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Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy
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“They were first reported by Haggard and Issacs in 1966 [244].”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
In the citing paper
“Microexpressions are brief FEs that people in high stake situations make when trying to conceal their feelings.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
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“Facial expression analysis is based on early work by Haggard and Isaacs (1966) and Ekman and Friesen (1969): while some may try to mask their true emotions for a multitude of personal and social reasons, they suggest that changes in emotions are still reflected in micro-changes in facial…”
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“Micro-expressions were first found by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [2].”
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“Micro-expressions, once named micro-momentary facial expressions that might be unknown to or uncontrollable for humans, were first discovered in 1966 [3].”
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“The phenomenon was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [5] in 1966, who called them micromomentary facial expressions.”
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“Haggard and Isaacs first discovered micro-expressions (micro-momentary expressions) and viewed them as cues for repressed emotions [8], [9].”
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“Micro-expression was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs (1966), they found the Micro-expression is related to self-defense mechanism and can reveal depressed emotions.”
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“This type of facial expressions is called micro-expressions (MEs) and they were actually first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs (1966) three years before the event happened.”
BackgroundDeep Learning for Micro-Expression Recognition: A Survey
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BackgroundEMPATHY AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING1
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“Haggard and Isaacs (1966) first discovered microexpressions which they termed " micromomentary " expressions, and Paul EKMAN then formally named them microexpressions (Ekman and Friesen, 1969; Ekman, 2003a).”
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“It was first discovered and called “micro-momentary” expressions by Haggard and Isaacs [1] in 1966.”
BackgroundDynamic Micro-Expression Recognition Using Knowledge Distillation
Sun, B., Cao, S., Li, D., He, J. Y. D., & Yu, L. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.2986962 · Cited by 119
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“Micro-expressions are brief and involuntary facial expressions that usually appear when people are trying to conceal their true feelings, or are unintentionally showing repressed emotions [3] [8].”
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“[6], and were called rapid expressions that showed repressed emotions.”
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Facial Micro-Expressions: An Overview
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“The research of MEs can be traced back to 1966 when Haggard and Isaacs [22] first reported finding one kind of short-lived facial behavior in psychotherapy that is too fast to be observed with the naked eyes.”
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4DME: A Spontaneous 4D Micro-Expression Dataset With Multimodalities
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“As early as 1966, Haggard and Isaacs claimed that they had observed some “micro-momentary” expressions when scanning some psychotherapy films [94].”
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ResultINTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS SOURCES OF VARIANCE IN SELF‐REPORTED AFFECTIVE VARIABLES1
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“There is a special type of expressions called “micro-expressions” that were first found by Haggard and Isaacs [5].”
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“Microexpression was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [2].”
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“The existence of MEs was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [7].”
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BackgroundLAENet for micro-expression recognition
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“When scanning motion picture films of psychotherapy hours, Haggard et al. observed short-lived, imperceptible facial expressions and defined them as micro-momentary expressions [3].”
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BackgroundFacial micro-expression recognition based on the fusion of deep learning and enhanced optical flow
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“Haggard and Isaacs [15] firstly found a kind of imperceptible instantaneous expression which expressed the depressed emotions in 1966.”
BackgroundEmotion spotting: discovering regions of evidence in audio-visual emotion expressions
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“These have been shown to be an important factor in understanding human emotion [11, 8].”
BackgroundAutomatic micro-expression apex spotting using Cubic-LBP
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“MEs, once named micro-momentary facial expressions, were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [8].”
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Automatic Micro-Expression Analysis: Open Challenges
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“…often occurring in high-stake situations when people try to conceal or mask their true feelings, became well-known since 1960s, from the work of Haggard and Isaacs (1966) in which micro-expression was firstly termed as micromomentary facial expressions, and later from the work of Ekman and…”
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High-Speed Video System for Micro-Expression Detection and Recognition
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“Micro-expressions (MEs) were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [1]: by reviewing psychotherapeutic interviews, they observed “micro-momentary” facial expressions and explained them as a result of repression.”
BackgroundA comprehensive survey on facial micro-expression: approaches and databases
Esmaeili, V., Feghhi, M. M., & Shahdi, S. O. (2022) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-022-13133-2 · Cited by 30
“It was just the first time where Haggard and Isaacs [34] come up with the idea of micromomentary facial expressions as they scanning motion pictures psychotherapy films [114].”
BackgroundMicroexpressions in digital humans: perceived affect, sincerity, and trustworthiness
Tastemirova, A., Schneider, J., Kruse, L. C., Heinzle, S., & Brocke, J. V. (2022) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-022-00563-x · Cited by 35
Real-time emotion detection by quantitative facial motion analysis
Saadon, J. R., Yang, F., Burgert, R., Mohammad, S., Gammel, T., Sepe, M., Rafailovich, M. H., Mikell, C. B., Polak, P., & Mofakham, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282730 · Cited by 31
“The idea that subtle facial movements can build throughout the experience of a particular emotional state distinguishes our observations from Ekman’s microexpressions, which are thought to last only a fraction of a second [27,45].”
Radlak, K., Bożek, M., & Bogdan Smolka, B. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2823465.2823469 · Cited by 25
“In this paper we will focus only on three factors that are suggested in the literature as the indicators to deception and were annotated in our database: eye closures, gaze aversions with saccadic eye movements and subtle facial changes, which were inspired by micro-expressions discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [12] an…”
MethodHierarchical support vector machine for facial micro-expression recognition
Pan, H., Xie, L., Lv, Z., Li, J., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09475-4 · Cited by 27
“Haggard et al. [9] first proposed the concept of micro-expressions and found a short, hard-to-detect facial expression.”
BackgroundA comparative study on movement feature in different directions for micro-expression recognition
Wei, J., Lu, G., & Yan, J. (2021) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2021.03.063 · Cited by 28
Tang, J., Li, L., Tang, M., & Xie, J. (2022) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-022-02286-0 · Cited by 29
Cost-Effective CNNs for Real-Time Micro-Expression Recognition
Belaiche, R., Liu, Y., Migniot, C., Ginhac, D., & Yang, F. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10144959 · Cited by 26
“29 Micro-Expression (ME) is a rapid and involuntary facial expression that exposes a person’s true 30 emotion [6].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S.
- Venue
- Methods of Research in Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1966
- Pages
- 154-165
- OpenAlex
- W65855405
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- facial expressions, micro-expressions, psychotherapy, therapeutic process, nonverbal behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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