centaur object 5145 Pholus between 1.15 and 2.4 μm. We model this, and the previously published (0.4- to 1.0-μm) spectrum, using Hapke scattering theory. Seen in absorption are the 2.04-μm band of H2O ice and a strong band at 2.27 μm, interpreted as frozen methanol and/or a photolytic product of methanol having small molecular weight. The presence of small molecules is indicative of a chemically primitive surface, since heating and other processes remove the light hydrocarbons in favor of macromolecular carbon of the kind found in carbonaceous meteorites. The unusually red slope of Pholus' spectrum is matched by fine grains of a refractory organic solid (tholin), as found previously by M. Hoffmannet al. (1993,J. Geophys. Res.98, 7403–7407) and P. D. Wilsonet al.(1994,Icarus107, 288–303). Olivine (which we model with Fo 82) also appears to be present on Pholus. We present a five-component model for the composite spectrum of all spectroscopic and photometric data available for 5145 Pholus and conclude that this is a primitive object which has not yet been substantially processed by solar heat. The properties of Pholus are those of the nucleus of a large comet that has never been active.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, we note that a red spectral slope over this range is not unexpected and is characteristic of many primitive objects in our solar system (Cruikshank et al. 1998;Jewitt & Luu 1998;Bus & Binzel 2002;Sheppard 2010;Carry et al. 2016).”
From Implications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) (2017) · cites this paper as Cruikshank et al. 1998
Citations
Cites
Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy
Hapke, B. W. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511524998 · Cited by 1,859
Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave
Warren, S. G. (1984) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.23.001206 · Cited by 1,615
Composition and radiative properties of grains in molecular clouds and accretion disks
Pollack, J. B., Hollenbach, D. J., Beckwith, S. V. W., Simonelli, D. P., Roush, T. L., & Fong, W. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173677 · Cited by 1,045
Self-citationKhare, B. N., Sagan, C., Arakawa, E. T., Suits, F., Callcott, T. A., & Williams, M. W. (1984) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90142-8 · Cited by 706
Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1
Hanel, R., Conrath, B. J., Flasar, F. M., Kunde, V. G., Maguire, W., Pearl, J. C., Pirraglia, J. A., Samuelson, R. E., Herath, L. W., Allison, M., et al. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.212.4491.192 · Cited by 576
Self-citationKissel, J., & Krueger, F. R. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/326755a0 · Cited by 570
Crovisier, J., Leech, K., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Brooke, T. Y., Hanner, M. S., Altieri, B., Keller, H. U., & Lellouch, E. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1904 · Cited by 520
Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Chang, S., & Scharberg, M. A. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/176485 · Cited by 472
Self-citationInfrared Spectra of Methanol and Deuterated Methanols in Gas, Liquid, and Solid Phases
Falk, M., & Whalley, E. (1961) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1701044 · Cited by 401
Tholins: organic chemistry of interstellar grains and gas
Sagan, C., & Khare, B. N. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/277102a0 · Cited by 387
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 112 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Cronin, J. R. S. Pizzarello, D. P. Cruikshank, 1988, Organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites, planetary satellites, asteroids, and comets, Meteorites and the Early Solar System, J. F. KerridgeM. S. Matthews, 819, 857, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson
- Davies, 1995, Comet C/1995 O1, IAU Circ., 6225
- Davies, 1993, 5145 Pholus, IAU Circ., 5698
- Howell, 1992, IAU Circ., 5449
- Marsden, 1992, IAU Circ., 5480
- Moroz, L. V. C. M. Pieters, M. V. Akhmanova, 1991, Spectroscopy of solid carbonaceous materials: Implications for dark surfaces of outer belt asteroids, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 22nd, 925, 926
- Mumma, M. J. P. R. Weissman, S. A. Stern, 1993, Comets and the origin of the Solar System: Reading the Rosetta Stone, Protostars and Planets III, E. H. LevyJ. I. Lunine, 1177, 1252, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson
- Palumbo, 1998, Astrophys. J.
- Pendleton, 1998, The interstellar 4.62 μm band, Astrophys. J.
- Roush, T. 1996, Near-Ir (0.8–2.5 μm) optical constants of water ice at 100K, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 27th, 1107, 1108
- Scotti, 1992, IAU Circ., 5434
- Thompson, 1991, Plasma discharge in N24, Icarus, 90, 57
- Whittet, D. C. B. A. G. G. M. Tielens, 1997, Infrared observations of interstellar dust absorption features, From Stardust to Planetesimals, Y. J. PendletonA. G. G. M. Tielens, 161, 178, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf. Series, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–270 of 270
Physical Properties of Planet Crossing Objects
Jewitt, D. C., & Fernández, Y. R. (2001) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0712-2_9 · Cited by 12
Surface Compositions of Trojan Asteroids
Emery, J. P., Binzel, R. P., Britt, D. T., Brown, M. E., Howett, C. J. A., Martin, A., Melita, M. D., Souza-Feliciano, A. C., & Wong, I. (2024) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01060-7 · Cited by 13
From Colors to Spectra and Back Again: First Near-IR Spectroscopic Survey of Neptunian Trojans
Markwardt, L., Lin, H. W., Holler, B. J., Gerdes, D. W., Adams, F. C., Malhotra, R., & Napier, K. J. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/addecd · Cited by 17
From Centaurs to comets: 40 Years
Peixinho, N., Thirouin, A., Tegler, S. C., Sisto, R. P. D., Delsanti, A., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., & Bauer, J. G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816490-7.00014-x · Cited by 11
Ion irradiation triggers the formation of the precursors of complex organics in space
Urso, R. G., Hénault, E., Brunetto, R., Baklouti, D., Baratta, G. A., Djouadi, Z., Elsaesser, A., Sciré, C., Strazzulla, G., & Palumbo, M. E. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244522 · Cited by 10
The Influx of Comets and their Debris
Napier, W. M. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8694-8_4 · Cited by 10
The Reflectance of Cold Classical Trans-Neptunian Objects in the Nearest Infrared
Seccull, T., Fraser, W. C., & Puzia, T. H. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abe4d9 · Cited by 8
Saturnian Irregular Satellites as a Probe of Kuiper Belt Surface Evolution
Belyakov, M., & Brown, M. E. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/adc55d · Cited by 8
Colours and Composition of the Centaurs
Dotto, E., Barucci, M. A., & de Bérgh, C. (2003) · Earth Moon and Planets · doi:10.1023/b:moon.0000031934.89097.88 · Cited by 8
Optical Constants of Ices Important to Planetary Science from Laboratory Reflectance Spectroscopy
Tegler, S. C., Grundy, W. M., Loeffler, M. J., Tribbett, P. D., Hanley, J., Jasko, A. V., Dawson, H., Morgan, A. N., Koga, K., Madden-Watson, A., et al. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad1683 · Cited by 7
Observations and Laboratory Data of Planetary Organics
Roush, T. L., & Cruikshank, D. P. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2305-7_7 · Cited by 7
Self-citationSearch for the 3.4-μm C–H Spectral Bands on Low-Albedo Asteroids
Cruikshank, D. P. (2002) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6810 · Cited by 7
Self-citationColours and Composition of the Centaurs
Dotto, E., Barucci, M. A., & de Bérgh, C. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3321-2_14 · Cited by 7
Amorphous organic solids as a component of interstellar dust
Kwok, S. (2011) · Earth Planets and Space · doi:10.5047/eps.2011.11.013 · Cited by 6
Giri, C., McKay, C. P., Goesmann, F., Schäfer, N., Li, X., Steininger, H., Brinckerhoff, W. B., Gautier, T., Joachim Reitner, A., & Meierhenrich, U. J. (2015) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550415000439 · Cited by 6
Surface Ice and Tholins on the Extreme Centaur 2012 DR30
Szabó, G. M., Kiss, C., Pinilla-Alonso, N., Hsiao, E. Y., Marion, G. H. H., Ries, J. G., Duffárd, R., Álvarez-Candal, A., Sárneczky, K., & Vinkó, J. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aab14e · Cited by 6
Kuiper Belt: Water and Organics
de Bérgh, C. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2305-7_9 · Cited by 6
Expectations for Infrared Spectroscopy of 9P/Tempel 1 from Deep Impact
Sunshine, J. M., A’Hearn, M. F., Groussin, O., McFadden, L. A., Klaasen, K. P., Schultz, P. H., & Lisse, C. M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4163-2_11 · Cited by 6
Expectations for Infrared Spectroscopy of 9P/Tempel 1 from Deep Impact
Sunshine, J. M., A’Hearn, M. F., Groussin, O., McFadden, L. A., Klaasen, K. P., Schultz, P. H., & Lisse, C. M. (2005) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-005-3388-2 · Cited by 6
Barucci, M. A., & Romon, J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0062-8_12 · Cited by 5
Complex Water-ice Mixtures on NII Nereid: Constraints from NIR Reflectance
Sharkey, B. N. L., Reddy, V., Sanchez, J. A., Izawa, M. R. M., & Harris, W. M. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac0bbe · Cited by 5
Desorption from methanol ice induced by electrons from solar wind or magnetospheres
Bergantini, A., Andrade, D. P. P., Pilling, S., Arantes, C., Pontes, F. C., Boechat-Roberty, H. M., & Rocco, M. L. M. (2013) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.06.006 · Cited by 5
Spectroscopy of Ices, Volatiles, and Organics in the Visible and Infrared Regions
Cruikshank, D. P., Moroz, L. V., & Clark, R. N. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316888872.007 · Cited by 5
Self-citationInternal structure and cryovolcanism on Trans-Neptunian objects
Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Prialnik, D., & Métayer, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816490-7.00008-4 · Cited by 5
Surfaces of (Nearly) Dormant Comets and the Recent History of the Quadrantid Meteor Shower
Kareta, T., Hergenrother, C. W., Reddy, V., & Harris, W. M. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abd403 · Cited by 5
Hunting for Hydrated Minerals on Trans-Neptunian Objects
Seccull, T., Fraser, W. C., Kiersz, D. A., & Puzia, T. H. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad16dd · Cited by 4
Space weathering and the color–color diagram of Plutinos and Jupiter Trojans
Melita, M. D., Kaňuchová, Z., Brunetto, R., & Strazzulla, G. (2014) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.050 · Cited by 4
Delivery of Complex Organic Compounds from Evolved Stars to the Solar System
Kwok, S. (2011) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-011-9254-1 · Cited by 4
Laboratory Astrophysics in Solar System Studies — An Overview
Cruikshank, D. P. (1999) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4728-6_2 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA DiSCo JWST portrait of the primordial Solar System through its trans-Neptunian objectsPreprint
Pinilla-Alonso, N., Brunetto, R., Prá, M. D., Holler, B. J., Hénault, E., Souza-Feliciano, A. C., Lorenzi, V., Pendleton, Y. J., Cruikshank, D. P., Muller, T. G., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5485727/v1 · Cited by 4
Self-citationArnold, J. A., Weinberger, A. J., Cody, G. D., Videen, G. W., & Muñoz, O. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abeb77 · Cited by 3
Khuller, A., & Emran, A. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116671 · Cited by 3
Bell, J. F., III (2009) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921310008161 · Cited by 4
Water Ice on Comets and Satellites
Bernstein, M. P. (1999) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4728-6_4 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLaboratory Astrophysics in Solar System Studies — An Overview
Cruikshank, D. P. (1998) · Earth Moon and Planets · doi:10.1023/a:1006320609295 · Cited by 3
Self-citationDIVISION F COMMISSION 15: PHYSICAL STUDY OF COMETS AND MINOR PLANETS
Bockelée-Morvan, D., Gil-Hutton, R., Hestroffer, D., Belskaya, I. N., DAVIDSSON, B. J. R., Dotto, E., Fitzsimmons, A., Hestroffer, D., Kawakita, H., Mothé-Diniz, T., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s174392131600082x · Cited by 2
Solar Wind Irradiation of Methane and Methane–Water Ices: A Molecular Dynamics Approach
Ricca, A., & Haskins, J. B. (2024) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00225 · Cited by 2
Methanol on red TNOs: A link between early composition and irradiation history
Hénault, E., Baklouti, D., Brunetto, R., Djouadi, Z., Urso, R. G., Benoit-Lamaitrie, P., Bourçois, J., Mivumbi, O., Ore, C. M. D., & Ricca, A. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116669 · Cited by 2
Organic matter in the Solar System: From colors to spectral bands
Cruikshank, D. P. (2008) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921308021753 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTransneptunian objects and Centaurs
Belskaya, I. N., & Bagnulo, S. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107358249.023 · Cited by 2
Spectral Characterization of the Organic- and Methanol-rich Cliff-type Trans-Neptunian Objects
McClure, L., Emery, J. P., Pinilla-Alonso, N., Brunetto, R., Cryan, S., Hénault, E., Harvison, B., Holler, B. J., Pendleton, Y. J., Cruikshank, D. P., et al. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae1c3d · Cited by 1
Self-citationSingha, S., & Mani, D. (2026) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.6c01010 · Cited by 1
Igneous processes in the small bodies of the Solar System II: Small satellites and dwarf planets
Leone, G., & TANAKA, H. K. M. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109613 · Cited by 1
Pendleton, Y. J., Cruikshank, D. P., Stern, S. A., Ore, C. M. D., Grundy, W. M., Materese, C. K., Protopapa, S., Schmitt, B., & Lisse, C. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921319008627 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPhysical Characterization of TNOs with JWSTPreprint
Parker, A. H., Pinilla-Alonso, N., Santos-Sanz, P., Stansberry, J., Álvarez-Candal, A., Bannister, M. T., Benecchi, S., Cook, J., Fraser, W. C., Grundy, W. M., et al. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1511.01112 · Cited by 1
A portrait of the Centaur 10199 Chariklo
Dotto, E., Leyrat, C., Romon, J., Barucci, M. A., Licandro, J., & de Bérgh, C. (2002) · HAL · Cited by 1
Brown, M. E. (2002) · Cited by 1
Spectral Models of Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs
Cruikshank, D. P., & Ore, C. M. D. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3321-2_28 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWater Ice on Comets and Satellites
Bernstein, M. P. (1998) · Earth Moon and Planets · doi:10.1023/a:1006301526134 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPluto, Charon, and the Kuiper Belt Objects
Stern, S. A., Parker, J. W., & Olkin, C. B. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00179-2
Surface Properties of Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs
Barkume, K. M. (2008) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/eqy1-nm23
Infrared Spectroscopy of the Centaur Asbolus with the ESO-Very Large Telescope
de Bérgh, C., Barucci, M. A., Bras, A. L., Romon, J., Schmitt, B., & Cuby, J.-G. (2002) · Highlights of Astronomy · doi:10.1017/s1539299600013356
Observations of Spacecraft Targets, Unusual Asteroids, and Targets of Opportunity
Tholen, D. J. (1998) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)
Self-citationNear-Infrared Colors of the Binary Kuiper Belt Object 1998 WW31
Takato, N., Fuse, T., Gäessler, W., Goto, M., Kanzawa, T., Kobayashi, N., Minowa, Y., Oya, S., Pyo, T., Saint-Jacques, D., et al. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3321-2_16
Barucci, M. A., & Romon, J. (2009) · CSIRO Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1071/9780643096851.ch13
Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Science – XX: Dale Cruikshank
Sears, D. W. G. (2012) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01414.x
Milone, E. F., & Wilson, W. J. (2013) · Astronomy and astrophysics library · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9090-6_5
Camilla: A centaur reconnaissance and impact mission concept
Howell, S. M., Chou, L., Thompson, M. S., Bouchard, M. C., Cusson, S. E., Marcus, M. L., Smith, H. B., Bhattaru, S. A., Blalock, J. J., Brueshaber, S., et al. (2018) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2018.07.008
Igneous Rock Associations 24. Near-Earth Asteroid Resources: A Review
Innis, L., & Osinski, G. R. (2019) · Geoscience Canada · doi:10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.147
ATLAS Probe: Breakthrough Science of Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar SystemPreprint
Wang, Y., Dickinson, M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Robberto, M., Armus, L., Ballardini, M., Barkhouser, R. H., Bartlett, J. G., Behroozi, P., Benjamin, R. A., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Pluto, Charon, and the Kuiper Belt Objects
Stern, S. A., Parker, J. W., & Olkin, C. B. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452748-6.00169-3
Comets and Asteroids from UKIRT
Davies, J. K. (2013) · Astrophysics and space science proceedings · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7432-2_12
Self-citationMilone, E. F., & Wilson, W. J. F. (2008) · Astronomy and astrophysics library · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73157-5_14
Water and Volatiles in the Outer Solar System
Grasset, O., Castillo-Rogez, J. C., Guillot, T., Fletcher, L. N., & Tosi, F. (2017) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1628-2_6 · Cited by 1
Kwok, S. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527637034.refs
Near-Infrared Colors of the Binary Kuiper Belt Object 1998 WW 31
Takato, N., Fuse, T., Gäessler, W., Goto, M., Kanzawa, T., Kobayashi, N., Minowa, Y., Oya, S., Pyo, T., Saint-Jacques, D., et al. (2003) · Earth Moon and Planets · doi:10.1023/b:moon.0000031936.94248.1c
Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., & Barucci, M. A. (2010) · EAS Publications Series · doi:10.1051/eas/1041023
A spectroscopic and chemical study of trans-Neptunian surfaces
Hénault, E. (2025) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c1eb5919ze3afz44d0z9bd0z4946fbf8039b
Avsar, A., Wagner, K., Apai, D., Rebollido, I., Sefilian, A. A., Perrin, M. D., Stark, C. C., Weible, G., & Gáspár, A. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aeac4a
Metadata
- Authors
- Cruikshank, D. P., Roush, T. L., Bartholomew, M. J., Geballe, T. R., Pendleton, Y. J., White, S. M., Bell, J. F., Davies, J. K., Owen, T. C., de Bergh, C., Tholen, D. J., Bernstein, M. P., Brown, R. H., Tryka, K. A., & Dalle Ore, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- University of Hawaii at Hilo (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Northern Arizona University (US)
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 389-407
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057433998
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Centaur asteroids, asteroid surface composition, near-infrared spectra, tholins, olivine, solar heating
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
