The prebiotic geochemistry of formaldehyde
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Formaldehyde is the most plausible prebiotic precursor of sugars because it can yield a variety of carbohydrates in the formose reaction.
“Formaldehyde is their most plausible prebiotic precursor,61 due to its capacity to yield a variety of carbohydrates in a one-pot process known as the formose reaction, discovered by Butlerow in 1861.62”
From The protometabolic nature of prebiotic chemistry (2023) · cites this paper as [61]
Cites
A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions
Miller, S. L. (1953) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.117.3046.528 · Cited by 3,522 · see citing works
Gilbert, W. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319618a0 · Cited by 2,721 · see citing works
Gilbert, W. (1986) · Nature · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans
Holland, H. D. (1984) · doi:10.1515/9780691220239 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Wilde, S. A., Valley, J. W., Peck, W. H., & Graham, C. M. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35051550 · Cited by 1,744 · see citing works
Chyba, C., & Sagan, C. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/355125a0 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
Racemic amino acids from the ultraviolet photolysis of interstellar ice analogues
Bernstein, M. P., Dworkin, J. P., Sandford, S. A., Cooper, G. W., & Allamandola, L. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416401a · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Borate Minerals Stabilize Ribose
Ricardo, A., Carrigan, M. A., Olcott, A. N., & Benner, S. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092464 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Cometary Delivery of Organic Molecules to the Early Earth
Chyba, C. F., Thomas, P. J., Brookshaw, L., & Sagan, C. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.11538074 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Carbonaceous meteorites as a source of sugar-related organic compounds for the early Earth
Cooper, G., Kimmich, N., Belisle, W., Sariñana, J., Brabham, K., & Garrel, L. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414879a · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Interstellar Glycolaldehyde: The First Sugar
Hollis, J. M., Lovas, F. J., & Jewell, P. R. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312881 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and their effluent dispersal
Edmond, J. M., Damm, K. L. V., McDuff, R. E., & Measures, C. I. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/297187a0 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Plume‐related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation
Isley, A. E., & Abbott, D. (1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999jb900066 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Knauth, L. P. (2005) · Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.014 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
New constraints on Precambrian ocean composition
Grotzinger, J. P., & Kasting, J. F. (1993) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/648218 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
A Hydrogen-Rich Early Earth Atmosphere
Tian, F., Toon, O. B., Pavlov, A. A., & De Sterck, H. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106983 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
The case for an ancestral genetic system involving simple analogues of the nucleotides.
Joyce, G. F., Schwartz, A. W., Miller, S. L., & Orgel, L. E. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.13.4398 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The Oceans; A Possible Source of Iron in Iron-Formations
Holland, H. D. (1973) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1169 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars - implications for chemical evolution
Larralde, R., Robertson, M. P., & Miller, S. L. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Oxidative decomposition of formaldehyde by metal oxides at room temperature
Sekine, Y. (2002) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00670-2 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Kempe, S., & Degens, E. T. (1985) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(85)90023-3 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Photochemical Production of Formaldehyde in Earth's Primitive Atmosphere
Pinto, J. P., Gladstone, G. R., & Yung, Y. L. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.210.4466.183 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Prebiotic Ribose Synthesis: A Critical Analysis
Shapiro, R. (1988) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1007/bf01808782 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
The Chemistry of Life’s Origins
Greenberg, J. M., Mendoza-Gómez, C. X., & Pirronello, V. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Peltzer, E. T., Bada, J. L., Schlesinger, G., & Miller, S. L. (1984) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/0273-1177(84)90546-5 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Experimental investigation of single carbon compounds under hydrothermal conditions
Seewald, J. S., Zolotov, M. Y., & McCollom, T. M. (2006) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.002 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Prebiotic synthesis in atmospheres containing CH4, CO, and CO2
Schlesinger, G., & Miller, S. L. (1983) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101642 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Stribling, R., & Miller, S. L. (1987) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1007/bf02386466 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Prebiotic ammonia from reduction of nitrite by iron (II) on the early Earth
Summers, D. P., & Chang, S. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365630a0 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Schutte, W. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1993) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1087 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Abiotic nitrogen reduction on the early Earth
Brandes, J. A., Boctor, N. Z., Cody, G. D., Cooper, B. A., Hazen, R. M., & Yoder, H. S. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/26450 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Model for Origin of Monosaccharides
Gabel, N. W., & Ponnamperuma, C. (1967) · Nature · doi:10.1038/216453a0 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Alkyl phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids in the Murchison meteorite
Cooper, G. W., Onwo, W. M., & Cronin, J. R. (1992) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90023-c · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Conditions for Purine Synthesis: Did Prebiotic Synthesis Occur at Low Temperatures?
Sanchez, R. A., Ferris, J. P., & Orgel, L. E. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.153.3731.72 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Wolman, Y., Haverland, W. J., & Miller, S. L. (1972) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.69.4.809 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Ocean as a Chemical System
Sillén, L. G. (1967) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.156.3779.1189 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Studies in prebiotic synthesis. VII
Fuller, W. D., Sanchez, R. A., & Orgel, L. E. (1972) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01660244 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Iron and sulfur in the pre-biologic ocean
Walker, J. C. G., & Brimblecombe, P. (1985) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(85)90031-2 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
LAHAV, N., & Chang, S. (1976) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01739261 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Miyakawa, S., Cleaves, H. J., & Miller, S. L. (2002) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1023/a:1019514022822 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Adsorption of Poly(Ethylene Glycols) on Clay Minerals
Parfitt, R., & Greenland, D. J. (1970) · Clay Minerals · doi:10.1180/claymin.1970.008.3.08 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Microbial life in glacial ice and implications for a cold origin of life
Price, P. B. (2006) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00234.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Sulfur, ultraviolet radiation, and the early evolution of life
Kasting, J. F., Zahnle, K. J., Pinto, J. P., & Young, A. T. (1989) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1007/bf01808144 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Model for Origin of Monosaccharides: Synthesis of Sugars in Potentially Prebiotic Conditions
REID, C., & Orgel, L. E. (1967) · Nature · doi:10.1038/216455a0 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
On the thermal evolution of the earth
Turcotte, D. L. (1980) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(80)90169-7 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Prebiotic Synthesis of Adenine and Amino Acids Under Europa-like Conditions
Levy, M. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6365 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Impact melting of frozen oceans on the early Earth: Implications for the origin of life
Bada, J. L., Bigham, C., & Miller, S. L. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1248 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The prebiotic synthesis of carbohydrates: A reassessment
Schwartz, A. W., & de Graaf, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00166245 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
How long did it take for life to begin and evolve to cyanobacteria?
Lazcano, A., & Miller, S. L. (1994) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00160399 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Hadean Ocean Carbonate Geochemistry
Morse, J. W., & Mackenzie, F. T. (1998) · Aquatic Geochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1009632230875 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Sugar Model: Catalysis by Amines and Amino Acid Products
Weber, A. L. (2001) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1023/a:1006750423942 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Prebiotic synthesis in atmospheres containing CH4, CO, and CO2
Schlesinger, G., & Miller, S. L. (1983) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101643 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Ammonium Ion Concentration in the Primitive Ocean
Bada, J. L., & Miller, S. L. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.159.3813.423 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Barley, M. E., Dunlop, J. S. R., Glover, J. E., & Groves, D. I. (1979) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(79)90156-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nitrogen photoreduction on desert sands under sterile conditions
Schrauzer, G. N., Strampach, N., Hui, L. N., Palmer, M. R., & Salehi, J. M. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.12.3873 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Photocatalytic Production of Organic Compounds from CO and H 2 O in a Simulated Martian Atmosphere
Hubbard, J. S., HARDY, J. P., & Horowitz, N. H. (1971) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.68.3.574 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The Role of Submarine Hydrothermal Systems in the Synthesis of Amino Acids
Aubrey, A. D., Cleaves, H. J., & Bada, J. L. (2008) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-008-9153-2 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Carbonaceous components in the comet Halley dust
Fomenkova, M. N., Chang, S., & Mukhin, L. M. (1994) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90351-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Equilibrium and kinetics of glyconitrile formation in aqueous solution
Schlesinger, G., & Miller, S. L. (1973) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00792a043 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Godderis, Y. (2000) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.300.5.434 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Synthesis of Amino Acids by the Heating of Formaldehyde and Ammonia
Fox, S. W., & Windsor, C. R. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.170.3961.984 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Ammonia Photolysis and the Role of Ammonia in Chemical Revolution
Ferris, J. P., & Nicodem, D. E. (1972) · Nature · doi:10.1038/238268a0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The TNA-Family of Nucleic Acid Systems: Properties and Prospects
Eschenmoser, A. (2004) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/b:orig.0000016450.59665.f4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Schwartz, A. W., & Goverde, M. (1982) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01733902 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Weber, A. L. (1998) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1006524818404 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Chemical Composition Diversity Among 24 Comets Observed at Radio Wavelengths
Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Colom, P., Henry, F., Moreno, R., Paubert, G., Despois, D., & Lis, D. C. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1088-6_32 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Formose Reactions. II. The Photochemical Formose Reaction
Shigemasa, Y., Matsuda, Y., Sakazawa, C., & Matsuura, T. (1977) · Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan · doi:10.1246/bcsj.50.222 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chemical Evolution and Meteorites: An Update
Pizzarello, S. (2004) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1023/b:orig.0000009826.76353.de · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Synthesis of organic compounds from carbon monoxide and water by UV photolysis
Bar‐Nun, A., & Hartman, H. (1978) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/bf00931407 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ferris, J. P., & CHEN, C. T. (1975) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00844a007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Archean geochemistry of formaldehyde and cyanide and the oligomerization of cyanohydrin
Arrhenius, T., Arrhenius, G., & Paplawsky, W. (1994) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1007/bf01582036 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Weber, A. L. (2002) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1020588925703 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidines in frozen solution
Cleaves, H. J., Nelson, K. E., & Miller, S. L. (2006) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0073-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lazar, B., Starinsky, A., Katz, A., Sass, E., & Ben‐Yaakov, S. (1983) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1983.28.5.0978 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Summers, D. P. (1999) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1006517823004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Extremophiles May Be Irrelevant to the Origin of Life
Cleaves, H. J., & Chalmers, J. H. (2004) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/153110704773600195 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde resin dust with and without reaction to formaldehyde gas
Lemière, C., Desjardins, A., Cloutier, Y., Drolet, D., Perrault, G., Cartier, A., & Malo, J. (1995) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.95.08050861 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Vapor Phase Photolysis of Formaldehyde at Wavelength 3130A
Calvert, J. G., & Steacie, E. W. R. (1951) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1748155 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prebiotic Synthesis in Planetary Environments
Chang, S. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8_10 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Water density dependence of formaldehyde reaction in supercritical water
Osada, M., Watanabe, M., Sue, K., Adschiri, T., & Arai, K. (2003) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/s0896-8446(03)00042-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Formose production by minerals: Possible relevance to the origin of life
Cairns-Smith, A. G., Ingram, P., & Walker, G. L. (1972) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(72)90153-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Studien über die chemische Wirkung der stillen elektrischen Entladung.
Löub, W. (1906) · Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie · doi:10.1002/bbpc.19060121503 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aqueous Organic Geochemistry at High Temperature/High Pressure
Simoneit, B. R. T. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2741-7_4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hofmann, A. W. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5299.498 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Prebiotic Synthesis of Acrolein
Cleaves, H. J. (2003) · Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly · doi:10.1007/s00706-002-0528-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ueber ein neues Methylenderivat
Butlerow, A. (1860) · Justus Liebig s Annalen der Chemie · doi:10.1002/jlac.18601150325 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wen, J.-S., Pinto, J. P., & Yung, Y. L. (1989) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jd094id12p14957 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Monosaccharides in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions
de Bruijn, J. M., Kieboom, A. P. G., & van Bekkum, H. (1986) · ChemInform · doi:10.1002/chin.198634375 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Photochemical Metal-promoted Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Formaldehyde in Aqueous Solution.
Åkermark, B., Westlin, U. E., Bæckström, P., Löf, R., Finsen, L., Lohse, C., & Becher, J. (1980) · Acta chemica Scandinavica/Acta chemica Scandinavica. B, Organic chemistry and biochemistry/Acta chemica Scandinavica. A, Physical and inorganic chemistry/Acta chemica Scandinavica. Series B. Organic chemistry and biochemistry/Acta chemica Scandinavica. Series A, Physical and inorganic chemistry · doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.34b-0027 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Glacial Periods on Early Earth and Implications for the Evolution of Life
Vincent, W. F., Mueller, D., Van Hove, P., & Howard-Williams, C. (2004) · Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2522-x_29 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Equable climate in the early Archaean
Henderson-Sellers, A., & Henderson‐Sellers, B. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/336117b0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Energy from Redox Disproportionation of Sugar Carbon Drives Biotic and Abiotic Synthesis
Weber, A. L. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006154 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cyanide Self-Addition, Controlled Adsorption, and Other Processes at Layered Double Hydroxides
Boclair, J. W., Braterman, P. S., Brister, B. D., Jiang, J., Lou, S., Wang, Z., & Yarberry, F. (2001) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1006752720769 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reactions of the HCN‐Tetramer with Aldehydes
Koch, K., Schweizer, W. B., & Eschenmoser, A. (2007) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790049 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Can amino acids be synthesized by H2S in anoxic lakes?
Cole, W. J., Kaschke, M., Sherringham, J. A., Curry, G. B., Turner, D., & Russell, M. J. (1994) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0304-4203(94)90007-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bossard, A. R., Raulin, F., Mourey, D., & Toupance, G. (1982) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01733043 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chemical evolution: The first stages
Schwartz, A. W. (1983) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01047172 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Transformation of some hydroxy amino acids to other amino acids
Choughuley, A. S. U., Subbaraman, A. S., Kazi, Z. A., & Chadha, M. S. (1975) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/bf00928900 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The potential for prebiotic synthesis in hydrothermal systems
(1994) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/bf02627950 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 101 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Origins of building blocks of life: A review
Kitadai, N., & Maruyama, S. (2018) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
The Origin of Life—Out of the Blue
Sutherland, J. D. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201506585 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Asphalt, Water, and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Ribose, Ribonucleosides, and RNA
Benner, S. A., Kim, H.-J., & Carrigan, M. A. (2012) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar200332w · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Tran, P. Q., Kieft, K., & Anantharaman, K. (2020) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0669-4 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Synthesis of Carbohydrates in Mineral-Guided Prebiotic Cycles
Kim, H.-J., Ricardo, A., Illangkoon, H. I., Kim, M. J., Carrigan, M. A., Frye, F., & Benner, S. A. (2011) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja201769f · Cited by 268 · see citing works
The “Strong” RNA World Hypothesis: Fifty Years Old
Neveu, M. F., Kim, H., & Benner, S. A. (2013) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0868 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Explaining the Structure of the Archean Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotope Record
Halevy, I., Johnston, D. T., & Schrag, D. P. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190298 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
McCollom, T. M. (2013) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133457 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kopetzki, D., & Antonietti, M. (2011) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c1nj20191c · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Coenzymes and their role in the evolution of life
Kirschning, A. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201914786 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Synthesis of aldehydic ribonucleotide and amino acid precursors by photoredox chemistry
Ritson, D. J., & Sutherland, J. D. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201300321 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Serpentinization: connecting geochemistry, ancient metabolism and industrial hydrogenation
Preiner, M., Xavier, J. C., Sousa, F. L., Zimorski, V., Neubeck, A., Lang, S. Q., Greenwell, H. C., Kleinermanns, K., Tüysüz, H., McCollom, T. M., et al. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8040041 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kim, H., Furukawa, Y., Kakegawa, T., Biţă, A., Scorei, I. R., & Benner, S. A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201608001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Planetary Organic Chemistry and the Origins of BiomoleculesPreprint
Benner, S. A., Kim, H., Kim, M.-J., & Ricardo, A. (2010) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003467 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Liu, Y., Xu, W., Pan, J., Luo, Z.-H., & Li, M. (2020) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00795-19 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mimicking the Surface and Prebiotic Chemistry of Early Earth Using Flow Chemistry
Ritson, D. J., Battilocchio, C., Ley, S. V., & Sutherland, J. D. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04147-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Photochemistry of Anoxic Abiotic Habitable Planet Atmospheres: Impact of New H 2 O Cross Sections
Ranjan, S., Schwieterman, E. W., Harman, C. E., Fateev, A., Sousa‐Silva, C., Seager, S., & Hu, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9363 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Selective Stabilization of Ribose by Borate
Furukawa, Y., Horiuchi, M., & Kakegawa, T. (2013) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-013-9350-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gas-phase sugar formation using hydroxymethylene as the reactive formaldehyde isomer
Eckhardt, A. K., Linden, M. M., Wende, R. C., Bernhardt, B., & Schreiner, P. R. (2018) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41557-018-0128-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mineral-mediated carbohydrate synthesis by mechanical forces in a primordial geochemical setting
Haas, M., Lamour, S., Christ, S. B., & Trapp, O. (2020) · Communications Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s42004-020-00387-w · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Messy Alkaline Formose Reaction and Its Link to Metabolism
Omran, A. P., Menor-Salván, C. A., Springsteen, G., & Pasek, M. A. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life10080125 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
RNA oligomerization in laboratory analogues of alkaline hydrothermal vent systems
Burcar, B. T., Barge, L. M., Trail, D., Watson, E. B., Russell, M. J., & McGown, L. B. (2015) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1280 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Prebiotic photoredox synthesis from carbon dioxide and sulfite
Liu, Z., Wu, L.-F., Kufner, C. L., Sasselov, D. D., Fischer, W. W., & Sutherland, J. D. (2021) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41557-021-00789-w · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Atmospheric Prebiotic Chemistry and Organic Hazes
Trainer, M. G. (2013) · Current Organic Chemistry · doi:10.2174/13852728113179990078 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Krishnamurthy, R. (2015) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201400180 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sulfur-driven haze formation in warm CO2-rich exoplanet atmospheres
He, C., Hörst, S. M., Lewis, N. K., Yu, X., Moses, J. I., McGuiggan, P. M., Marley, M. S., Kempton, E. M.-R., Moran, S. E., Morley, C. V., et al. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1072-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The protometabolic nature of prebiotic chemistry
Nogal, N., Sanz-Sánchez, M., Vela-Gallego, S., Ruiz-Mirazo, K., & de la Escosura, A. (2023) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d3cs00594a · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kua, J., Galloway, M. M., Millage, K. D., Avila, J. E., & Haan, D. O. D. (2013) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp312202j · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Determining the “Biosignature Threshold” for Life Detection on Biotic, Abiotic, or Prebiotic Worlds
Barge, L. M., Rodriguez, L. E., Weber, J. M., & Theiling, B. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0079 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prebiotic Chemistry: Geochemical Context and Reaction Screening
Cleaves, H. J. (2013) · Life · doi:10.3390/life3020331 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chemistry of Temperate Super-Earth and Mini-Neptune Atmospheric Hazes from Laboratory Experiments
Moran, S. E., Hörst, S. M., Vuitton, V., He, C., Lewis, N. K., Flandinet, L., Moses, J. I., North, N. M., Orthous‐Daunay, F., Sebree, J. A., et al. (2020) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ab8eae · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gas Phase Chemistry of Cool Exoplanet Atmospheres: Insight from Laboratory Simulations
He, C., Hörst, S. M., Lewis, N. K., Moses, J. I., Kempton, E. M.-R., Marley, M. S., Morley, C. V., Valenti, J. A., & Vuitton, V. (2018) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00133 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Singh, S., Zhu, C., Jeunesse, J. L., Fortenberry, R., & Kaiser, R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-27963-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Impact of Phyllosilicates on Amino Acid Formation under Asteroidal Conditions
Vinogradoff, V., Rémusat, L., McLain, H. L., Aponte, J. C., Bernard, S., Danger, G., Dworkin, J. P., Elsila, J. E., & Jaber, M. (2020) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00137 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fox, S., & Strasdeit, H. (2013) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0934 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Continuous Reaction Network that Produces RNA Precursors
Yi, R., Tran, Q. P., Ali, S., Yoda, I., Adam, Z. R., Cleaves, H. J., & Fahrenbach, A. C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1922139117 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Energy flows, metabolism and translation
Pascal, R., & Boiteau, L. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0135 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Li, B.-J., EI-Nachef, C., & Beauchemin, A. M. (2017) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c7cc07352f · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Prebiotic Sugar Formation Under Nonaqueous Conditions and Mechanochemical Acceleration
Lamour, S., Pallmann, S., Haas, M., & Trapp, O. (2019) · Life · doi:10.3390/life9020052 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
TiO2-catalyzed synthesis of sugars from formaldehyde in extraterrestrial impacts on the early Earth
Civiš, S., Szabla, R., Szyja, B. M., Smykowski, D., Ivanek, O., Knížek, A., Kubelík, P., Šponer, J., Ferus, M., & Šponer, J. E. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep23199 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Atmospheric Production of Glycolaldehyde Under Hazy Prebiotic Conditions
Harman, C. E., Kasting, J. F., & Wolf, E. T. (2013) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-013-9332-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Direct Prebiotic Synthesis of Nicotinamide Nucleotide
Kim, H., & Benner, S. A. (2017) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201705394 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prebiotic synthesis initiated in formaldehyde by laser plasma simulating high-velocity impacts
Ferus, M., Pietrucci, F., Saitta, A. M., Ivanek, O., Knížek, A., Kubelík, P., Krůs, M., Juha, L., Dudžák, R., Dostál, J., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935435 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Parker, E. T., Cleaves, H. J., Bada, J. L., & Fernández, F. M. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7684 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationDer Ursprung des Lebens: Blausäure
Sutherland, J. D. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201506585 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mission to Planet Earth: The First Two Billion Years
Stüeken, E. E., Som, S. M., Claire, M. W., Rugheimer, S., Scherf, M., Sproß, L., Tosi, N., Ueno, Y., & Lammer, H. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00652-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kua, J., Avila, J. E., Lee, C. G., & Smith, W. D. (2013) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp4098292 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prebiotic Reaction Networks in Water
Tran, Q. P., Adam, Z. R., & Fahrenbach, A. C. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life10120352 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Schreibersite: an effective catalyst in the formose reaction network
Pallmann, S., Šteflová, J., Haas, M., Lamour, S., Henß, A., & Trapp, O. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aabb99 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Compound‐specific carbon isotope compositions of aldehydes and ketones in the Murchison meteorite
Simkus, D., Aponte, J., Hilts, R., Elsila, J., & Herd, C. (2018) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13202 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sensitive Formaldehyde Detection with QCM Sensor Based on PAAm/MWCNTs and PVAm/MWCNTs
Feng, L., Feng, L., Li, Q., Cui, J., & Guo, J. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c05987 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes
Cifuente, J. O., Colleoni, C., Kalscheuer, R., & Guerin, M. E. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Aldehyde catalysis – from simple aldehydes to artificial enzymes
Yuan, Z., Liao, J., Jiang, H., Cao, P., & Li, Y. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra06651f · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Autocatalysis in Formose Reaction and Formation of RNA Nucleosides
Jeilani, Y. A., & Nguyen, M. T. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07070 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vinogradoff, V., Leyva, V., Mates‐Torres, E., Pepino, R., Danger, G., Rimola, A., Cazals, L., Serra, C., Pascal, R., & Meinert, C. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118558 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vincent, L., Colón‐Santos, S. M., Cleaves, H. J., Baum, D., & Maurer, S. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11111221 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kim, H., Furukawa, Y., Kakegawa, T., Biţă, A., Scorei, I. R., & Benner, S. A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201608001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The case for a Martian origin for Earth life
Benner, S. A., & Kim, H. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2192890 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kawai, J., McLendon, D. C., Kim, H.-J., & Benner, S. A. (2019) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1800 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sutton, S. M., Pulletikurti, S., Lin, H., Krishnamurthy, R., & Liotta, C. L. (2025) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2025.102553 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of Silicate, Phosphate, and Calcium on the Stability of Aldopentoses
Nitta, S., Furukawa, Y., & Kakegawa, T. (2015) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-015-9472-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ali, M. A. (2019) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c9cp02777g · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ramal-Olmedo, J. C., Menor-Salván, C. A., & Fortenberry, R. C. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141616 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chemical Garden Membranes in Temperature-Controlled Microfluidic Devices
Wang, Q., & Steinbock, O. (2021) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03548 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Theoretical Study of Decomposition of Methanediol in Aqueous Solution
Inaba, S. (2015) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02846 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Krishnamurthy, R., & Liotta, C. L. (2023) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2023.03.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Abiotic Ribose Synthesis Under Aqueous Environments with Various Chemical Conditions
Ono, C., SUNAMI, S., Ishii, Y., Kim, H., Kakegawa, T., Benner, S. A., & Furukawa, Y. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2023.0071 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Plausibility of the Formose Reaction in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Environments
Omran, A. P. (2020) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-020-09599-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Venturini, A., & González, J. (2023) · ChemPlusChem · doi:10.1002/cplu.202300388 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Place of RNA in the Origin and Early Evolution of the Genetic Machinery
Wächtershäuser, G. (2014) · Life · doi:10.3390/life4041050 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Riffet, V., Frison, G., & Bouchoux, G. (2018) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10534 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Menor-Salván, C. A. (2018) · Nucleic acids and molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93584-3_4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Formaldehyde and its surrogates as a C1 platform for defossilised modern societies
Rodil, A., Deska, J., & Prechtl, M. H. G. (2025) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d5cs00882d · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life
Andrulis, E. D. (2011) · Life · doi:10.3390/life2010001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chapter 4: A Geological and Chemical Context for the Origins of Life on Early Earth
Rodriguez, L. E., Altair, T., Hermis, N. Y., Jia, T. Z., Roche, T. P., Steller, L. H., & Weber, J. M. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0139 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Organic Analysis of Peridotite Rocks from the Ashadze and Logatchev Hydrothermal Sites
Bassez, M.-P., Takano, Y., & Ohkouchi, N. (2009) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms10072986 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Oligomerization of Glucose Under Plausible Prebiotic Conditions
Li, Z., Li, L., McKenna, K. R., Schmidt, M., Pollet, P., Gelbaum, L. T., Fernández, F. M., Krishnamurthy, R., & Liotta, C. L. (2019) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-019-09588-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Do Soluble Phosphates Direct the Formose Reaction towards Pentose Sugars?
Camprubí, E., Harrison, S. A., Jordan, S. F., Bonnel, J., Pinna, S., & Lane, N. J. (2022) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0125 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prebiosignature Molecules Can Be Detected in Temperate Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
Claringbold, A. B., Rimmer, P. B., Rugheimer, S., & Shorttle, O. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acdacc · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Carbonyl Migration in Uronates Affords a Potential Prebiotic Pathway for Pentose Production
Yi, R., Mojica, M. A., Fahrenbach, A. C., Cleaves, H. J., Krishnamurthy, R., & Liotta, C. L. (2023) · JACS Au · doi:10.1021/jacsau.3c00299 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Synthesis of Aldehydic Ribonucleotide and Amino Acid Precursors by Photoredox Chemistry
Ritson, D. J., & Sutherland, J. D. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201300321 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Watanabe, Y., Tajika, E., & Ozaki, K. (2023) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12554 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Frenkel‐Pinter, M., Jacobson, K. C., Eskew-Martin, J. C., Forsythe, J. G., Grover, M. A., Williams, L. D., & Hud, N. V. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12020265 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ziegler, E. W., Kim, H., & Benner, S. A. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1742 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stability of aqueous formaldehyde under γ irradiation: prebiotic relevance
López-Islas, A., Colín-García, M., & Negrón-Mendoza, A. (2018) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550418000368 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alexy, E. J., Hintz, C. W., Hughes, H. M., Taniguchi, M., & Lindsey, J. S. (2015) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c5ob01409c · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Relative Abundances of CO 2 , CO, and CH 4 in Atmospheres of Earth-like Lifeless Planets
Watanabe, Y., & Ozaki, K. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad10a2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fernández‐Remolar, D. C., Banerjee, N. R., Gómez-Ortíz, D., Izawa, M. R. M., & Amils, R. (2017) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2018-6288 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Koyama, S., Kamada, A., Furukawa, Y., Terada, N., Nakamura, Y., Yoshida, T., Kuroda, T., & Vandaele, A. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52718-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Villafañe-Barajas, S. A., Colín-García, M., Negrón-Mendoza, A., & Ruiz‐Bermejo, M. (2020) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550420000142 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gaylor, M. O., Miró, P., Vlaisavljevich, B., Kondage, A. A. S., Barge, L. M., Omran, A. P., Videau, P., Swenson, V. A., Leinen, L. J., Fitch, N. W., et al. (2021) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-021-09613-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Experimental Investigation of the Formation of Formaldehyde by Hadean and Noachian Impacts
Masuda, S., Furukawa, Y., Kobayashi, T., Sekine, T., & Kakegawa, T. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2320 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Papineau, D., Devine, K. G., & Nogueira, B. A. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13020551 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Primary Formation Path of Formaldehyde in Hydrothermal Vents
Inaba, S. (2017) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-017-9550-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tavakoli, G., Armstrong, J. E., Naapuri, J. M., Deska, J., & Prechtl, M. H. G. (2019) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201806351 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Methyl Metabolism and the Clock: An Ancient Story With New Perspectives
Fustin, J. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221083507 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Potential for Organic Synthesis in the Ocean of Enceladus
Liu, C., Xu, W., Zhang, Z., Robinson, K., Lau, M. C. Y., Huang, F., Huang, F., Glein, C. R., & Hao, J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad534f · Cited by 10 · see citing works
McKenna, K. R., Clowers, B. H., Krishnamurthy, R., Liotta, C. L., & Fernández, F. M. (2021) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1021/jasms.1c00184 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Serpentinization-Associated Mineral Catalysis of the Protometabolic Formose System
Omran, A. P., Gonzalez, A., Menor-Salván, C. A., Gaylor, M. O., Wang, J., Leszczyński, J., & Feng, T. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13061297 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cleaves II, H. J.
- Venue
- Precambrian Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07-30
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 111-118
- ISSN
- 0301-9268 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2088227558
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Precambrian Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- formaldehyde, origin of life, ribose synthesis, Strecker synthesis, amino acid synthesis, sugar synthesis, hydrothermal environments, photolysis, extraterrestrial organic matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
