The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“They were first reported by Haggard and Issacs in 1966 [244].”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
In the citing paper
“Microexpressions are brief FEs that people in high stake situations make when trying to conceal their feelings.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 338
A Multiview Representation Framework for Micro-Expression Recognition
Huang, T., Chen, L., Feng, Y., Ben, X., Xiao, R., & Xue, T. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2932784 · Cited by 4
Selbstmodelle und Selbstaffekte im Traum
Moser, U. (2005) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666451652.243 · Cited by 4
Vision based body gesture meta features for Affective ComputingPreprint
Orton, I. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.00809 · Cited by 11
“Micro-expressions are instinctual reactions to some stimulus that can be predictive of emotional and distress state [20, 28].”
BackgroundGraph-based Facial Affect Analysis: A Review of Methods, Applications and Challenges.Preprint
Liu, Y. M., Zhang, X., Zhou, J., Li, X., Li, Y., & Zhao, G. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 4
Esmaeili, V., Feghhi, M. M., & Shahdi, S. O. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.02149 · Cited by 4
“Haggard and Isaacs [9] discovered micro-momentary facial expressions as repressed emotions, while scanning motion picture psychotherapy films for the first time in 1966 [10].”
BackgroundA Review of Deep Learning Methods in Automatic Facial Micro-expression Recognition
Mukku, L., & Thomas, J. (2023) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0609-3_1 · Cited by 4
The dual stream network with embedding temporal convolution for micro-expression recognition
Wang, H., Wang, K., & Yu, W. (2025) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-025-03994-z · Cited by 4
“Where time step t denotes a specific point in time in the sequence, for example, at time step t = 0, X [ 0 ] , X [ 1 ] , X [ 2 ] are selected to perform the convolution operation, and at time step t = 1, X [ 1 ] , X [ 2 ] , X [ 3 ] are selected to repeat the convolution.”
Emotion recognition using speckle pattern analysis and k -nearest neighbors classification
Yitzhak, H. L., Kelman, Y. T., Moskovenko, A., Zhovnerchuk, E. V., & Zalevsky, Z. (2020) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/abcd00 · Cited by 3
“MMEs are rapid, involuntary facial expressions that can reveal disguised emotions [9].”
BackgroundCross-Database Micro-Expression Recognition Exploiting Intradomain Structure
Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., & Wang, H. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/5511509 · Cited by 3
“A spontaneous facial expression was first identified by Haggard and Isaacs [2] in 1966.”
BackgroundGhaziasgar, M., Cruz, N. D. L., Bagula, A., & Connan, J. (2016) · Advances in data mining and database management book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0463-4.ch005 · Cited by 3
An Improved DCNN Based Facial Micro-expression Recognition System
Garg, D., & Verma, G. K. (2021) · Transactions on computer systems and networks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1681-5_22 · Cited by 3
What basic emotions really are: modularity, motivation, and behavioral variability
Wiegman, I. (2021) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-021-09816-z · Cited by 4
“It is even suggested that habitual suppression of facial expressions (perhaps because of acquisition of cultural “display rules”) cannot completely eliminate “leakage” or residual “microexpressions” of an emotional response (Friesen 1973; Haggard and Isaacs 1966).”
BackgroundInteraktionsprozesse bei Schizophrenen
Hans, G., Krause, R., & Steimer, E. (1986) · PSZ-Drucke · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71433-7_2 · Cited by 3
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOOD, EMOTIONAL LABOR, EGO DEPLETION, AND CUSTOMER OUTCOMES OVER TIME
McKibben, E. S. (2010) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 3
Multimodal Latent Emotion Recognition from Micro-Expression and Physiological SignalPreprint
Zhang, L., Qian, Y., Arandjelović, O., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4586136 · Cited by 3
Detection of Stress in Humans Wearing Face Masks using Machine Learning and Image Processing
Anthay, S. R., Nagarjuna, V., Mahesh, T. V., et al. (2022) · International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC) · doi:10.1109/icesc54411.2022.9885552 · Cited by 2
“In a single photograph, many faces can be detected [17][18].”
BackgroundMicroexpression recognition robot
Wu, Y.-C., Liu, Y.-C., Tsao, C., et al. (2023) · IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) · doi:10.11591/ijra.v12i1.pp20-28 · Cited by 2
Chamberland, J. A., & Collin, C. A. (2023) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/20416695231162580 · Cited by 2
“…Inhibition Hypothesis, this expression control is not absolute and involuntary leakage can unintentionally result in brief demonstrations—appearing for < 0.5 s—of an emotion the individual is trying to conceal (Ekman, 1985/2009; Ekman & Friesen, 1974; Haggard & Isaacs, 1966; Yan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialRouge and Robot: The Disruptive Feminine
Loke, L., & Reinhardt, D. I. E. (2023) · Springer series on cultural computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28138-9_15 · Cited by 2
Attention-guided three-stream convolutional neural network for microexpression recognition
Zhao, M., Shuangshuang, D., Hu, J. F., Du, S., Shi, C., Peng, L., & Shi, Z. (2024) · Journal of Image and Graphics · doi:10.11834/jig.230053 · Cited by 4
Sensors, Techniques, and Future Trends of Human-Engagement-Enabled Applications: A Review
Dai, Z., Zakka, V. G., Manso, L. J., Rudorfer, M., Bernardet, U., Zumer, J. M., & Kavakli, M. (2024) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a17120560 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Face Masks on Micro-Expression Recognition
Zhang, Y., & Zhu, C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020200 · Cited by 2
“Subsequently, Haggard and Ekman discovered and defined the existence of micro-expressions (Haggard & Isaacs, 1966; Ekman & Friesen, 1969).”
Felisberti, F. M. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021817742080 · Cited by 2
“The leaked facial expressions of emotion are referred to as “micro-facial” expressions of emotion or microexpressions, which were initially called “micro-momentary expressions” by Haggard and Isaacs (1966).”
BackgroundMicro-expression Cognition and Emotion Modeling Based on Gross Reappraisal Strategy
Xie, L. (2015) · Journal of Information and Computational Science · doi:10.12733/jics20105593 · Cited by 2
Social Signals of Deception and Dishonesty
Burgoon, J. K., Metaxas, D., Bourlai, T., & Elkins, A. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676202.029 · Cited by 2
Micro-Expressions Detection Based on Micro-Motions Dense Optical Flows
Nistor, S. C., Dărăbant, A. S., & Borza, D. L. (2018) · International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM) · doi:10.23919/softcom.2018.8555833 · Cited by 2
Qu, F., Yan, S., Jiuqing, L., & Wang, J. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7983-3_5 · Cited by 2
Counsellors as a client: group counselling
Metin, A., & Doğan, T. (2020) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2020.1860190 · Cited by 3
“These emotions can sometimes last less than a second (Ekman, 2003; Ekman & Friesen, 1969; Haggard & Isaacs, 1966).”
BackgroundThe use of artificial intelligence in interrogation: lies and truth
Wu, Y.-C., Liu, Y.-C., & Huang, R.-Y. (2023) · IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) · doi:10.11591/ijra.v12i4.pp332-340 · Cited by 3
“The concept of facial microexpressions was first proposed in 1966 [17], and it refers to the subconscious responses that people exhibit when stimulated.”
BackgroundUnderstanding Micro-momentary Emotional Expressions: A Life-Span Perspective
Khosla, M. (2024) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46349-5_7 · Cited by 2
Microexpression Analysis: A Review
Rani, M., & Rathee, N. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9712-1_11 · Cited by 2
Perception of Charisma, Comfort, Micro and Macro Expressions in Computer Graphics Characters
Andreotti, L., Weber, M. L., da Silva, T. L., et al. (2021) · Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames) · doi:10.1109/sbgames54170.2021.00022 · Cited by 2
“However, it is important to cite authors such as Haggard and Isaacs [5] who reported for the first time micro expressions as micro momentary expressions after analyzing psychotherapy cinematographic films for hours in search of non verbal communications between patient and therapist 1.”
BackgroundASSESSING IMPACT OF AFFECT RECOGNITION ON THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
Sutter, J. V. (2010) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 2
Unresponsive Children and Powerless Adults
Bugental, D. B. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2421-8_11 · Cited by 2
Datz, F., Wong, G., & Löffler‐Stastka, H. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-23084/v1 · Cited by 2
“Discovered in the late 1960s by Paul Ekman, micro-expressions are de ned as facial expressions of brief duration, lasting only for one-quarter to one-half of a second (5), and can be understood as either repressed or unconscious expression of emotion (2, 6).”
BackgroundMicro-expression Analysis for Security and Law Enforcment using Deep Learning
Maryala, S., Kommula, V., Kumarapu, S., et al. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI) · doi:10.1109/esci63694.2025.10988116 · Cited by 1
“Initially identified as ”Micro-Momentary Expressions” by Haggard and Isaacs [2], and later studied by Ekman and Friesen [3], micro-expressions convey six feelings that are shared by everyone: happiness, surprise, sadness, disgust, fear, and anger .”
Zhang, F., & Chai, L. (2025) · Machine Vision and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00138-025-01712-w · Cited by 1
CNN-Based Model for Facial Expression Recognition Using FER 2013 Dataset
Roy, S., Dutta, M., Ghosh, A., Choudhury, T., & Dutta, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6066-7_28 · Cited by 1
Islam, M. S., Sang, Y., Mohammed, A. A. Q., & Lv, J. (2025) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-025-01898-z · Cited by 3
“The first ME was detected by Haggard and Isaacs [20], and subsequently, Ekman and Friesen [11] also reported identifying MEs through the investigation of a tape taken from an interview of a mental patient to identify potential traits of her suicidal inclination.”
Cross-Cultural Nuances of Micro-Expressions and Action Units: A Comparative Study
Li, X., Mao, X., Zou, H., Chen, J., & Zhao, S. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo workshops · doi:10.1109/icmew68306.2025.11152056 · Cited by 1
“Among these expressions, micro-expressions (MEs) [1], [2] —brief, invol-untary facial movements lasting less than half second—and action units (AUs), the anatomically defined muscle movements cataloged by the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) [3], are critical for understanding both overt and…”
Exploring Bayesian Prior-Driven Pseudo-Profile Reasoning for MLLM-based Micro-Expression Analysis
Bai, M., Wang, C., Chen, H., Xie, Y., & Zhao, G. (2026) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg67764.2026.11556955 · Cited by 2
“Micro-expressions are an important topic in affective computing and human behavior analysis [13], [7], [6], [38], [5].”
Darwin the detective : behavioural consequences of high-stakes emotional deception
ten Brinke, L. M. (2012) · Open Collections · doi:10.14288/1.0074290 · Cited by 1
“However, the strength of Haggard and Isaacs’ (1966) observations is tempered by the limitations of their methodology.”
BackgroundInfluentialMining content and relations for social spammer detection
Hu, X. (2015) · Cited by 1
Die dritte Dimension des Verhandelns – Ihr Gesprächspartner in Verhandlungen
Przybylski, F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-21114-1_6 · Cited by 1
Chengeta, K. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6861-5_57 · Cited by 1
Geometric Distance for Fast Micro-Expression Detection
Lu, H., Li, D., Kpalma, K., & Yang, M. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT) · doi:10.1109/icct50939.2020.9295694 · Cited by 1
“Thus, micro-expressions analysis is widely applied in many fields, for instance, (i) high-stake situation, such as criminal investigations, airport security, counter terrorism [4]; and (ii) medical treatment, such as doctor-patient consultation [6].”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence, eHealth – die Bedeutung für Patient*innen
Löffler‐Stastka, H., Dietrich, D., & Sauter, T. (2022) · psychopraxis neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s00739-022-00826-4 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Training on the Effectiveness of Deception Detection
Dzida, J. (2022) · European Polygraph · doi:10.2478/ep-2022-0009 · Cited by 1
Xing, H., Zhou, G., Yuan, S., et al. (2023) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-023-01120-y · Cited by 1
“Micro-expression (ME) was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [1] in 1966 and called "micro-moment.”
BackgroundBeaudoin, R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197659281.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Microexpression to Macroexpression: Facial Expression Magnification by Single Input
Song, Y., Chen, T., Li, S., & Li, J. (2024) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra57147.2024.10610258 · Cited by 2
“ME was first discovered by Haggard and IsaacsI [1] in 1966 during a psychotherapy session.”
BackgroundCiolacu, M. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.348 · Cited by 2
Automatic double region of interest selection for spotting micro-expression from long videos
Li, B., Zhang, Z., Cao, R., Zhang, J., & Chen, T. (2020) · International Conference on Computer Engineering and Application (ICCEA) · doi:10.1109/iccea50009.2020.00198 · Cited by 2
Facial Micro-Expression Recognition Using Quaternion-Based Sparse Representation
Yang, H., Wang, Q., Wang, Q., Liu, P., & Huang, W. (2020) · International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN) · doi:10.1109/icccn49398.2020.9209630 · Cited by 3
“In 1966, Haggard et al. [1] first noticed the expression of micro-expressions.”
BackgroundSeelothu, S., & Venugopal Rao, K. (2021) · International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology · doi:10.14445/22315381/ijett-v69i11p230 · Cited by 1
DFFCN: Dual Flow Fusion Convolutional Network for Micro Expression Recognition
Chen, J., Fu, Y., Jin, Y., & Liu, T. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92238-2_7 · Cited by 2
Analysis of Augmented Reality Games on Android platform
Fekolkin, R. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Cross-Database Micro-Expression Recognition: A BenchmarkPreprint
Zong, Y., Zhang, T., Zheng, W., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.07742 · Cited by 1
“In 1966, Haggard and Isaacs [2] first discovered microexpressions during their research of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy.”
BackgroundVisual strategies underpinning social cognition in traumatic brain injury
Greene, L. (2019) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00320 · Cited by 1
Leaked Expressions Captured with Wearable High Resolution Facial ElectromyographyPreprint
Granoviter, O., & Hanein, Y. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rd3x6 · Cited by 1
Micro-expression Action Unit Recognition Based on Dynamic Image and Spatial PyramidPreprint
Zhou, G., Yuan, S., Xing, H., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2449787/v1 · Cited by 1
Facial Micro-Expression Analysis
Li, J. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c6be032dzaef5z41a8za74cz1bc6decd5ee4 · Cited by 1
“MEs were discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [39] and then, named by Ekman and Friesen [28] in 1969.”
BackgroundInterviewing and Communication Skills
Garcia-Shelton, L. M. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1998-7_6
Empati och igenkänning av mikrouttryck
Krohn, L., & Karlsson, N. (2014) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Восприятие сложных социально значимых объектов во время быстрых движений глаз наблюдателя
Barabanshchikov, V. А., & Zherdev, I. Y. (2014)
EMOTIONAL SOPHISTICATION: STUDIES OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN GAMES
Rossi, F. C. D. (2012) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Perception of complex socially significant objects during observer’s rapid eye movements
Barabanschikov, V. A., & I.Yu., Z. (2014) · Experimental Psychology (Russia)
Mimikmeditation zur Stressregulation
Meudt, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-07978-9_14 · Cited by 1
An Examination of CEO Emotion's Relationship with Organization-Level Performance
Peyton, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Bioresource Management
The Utility of Assessing Nonverbal Communication in the Psychiatric Evaluation
Chahal, K. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry Residents Journal · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.120802 · Cited by 1
Xiaochen, D., Zhi-gang, Z., & Qiang, L. (2018) · International Conference on Communication and Information Processing (ICCIP) · doi:10.1145/3290420.3290421 · Cited by 1
“[5] Haggard E A, Isaacs K S. Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy [M]// Methods of Research in Psychotherapy.”
BackgroundDetecting Deception through Reaction Time
梁, 静. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.910211
Learman, L. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429426254-14
“107 It is also possible to identify emotional expressions such as sadness, happiness, anger and surprise regardless of the culture of the person displaying the emotion (Ekman, 2007) through involuntary expressions that can occur in as fast as 1/25th of a second (Haggard and Isaacs, 1966).”
BackgroundMachine Learning based Lie Detector applied to a Collected and Annotated Dataset.Preprint
Rodriguez-Diaz, N., Aspandi, D., Sukno, F. M., et al. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Application of microexpressions analysis based on deep learning in the service industry
Shang, L., Liu, L., Sui, L., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1109/itca52113.2020.00030
Deep Learning based Micro-expression Recognition: A Survey.Preprint
Li, Y., Wei, J., Mohammadifoumani, S., et al. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Водохозяйственные расчеты в бассейне реки Кубань на перспективу
Никифорович, П. И., Федорович, Е. А., & Аскеровна, Т. Ф. (2008) · Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета
Capturing Micro-Expressions on Zoom: A Promising Sales Opportunity
McKnight, O., Mahar, C. M., Paugh, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness · doi:10.33423/jmdc.v15i4.4822
Emociones asociadas al proceso de construcción del volumen del paralelepípedo
Vinces, F. V. V., Giraldo-Rojas, J. D., Parraguez, M., et al. (2022) · Uniciencia · doi:10.15359/ru.36-1.23
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-004
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-003
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-012
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-001
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-009
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-006
From Creationism to Climate Denialism
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-011
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-005
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-013
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-008
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022879-010
Manifest anxiety and perception of micromomentary expression
Garwood, R. (1970) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(70)90109-4
Ubiquitous Technologies for Emotion Recognition
Baños, O., Castro, L. A., & Villalonga, C. (2021) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-1801-5
邹, 佳. (2022) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2022.117388
Metadata
- Authors
- Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S.
- Venue
- Methods of Research in Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1966
- Pages
- 154-165
- OpenAlex
- W65855405
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- facial expressions, micro-expressions, psychotherapy, therapeutic process, nonverbal behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
