Bioenergetic perspectives on Neanderthal thermoregulatory and activity budgets
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Adaptive explanations for an enlarged midface and large brows have focused either on enlargement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses emphasizing respiratory/energetic demands and climatic adaptation, or on mechanical adaptations to diet, paramasticatory activity, or increase in body size.
“Adaptive explanations for an enlarged midface and large brows have focused either on enlargement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses emphasizing respiratory/energetic demands 56 and climatic adaptation 57,58 , or on mechanical adaptations to diet, paramasticatory activity 59,60 , or increase in body size [61][62][63][64]”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
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Bastir, M., & Rosas, A. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.11.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Throwing in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic: inferences from an analysis of humeral retroversion
Rhodes, J. A., & Churchill, S. E. (2008) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.022 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationHolton, N. E., Yokley, T. R., Froehle, A. W., & Southard, T. E. (2013) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22402 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pomeroy, E., Macintosh, A. A., Wells, J. C. K., Cole, T. J., & Stock, J. T. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23398 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“2015), other primates (Muchlinski, Snodgrass, & Terranova, 2012) and, it has been argued, earlier fossil hominin species (Churchill, 1998; Churchill, 2006; Trinkaus, 1983; Trinkaus et al., 1991; Wells, 2017).”
BackgroundClimate variables as predictors of basal metabolic rate: New equations
Froehle, A. W. (2008) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20769 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The new equations presented here provide a systematic way to incorporate climate’s effects on BMR variation, so that different populations can be compared using the same methods and incorporating the same underlying assumptions. Given the large inaccuracies that can result from using previous equations such as those o…”
MethodThe ecological niche and distribution of Neanderthals during the Last Interglacial
Benito, B. M., Svenning, J., Nielsen, T. K., Riede, F., Gil‐Romera, G., Mailund, T., Kjærgaard, P. C., & Sandel, B. (2016) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.12845 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“High summer temperatures in southern latitudes combined with low availability of water might have prevented the occupation of plains in the Mediterranean peninsulas due to a seasonal reduction of net primary productivity (Bonan, 2008) and increased heat stress (Churchill, 2006).”
BackgroundWoman the hunter: The archaeological evidence
Lacy, S., & Ocobock, C. J. (2023) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13914 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Time for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe
Roebroeks, W. (2008) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Selection against archaic hominin genetic variation in regulatory regions
Telis, N., Aguilar, R., & Harris, K. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01284-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Continuities and Discontinuities in Neandertal Presence: A Closer Look at Northwestern Europe
Roebroeks, W., Hublin, J., & MacDonald, K. (2011) · Developments in quaternary science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53597-9.00008-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Neandertals' large lower thorax may represent adaptation to high protein diet
Ben‐Dor, M., Gopher, A., & Barkai, R. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22981 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
García-Martínez, D., Barash, A., Recheis, W., Utrilla, C., Torres Sánchez, I., García Río, F., & Bastir, M. (2014) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The large size of the Neandertal skeletal thorax has been interpreted in relation to cold adaptation, increased body mass, specific body shape and increased activity levels (Franciscus and Churchill, 2002; Churchill, 2006; Gómez-Olivencia et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialBastir, M., García‐Martínez, D., Estalrrich, A., García‐Tabernero, A., Huguet, R., Ríos, L., Barash, A., Recheis, W. A., Vives, M. D. L. R., & Rosas, A. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Middle Palaeolithic toolstone procurement behaviors at Lusakert Cave 1, Hrazdan valley, Armenia
Frahm, E., Feinberg, J. M., Schmidt-Magee, B. A., Wilkinson, K., Gasparyan, B., Yeritsyan, B., & Adler, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“These distances, however, vary greatly by ecological context, and they would differ as well due to the energetic requirements of MP hominins (e.g., Sorensen and Leonard, 2001; Churchill, 2006; Verpoorte, 2006).”
BackgroundBody mass estimation from knee breadth, with application to early hominins
Squyres, N., & Ruff, C. B. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22789 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
White, M., & Pettitt, P. (2011) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1007/s10963-011-9043-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The effect of terrain on Neanderthal ecology in the Levant
Henry, D. O., Belmaker, M., & Bergin, S. M. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.023 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bastir, M., García‐Martínez, D., Ríos, L., Pliego, A. H., Barash, A., Martelli, S. A., García‐Tabernero, A., Estalrrich, A., Huguet, R., de la Rasilla, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The costal skeleton of Homo antecessor: preliminary results
Gómez‐Olivencia, A., Carretero, J. M., Lorenzo, C., Arsuaga, J. L., de Castro, J. M. B., & Carbonell, E. (2010) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.023 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neanderthal energetics and spatial behaviour
Verpoorte, A. (2006) · Before Farming · doi:10.3828/bfarm.2006.3.2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Energetics and the Origin of Modern Humans
Froehle, A. W., Yokley, T. R., & Churchill, S. E. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118659991.ch8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationWeinstein, K. J. (2007) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.08.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Functional Craniology, Human Evolution, and Anatomical Constraints in the Neanderthal Braincase
Bruner, E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54553-8_13 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Because of the cold climate associated with Neanderthal presence in Europe, thermoregulation and metabolic variables have often been addressed to interpret the Neanderthals’ anatomical and behavioral characters (Churchill 1998 , 2006 ).”
BackgroundThe Neanderthal niche space of Western Eurasia 145 ka to 30 ka ago
Yaworsky, P. M., Nielsen, E. S., & Nielsen, T. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57490-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Between a rock and a cold place: Neanderthal biocultural cold adaptations
Ocobock, C., Lacy, S. A., & Niclou, A. (2021) · Evolutionary Anthropology (print) · doi:10.1002/evan.21894 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“could have conferred larger oxygen intake capacity, which would have supported the high energy demand.(17,18,22,23,25,28,34,38,39,50)”
BackgroundThe mesosternum of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal revisited
Gómez‐Olivencia, A., Franciscus, R. G., Couture, C., Maureille, B., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2012) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The most recent summary of the history of the discovery of the site and the stratigraphy of the cave can be found in Madelaine et al. (2008) and in Cavanhié (2009e2010).”
BackgroundGarcía‐Martínez, D., Bastir, M., Huguet, R., Estalrrich, A., García‐Tabernero, A., Ríos, L., Cunha, E. M., Vives, M. D. L. R., & Rosas, A. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.06.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…greater oxygen intake in Neanderthals than in modern humans, which is linked to a higher energetic demand and BMR (Franciscus and Churchill, 2002; Churchill, 2006; Weinstein et al., 2008; Froehle and Churchill, 2009; Gómez-Olivencia et al., 2009; GarcíaMartínez et al., 2014; Bastir et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialEvolutionary origin of bipolar disorder-revised: EOBD-R
Sherman, J. A. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Neandertal talus bones from El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain): A 3D geometric morphometrics analysis
Rosas, A., Ferrando, A., Bastir, M., García‐Tabernero, A., Estalrrich, A., Huguet, R., García‐Martínez, D., Pastor, J. F., & Vives, M. D. L. R. (2017) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23280 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Energetic cost of walking in fossil hominins
Vidal‐Cordasco, M., Mateos, A., Zorrilla‐Revilla, G., Prado‐Nóvoa, O., & Rodrı́guez, J. (2017) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23301 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Eco‐geographic adaptations in the human ribcage throughout a 3D geometric morphometric approach
García‐Martínez, D., Nalla, S., Ferreira, M. T., Guichón, R. A., del Campo, M. D. D., & Bastir, M. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23433 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Groote, I. D. (2011) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Peña-Melián, Á., Rosas, A., García‐Tabernero, A., Bastir, M., & Vives, M. D. L. R. (2011) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.21427 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The massively constructed neandertal body, associated to a sprinter-like pattern of muscular movements and a high basal metabolic rate (Churchill, 2006), may demand a higher brain effort for the somatic and visceral control and regulation.”
BackgroundCultural Transmission, Institutional Continuity and the Persistence of the Mousterian
Kuhn, S. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54511-8_6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rodríguez, J., Willmes, C., & Mateos, A. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102966 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Weiß, M., Hein, M., Urban, B., Stahlschmidt, M., Heinrich, S., Hilbert, Y. H., Power, R. C., Suchodoletz, H. V., Terberger, T., Böhner, U., et al. (2022) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107519 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Complex Projectile Technology and Homo sapiens Dispersal into Western Eurasia
Shea, J. J., & Sisk, M. L. (2010) · PaleoAnthropology · doi:10.4207/pa.2010.art36 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Power, C., Sommer, V., & Watts, I. (2013) · PaleoAnthropology · Cited by 20 · see citing works
García‐Martínez, D., Radovčić, D., Radovčić, J., Cofran, Z., Rosas, A., & Bastir, M. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.05.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Influence of lower limb configuration on walking cost in Late Pleistocene humans
Hora, M., & Sládek, V. (2014) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“These proposed consequences of such high walking cost would have disadvantaged Neandertals in their struggle for survival and in possible competition with AMH (Churchill, 2007; MacDonald et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBody proportions and environmental adaptation in gorillas
Ruff, C. B., Junno, J., Burgess, M. L., Canington, S. L., Harper, C. M., Mudakikwa, A. B., & McFarlin, S. C. (2021) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24443 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Torres‐Tamayo, N., Schlager, S., García‐Martínez, D., Sanchis‐Gimeno, J. A., Nalla, S., Ogihara, N., Oishi, M., Martelli, S. A., & Bastir, M. (2020) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102854 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Gómez, G., Pérez-Fernández, E., Fernandez, P., Arsuaga, J. L., Fernández-Lomana, J. C. D., & Arceredillo, D. (2022) · Lethaia · doi:10.18261/let.55.4.3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Defleur, A. R., Desclaux, E., Jabbour, R. S., & Richards, G. D. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105113 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The costal skeleton of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal
Gómez‐Olivencia, A., Holliday, T. W., Madelaine, S., Couture, C., & Maureille, B. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neandertal energetics: Uncertainty in body mass estimation limits comparisons with Homo sapiens
Heyes, P., & MacDonald, K. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.04.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pomeroy, E., Mushrif‐Tripathy, V., Kulkarni, B., Kinra, S., Stock, J. T., Cole, T. J., Shirley, M. K., & Wells, J. C. K. (2018) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-018-0665-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…by relatively high body fat and low skeletal muscle mass (a major constituent of lean mass) compared with other primates (Muchlinski et al. 2012; Zihlman and Bolter 2015) and fossil hominins such as Neanderthals (Churchill 1998, 2006; Trinkaus 1983; Trinkaus et al. 1991; Wells 2010, 2017).”
BackgroundStructural effects of variation in the human clavicle
Melillo, S. M., Gunz, P., Coqueugniot, H., Reske, S., & Hublin, J. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23787 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Evolutionary anatomy of the Neandertal ulna and radius in the light of the new El Sidrón sample
Pérez-Criado, L., & Rosas, A. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.016 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Belcastro, M. G., Mariotti, V. M., Pietrobelli, A., Sorrentino, R., García‐Tabernero, A., Estalrrich, A., & Rosas, A. (2020) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102746 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda v2.0
Ocobock, C. J. (2023) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23937 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…deal of work has provided observational evidence in support of these rules, positing that lower surface area-to-body mass, and shortened limbs (Churchill, 2006; Foster & Collard, 2013; Katzmarzyk & Leonard, 1998; Ruff, 1994; Steudel-Numbers & Tilkens, 2004) as well as tall, narrow noses…”
Human Bodies in Extreme Environments
Ocobock, C. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-085858 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Berthaume, M. A., Perry, D. C., Dobson, C. A., Witzel, U., Clarke, N. M. P., & Fagan, M. J. (2016) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.22690 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Walker, C. S., Yapuncich, G., Sridhar, S., Cameron, N., & Churchill, S. E. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecies, Populations, and Assimilation in Later Human Evolution
Smith, F. H. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444320039.ch20 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Was there a need for high carbohydrate content in Neanderthal diets?
Klement, R. J. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24643 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bastir, M. (2019) · Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris · doi:10.3166/bmsap-2019-0055 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
López‐Rey, J. M., García‐Martínez, D., & Bastir, M. (2024) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103629 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rodríguez, L., García‐González, R., Arsuaga, J. L., & Carretero, J. M. (2023) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25336 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…muscled, which may have provided them with both greater thermogenic capacity and greater insulation against the cold (Aiello & Wheeler, 2003; Churchill, 2006), and a good adaptation to their hunting strategy which was focused on terrestrial herbivores (Churchill, 1998; Richards et al.,…”
BackgroundNeanderthals: Anatomy, genes, and evolution
Rosas, A., Bastir, M., & García‐Tabernero, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821428-2.00007-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ecological evaluation of the development of Neanderthal niche exploitation
Trájer, A. J. (2023) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108127 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reevaluation of ‘endocostal ossifications’ on the Kebara 2 Neanderthal ribs
García‐Martínez, D., Martín, M. C., Martín, A. G., Cambra‐Moo, Ó., Barash, A., & Bastir, M. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mobility of Paleolithic Populations: Biomechanical Considerations and Spatiotemporal Modelling
Vaissié, E. (2021) · PaleoAnthropology · doi:10.48738/2021.iss1.73 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…phases) from which it is possible to estimate body mass of more than sixty Neanderthal individuals and AMHs of both sexes (Beals et al. 1983; Churchill 2006, 2009; Feldesman et al. 1990; Grün et al. 2005; Henneberg et al. 1988; Kappelman 1996; Kennedy and Deraniyagala 1989; Mathers and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKelly, A. P., Ocobock, C. J., Butaric, L. N., & Maddux, S. D. (2023) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24692 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Estimating Surface Area in Early Hominins
Cross, A., & Mark Collard, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016107 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Holliday, T. W., Ocobock, C. J., Cowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2025) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.70150 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Much like BMR, this too has been estimated, placing female Neandertal TEE within ~3200–5200 kcal/ day and male Neandertal TEE within ~4500–6750 kcal/day (Churchill 2006; Froehle and Churchill 2009; Snodgrass and Leonard 2009).”
Boggioni, M., Papini, A., Coletti, B., Profico, A., Vincenzo, F. D., & Manzi, G. (2025) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.70013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Neanderthal cervical spine revisited
Palancar, C. A., García‐Martínez, D., & Bastir, M. (2025) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103704 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The patterning and determinants of craniofacial robusticity in extant Homo sapiens
Miller, S. F. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.r5skoi5g · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“with notable levels of gracility in the supraorbital region following Lahr’s (1996) scoring system.”
BackgroundThe first preserved nasal cavity in the human fossil record: The Neanderthal from Altamura
Buzi, C., Profico, A., Lorenzo, C., & Manzi, G. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2426309122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…in this complex system of causal relationships, where multiple adaptive factors may have produced the same morphological end state [equifinality, ( 19 )], we need to include functional relationships (e.g., scaling of cranial airways with the body mass, ( 21 , 58 ), anatomical constraints ( 14 ,…”
InfluentialFossil ribcages of Homo sapiens provide new insights into modern human evolution
López‐Rey, J. M., Crèvecoeur, I., May, H., Nadel, D., Palancar, C. A., Gómez-Recio, M., García‐Martínez, D., & Bastir, M. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08472-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Geometrical af fi nities found between Dolní V ě stonice 13 and other fossil Homo from warmer climates (Kebara 2, Shanidar 3, and KNM-WT 15000) might be a matter of equi fi nality — an anatomical convergence driven by different evolutionary paths 51 .”
El coste de la supervivencia en las poblaciones humanas del Pleistoceno
Vidal‐Cordasco, M. (2021) · doi:10.36443/10259/5869
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS | Human Evolution in the Quaternary
Cashmore, L. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00352-6
Proměny přístupů studia neandertálců – s příkladem výzkumů v Portugalsku
Tůma, P., Šneberger, J., Hošek, R., Haws, J., Benedetti, M. M., & Friedl, L. (2012) · Digital Library (University of West Bohemia)
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Slow it down: evolution of human metabolism over two million years
Prado‐Nóvoa, O., Zorrilla‐Revilla, G., Howard, K. R., Laskaridou, E., Marinik, E. L., & Davy, K. P. (2025) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2501786
Cowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.003
The Vertebral Column and Thorax
Gómez‐Olivencia, A., & Been, E. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.009
Holt, B. M. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.015
Cowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.012
Holliday, T. W., & Cowgill, L. W. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.019
- Authors
- Churchill, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Churchill, S. E.
- ORCID
- Churchill, S. E.
- Venue
- Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 113-133
- ISSN
- 1877-9077 (ISSN-L)
- 1877-9085
- OpenAlex
- W923484048
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 36.45
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Neanderthals, bioenergetics, thermoregulation, activity budget, equifinality, Bergmann's rule, Allen's rule, skin surface area, basal metabolic rate, cold adaptation, body size
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