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Determination of Hemoglobin Adducts in Humans Occupationally Exposed to Acrylamide
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) adduct determinations were used to monitor occupational exposure to acrylamide (AA) and acrylonitrile (AN). Forty-one workers in a factory in the People's Republic of China who were involved in the synthesis of AA by catalytic hydration of AN and the manufacturing of polyacrylamides were studied. Ten nonexposed workers in the same city served as controls. AA and AN exposures were monitored using the modified Edman degradation procedure for the determination of their respective Hb adducts to N-terminal valine. The adduct levels in the exposed workers were 0.3-34 nmol/g Hb for AA and 0.02-66 nmol/g Hb for AN, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The formation of glycidamide (GA), the epoxide metabolite of AA, in humans was demonstrated by GC-MS analysis of its Hb adduct to N-terminal valine following acid hydrolysis, ion-exchange chromatography, and derivatization. The GA adduct was detected in samples from the exposed persons with levels of 1.6-32 nmol/g Hb. There was a linear relationship between the AA and GA adduct levels (r = 0.96) and the ratio of the in vivo doses of GA and AA was 3:10. These results suggest that AA is metabolized to GA in humans, as had previously been shown in the rat. The high AA adduct levels in the exposed workers, as compared to those expected from air concentrations, indicate that dermal exposure may contribute significantly to the total uptake of AA. The average daily in vivo doses of AA and GA in the highest exposed workers were comparable to the in vivo doses in rats injected with 3 mg/kg AA. Since a regimen of 2 mg/kg/day is known to cause a significant increase of tumors in rats, preventive measures may be necessary for humans exposed to high levels of AA in industrial settings.
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“Acrylamide can interact with hemoglobin and increase ROS formation (Bergmark et al. 1993).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Bergmark et al. 1993
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
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MethodInfluentialIn Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Acrylamide on Synaptosomal Neurotransmitter Uptake and Release
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Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide
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“The samples were prepared, and adducts to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin (Hb) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) according to the N-alkyl Edman method (7), with modifications according to Bergmark et al (8).”
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“Important examples include hemoglobin (Hb) adducts from ethylene oxide [4,5], aromatic amines [6,7], and acrylamide [8,9] in occupational exposed workers and in smokers.”
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“…residue of Hb results in formation of N-(2-carbamoylethyl)valine (AAVal) and N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)valine (GAVal) Hb adducts that can be specifically cleaved off and derivatized to serve as biomarkers for long-term exposure monitoring (Bergmark et al. 1993; EFSA 2015; Fennell et al. 2005).”
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The Sulphur Response in Wheat Grain and Its Implications for Acrylamide Formation and Food Safety
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bergmark, E., Calleman, C. J., He, F. S., & Costa, L. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Costa, L.G.
- Venue
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-05
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-54
- ISSN
- 0041-008X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1984526404
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Potato Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Keywords
- acrylamide, acrylonitrile, hemoglobin adducts, glycidamide, occupational exposure, acrylamide synthesis, dermal exposure, biomonitoring, epoxide metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Acrylamides, Acrylonitrile, Adult, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Epoxy Compounds, Hemoglobins, Humans, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Models, Theoretical, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Structure, Occupational Exposure, Acrylamide
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