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Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy
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“They were first reported by Haggard and Issacs in 1966 [244].”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
In the citing paper
“Microexpressions are brief FEs that people in high stake situations make when trying to conceal their feelings.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
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Explainable Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network for lie detection using voice stress analysis
Talaat, F. M. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16769-w · Cited by 26
“However, it has been suggested that with enough feedback (e.g., that the person is lying 50% of the time) and a focus on micro-expressions, someone can learn to identify lies in another person [1, 2].”
A review of research on micro-expression recognition algorithms based on deep learning
Zhang, F., & Chai, L. (2024) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10262-7 · Cited by 25
Dilation and Constriction of Subjective Time Based on Observed Walking Speed
Karşılar, H., Kısa, Y. D., & Balcı, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02565 · Cited by 24
“However, given that all of the simulation videos used in our study were presented with upward of 24 frames per second, beyond which most participants perceive continuous motion (e.g., Condon and Ogston, 1966; Haggard and Isaacs, 1966), such an argument seems implausible.”
BackgroundWhat The Information Analyst Should Know About Body Language
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A FURTHER COMMENT ON LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS A SOURCE OF VARIANCE IN CERTAIN AFFECTIVE MEASURES1
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Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Optical Flow for Facial Micro-Expression Recognition
Li, Q., Yu, J., Kurihara, T., Zhang, H., & Zhan, S. (2019) · Journal of Circuits Systems and Computers · doi:10.1142/s0218126620500061 · Cited by 25
Reading Hidden Emotions: Spontaneous Micro-expression Spotting and Recognition.Preprint
Li, X., Hong, X., Moilanen, A., Huang, X., Pfister, T., Zhao, G., & Pietikäinen, M. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 25
Coupled source domain targetized with updating tag vectors for micro-expression recognition
Zhu, X., Ben, X., Liu, S., Yan, R., & Meng, W. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4943-z · Cited by 22
“Micro-expression, a kind of expression with a very brief duration, was firstly discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [22] and thought to be a way to express pent-up expressions.”
BackgroundExploring the Feasibility of Face Video Based Instantaneous Heart-Rate for Micro-Expression Spotting
Gupta, P., Bhowmick, B., & Pal, A. (2018) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw.2018.00179 · Cited by 23
“Since ME arises from the human reflexive behavior which is hard to control or suppress, they are hard to suppress and disclose the genuine human expressions [10].”
BackgroundNonreactive measures in psychotherapy outcome research
Patterson, D. R., & SECHREST, L. B. (1983) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(83)90021-1 · Cited by 23
Toward a systematic study of empathy
Guiora, A. Z. (1967) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(67)80063-4 · Cited by 23
Non-Linearities Improve OrigiNet based on Active Imaging for Micro Expression Recognition
Verma, M., Vipparthi, S. K., & Singh, G. (2020) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207718 · Cited by 27
“[4] discovered the micro-expressions in 1966.”
CFD: A Collaborative Feature Difference Method for Spontaneous Micro-Expression Spotting
Han, Y., Li, B., Lai, Y., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2018.8451065 · Cited by 22
“[1] proposed the concept of ME.”
Micro-Expression Recognition Based on 2D-3D CNN
Wang, L., Jia, J., & Mao, N. (2020) · Chinese Control Conference (CCC) · doi:10.23919/ccc50068.2020.9188920 · Cited by 20
“Haggard and Isaac first proposed the concept of micro expression [1] in 1966.”
BackgroundPsychological Variables and Ability to Pronounce a Second Language
Taylor, L. L., Catford, J., Guiora, A. Z., et al. (1971) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/002383097101400205 · Cited by 21
The role of personality variables in second language behavior
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Micro-Expression Spotting Using Facial Landmarks
Beh, K. X., & Goh, K. M. (2019) · IEEE International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA) · doi:10.1109/cspa.2019.8696059 · Cited by 23
“This hypothesis was then verified by Haggard and Issacs in which they had discovered the MEs (micromomentary expressions) while scanning through the films of psychotherapy hours in slow motion to look for the sign of non-verbal communication between therapist and patient [5].”
MethodKey, M. R. (1982) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110828771 · Cited by 47
Deep 3D Convolutional Neural Network for Facial Micro-Expression Analysis from Video Images
Talluri, K. K., Fiedler, M.-A., & Al-Hamadi, A. K. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app122111078 · Cited by 21
“In 1966, micro-expressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [3], assuming that they are associated with defense mechanisms and conveyed feelings.”
BackgroundFelisberti, F. M., & Terry, P. (2015) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2488 · Cited by 18
“Some facial expressions of emotion occur very briefly (lasting between 40 and 200ms) and are often referred to as ‘microexpressions’ to distinguish them from longer-duration expressions (Haggard and Isaacs, 1966; Ekman, 1992).”
BackgroundMicro-expression recognition based on contextual transformer networks
Yang, J. J., Wu, Z., & Wu, R. (2024) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-024-03443-x · Cited by 18
Multimodal Fusion-based Swin Transformer for Facial Recognition Micro-Expression Recognition
Zhao, X., Lv, Y., & Huang, Z. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) · doi:10.1109/icma54519.2022.9856162 · Cited by 17
“In 1966, the concept of micro-expressions was first introduced by Haggard [2].”
BackgroundMicro-expression recognition by feature points tracking
Yao, S., He, N., Zhang, H., et al. (2014) · International Conference on Communications (COMM) · doi:10.1109/iccomm.2014.6866671 · Cited by 17
“Micro-expression was firstly found by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [2].”
BackgroundMulti-scale joint feature network for micro-expression recognition
Li, X., Wei, G., Wang, J., & Zhou, Y. (2021) · Computational Visual Media · doi:10.1007/s41095-021-0217-9 · Cited by 16
The evolutionary origin of multimodal synchronization in emotional expression.
Scherer, K. R. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.4436/jass.91005 · Cited by 17
Dynamic image for micro-expression recognition on region-based framework
Le, T. T. Q., Tran, T.-K., & Rege, M. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI) · doi:10.1109/iri49571.2020.00019 · Cited by 17
“The official perception of ME was first discovered and developed since 1966 by Haggard and Isaacs [3].”
BackgroundGould’s Creaking Chair, Schoenberg’s Metric Clarity
Beaudoin, R. (2021) · Music Theory Online · doi:10.30535/mto.27.1.1 · Cited by 15
A Dashboard for Affective E-learning: Data Visualization for Monitoring Online Learner Emotions
GhasemAghaei, R., Arya, A., & Biddle, R. (2016) · EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology · Cited by 15
Going deeper in hidden sadness recognition using spontaneous micro expressions database
Gorbova, J., Čolović, M., Marjanovic, M., Njeguš, A., & Anbarjafari, G. (2019) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-019-7658-5 · Cited by 16
“The roots of the micro-expressions (MEs) recognition research are in psychotherapy [14, 16, 24].”
Backgroundten Brinke, L., MacDonald, S., Porter, S., & O’Connor, B. P. (2011) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-011-9265-5 · Cited by 15
Cross-Domain Few-Shot Micro-Expression Recognition Incorporating Action Units
Dai, Y. Q., & Feng, L. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3120542 · Cited by 14
Cross-database micro-expression recognition based on transfer double sparse learning
Liu, J., Zong, Y., & Zheng, W. (2022) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-022-12878-0 · Cited by 14
“Since micro-expression is a habitual pattern of the human face and too brief to convey emotion of human beings[11], the major bottleneck faced by current CDMER system are finding a more robust feature selection method and narrow the discrepancies between source and target micro-expression domains.”
BackgroundSpotting micro‐movements in image sequence by introducing intelligent cubic‐LBP
Esmaeili, V., Feghhi, M. M., & Shahdi, S. O. (2022) · IET Image Processing · doi:10.1049/ipr2.12596 · Cited by 14
A Review of Micro-expression Recognition based on Deep Learning
Zhang, H., & Zhang, H. (2022) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892307 · Cited by 16
“Haggard first proposed the concept of ME in 1966 [1].”
BackgroundFan, L., He, J., Zheng, Y., Nie, Y., Chen, T., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02958-7 · Cited by 14
Could Micro-Expressions Be Quantified? Electromyography Gives Affirmative Evidence
Li, J., Lu, S., Wang, Y., Dong, Z., Wang, S., & Fu, X. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3575127 · Cited by 19
“Specifically, researchers have suggested that when the video is running at normal speed, coders are unaware of facial changes occurring within 1/5 s and can only recognize ”something is happening” for 2/5 s but cannot identify the specific expression [31].”
Dashon Burton's Song Sermon: Corporeal Liveness and the Solemnizing Breath
Beaudoin, R. (2022) · Journal of the Society for American Music · doi:10.1017/s1752196321000456 · Cited by 12
Discriminative Video Representation with Temporal Order for Micro-expression Recognition
Niu, M., Tao, J., Li, Y., Huang, J., & Lian, Z. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2019.8682295 · Cited by 13
“The reasons are that micro-expression is considered to be spontaneous and people can neither fake nor supress it [4].”
BackgroundMachine Learning-Based Lie Detector Applied to a Novel Annotated Game Dataset
Rodriguez-Diaz, N., Aspandi, D., Sukno, F. M., et al. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi14010002 · Cited by 11
“that 50% of the times that person is lying) and focusing on micro-expressions [1], [2] Building from the above, the detection of deceptive behavior using facial analysis has been proved feasible using macroand, especially, micro-expressions [3], [4], [5].”
MethodPASTFNet: a paralleled attention spatio-temporal fusion network for micro-expression recognition
Tian, H., Gong, W., Li, W., & Qian, Y. (2024) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-024-03041-y · Cited by 13
Ensari, P. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2017.75016 · Cited by 11
“These “pressures” exist regularly in daily life such as a function of culture, status, politeness, context, etc. Haggard and Isaacs (1966) [17] were the first scientists who discovered microexpressions; however, they called them “micro-momentary” expressions.”
BackgroundMethodMicro-expression action unit recognition based on dynamic image and spatial pyramid
Zhou, G., Yuan, S., Xing, H., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-023-05409-7 · Cited by 11
“Micro-expressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [2] in 1966 and called “micro-moment” expressions.”
BackgroundInvestigating Macroexpressions and Microexpressions in Computer Graphics Animated Faces
Queiroz, R. B., Musse, S. R., & Badler, N. I. (2014) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00180 · Cited by 11
“The existence of microexpressions was first reported by Haggard and Isaacs (Haggard & Isaacs, 1966) where they were initially called "micromomentary expressions".”
Tanana, M., Dembe, A., Soma, C. S., Imel, Z. E., Atkins, D. C., & Srikumar, V. (2016) · Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) · doi:10.18653/v1/w16-0304 · Cited by 11
Micro-expression recognition from local facial regions
Aouayeb, M., Hamidouche, W., Soladié, C., Kpalma, K., & Séguier, R. (2021) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2021.116457 · Cited by 10
Matharaarachchi, N., & Pasha, M. F. (2024) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10374-0 · Cited by 11
“Haggard et al. [3] first proposed micro-expressions.”
Gupta, P. (2022) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03553-w · Cited by 10
“…is used for: i) affective computing applications that require disclosure of hidden human emotions like video summarization [5], ii) security applications and business negotiation requiring lie detection for preventing frauds [6], and iii) monitoring the suspicious intent for psychotherapy [7].”
MethodA Perifacial EMG Acquisition System for Facial-Muscle-Movement Recognition
Zhang, J., Huang, S., Li, J., Wang, Y., Dong, Z., & Wang, S. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23218758 · Cited by 14
“They have essential applications in emotion recognition [1,2], human– computer interaction [3–5], psychotherapy [6], acting [7] and socialization [8].”
Aouayeb, M., Hamidouche, W., Kpalma, K., & Benazza‐Benyahia, A. (2019) · Machine learning for signal processing ... · doi:10.1109/mlsp.2019.8918771 · Cited by 10
“The concept of Micro-Expression (MiE) was first introduced in 1872 by Charles Darwin and Phillip Prodger [1], while Haggard and Isaacs [2] have described the conditions of MiE in 1966.”
BackgroundCarroll, A. (2020) · Medicine Science and the Law · doi:10.1177/0025802420940618 · Cited by 10
Neuromuscular circuits in affect-laden information processing
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1979) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03001979 · Cited by 10
Haphazard Cuboids Feature Extraction for Micro-Expression Recognition
Wang, G., Huang, S., & Dong, Z. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3214808 · Cited by 9
“The concept of micro-expressions was initially introduced by Haggard et al. in 1966 [6].”
MethodMulti-Staged Training of Deep Neural Networks for Micro-Expression Recognition
Nistor, S. C. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI) · doi:10.1109/saci49304.2020.9118811 · Cited by 9
“Isaacs [1] and independently by Paul Eckman while doing his studies on deceit [2].”
BackgroundMicroexpression spotting in video using optical strain
Godavarthy, S. (2010) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 9
RF-REN: RGB-Frequency Relation Exploration Network for Micro-Expression Recognition
Liu, J., Shi, H., Wang, Y., & Zong, Y. (2025) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3630085 · Cited by 9
A review of micro-expression spotting: methods and challenges
Zhang, H., Yin, L., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-023-01076-z · Cited by 9
“Haggard and Isaacs first discovered micro-expression in 1966 [3].”
BackgroundEffective micro-expression recognition using relaxed K-SVD algorithm
Zheng, H., Zhu, J., Yang, Z., & Jin, Z. (2017) · International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s13042-017-0684-6 · Cited by 8
Micro-expression recognition based on the fusion between optical flow and dynamic image
Nguyen, N. T. T., Nguyen, D. T. T., & Bao, P. T. (2021) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Soft Computing (ICMLSC) · doi:10.1145/3453800.3453821 · Cited by 9
“In the next years, Ekman and his collaborators also reported finding MEs when they were examining a video of a psychological patient [1, 3].”
BackgroundMicro-Expression Recognition Using Histogram of Image Gradient Orientation on Diagonal Planes
Esmaeili, V., Feghhi, M. M., & Shahdi, S. O. (2021) · doi:10.1109/ipria53572.2021.9483500 · Cited by 9
Personalized treatment - which interaction ingredients should be focused to capture the unconscious
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“Early observations have indeed suggested that such a manipulation in the temporal domain could allow viewers to detect very subtle cues to deception (Ekman, 2003; Ekman & Friesen, 1969; Haggard & Isaacs, 1966), but this claim has – to the best of our knowledge – not been systematically tested.”
BackgroundControls of Visual Imagery and Therapist Intervention
Horowitz, M. J. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3941-0_2 · Cited by 8
Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Shu, X. (2024) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-024-03221-1 · Cited by 7
“Micro-expression, neither faked nor suppressed, is produced when people try to hide their inner emotions [5].”
Micro and macro facial expressions by driven animations in realistic Virtual Humans
Montanha, R., Raupp, G., Schmitt, A. C. P., Araujo, V. F. D. A., & Musse, S. R. (2024) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100853 · Cited by 7
Micro-Expression Recognition Base on Optical Flow Features and Improved MobileNetV2
Xu, W. H., Zheng, H., Yang, Z., & Yang, Y. (2021) · KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems · doi:10.3837/tiis.2021.06.002 · Cited by 8
“Due to the hidden nature of micro-expressions and the tendency to confuse them with macro-expressions, micro-expressions went unnoticed until 1966, when Haggard and Isaacs [1] first discovered their existence.”
BackgroundEEG and Facial EMG Changes during Self-Reflection with Affective Imagery
Kuiken, D., & Mathews, J. T. (1986) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/933r-0qv9-kh9y-mq4n · Cited by 7
“The need for such indexes was evident in early research on changes in facial expression during psychotherapy [35] and was reiterated in recent research by Fridlund, Schwartz, and Fowler [36].”
ResultSMA-STN: Segmented Movement-Attending Spatiotemporal Network forMicro-Expression RecognitionPreprint
Liu, J., Zheng, W., & Zong, Y. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.09342 · Cited by 16
“Haggard et al. (Haggard and Isaacs 1966) first discovered the micro-expression during the research of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy.”
BackgroundDuration-aware and mode-aware micro-expression spotting for long video sequences
Liu, J., Li, X., Zhang, J., Zhai, G., Su, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wáng, B. (2024) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2024.117192 · Cited by 6
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“Haggard et al.[1] first discovered it in 1966, and showed in their research results that micro-expression is related to people’s self-defense mechanism and can reflect the emotions people try to cover up.”
BackgroundRecognition of facial emotions across the lifespan: 8‐year‐olds resemble older adults
Ruffman, T., Kong, Q., Lim, H. M., Du, K., & Tiainen, E. (2023) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12442 · Cited by 6
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“MEs are extremely quick (1/25 s to 1/5 s) and involuntary facial expressions that can reveal individuals’ true emotions that they attempt to conceal or mask (Ekman & Friesen, 1976; Haggard & Isaacs, 1966).”
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Yüz İfadelerindeki Duygular: Derleme Çalışması
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SSIM Based Signature of Facial Micro-Expressions
Bruni, V., & Vitulano, D. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50347-5_24 · Cited by 6
SHCFNet on Micro-expression Recognition System
Jie, H. J., Zhao, X., & Zheng, L. (2020) · International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP) · doi:10.1109/cisp-bmei51763.2020.9263671 · Cited by 8
“Micro expressions were first discovered more than 50 years ago during the analysis of several psychotherapy interview films [4], At the time, they called it "micro-instant MME".”
BackgroundDetecting Micro-Expressions in Real Time Using High-Speed Video Sequences
Danescu, R. G., Borza, D. L., & Itu, R. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.76155 · Cited by 6
“In fact, in their first study, Haggard and Issacs [9] stated that micro-expressions cannot be perceived with the naked eye.”
BackgroundFacial Micro-expression Recognition Using Enhanced Temporal Feature-Wise Model
Zhi, R., Liu, M., Xu, H., & Wan, M. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1925-3_22 · Cited by 7
Research Using the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales in English Since 1969
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A lightweight MobileViT with Linear Differential Attention for Micro-expression recognition
Wang, H., Wang, K., & Yu, W. (2025) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-025-04405-z · Cited by 5
“Introduced by Haggard et al. [4] and expanded by Ekman and Friesen, who develop the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) [5] Recent advances in deep learning, especially CNNs, sig-nificantly improve visual feature extraction in computer vision [6].”
Gao, J., Chen, H., Zhang, X., Guo, J., & Liang, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2020.579338 · Cited by 5
“There are some subtle and fast facial actions, which were first discovered and named “micro-momentary” expressions by Haggard and Isaacs (1966).”
BackgroundOptimal Compact Network for Micro-Expression Analysis System
Sie-Min, K., Zulkifley, M. A., & Kamari, N. A. M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22114011 · Cited by 6
“The studies by Haggard et al. [13] and Ekman et al. [14] which detected and analyzed The studies by Haggard et al. [13] and Ekman et al. [14] which detected and analyzed ME by slowing down the video playback are generally considered as the starting point for video-based ME research development. by…”
BackgroundRecognizing Microexpression as Macroexpression by the Teacher-student Framework Network
Song, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, T., Li, S., & Li, J. (2022) · IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct57072.2022.00115 · Cited by 5
“ME was first discovered by Hag-gard and Isaacs [10] in 1966 during a psychotherapy session.”
BackgroundGamble, T. K., & Gamble, M. W. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315719900 · Cited by 5
N-Step Pre-Training and Décalcomanie Data Augmentation for Micro-Expression Recognition
Lee, C., Hong, J., & Jung, H. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22176671 · Cited by 7
“[1] first proposed the concept of micro-expressions.”
Micro-expression recognition using optical flow and local binary patterns on three orthogonal planes
Chang, T., Long, F., & Huang, J. (2019) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3332169.3333575 · Cited by 5
“Its duration is in the range of 1/3 second to 1/2 second [1].”
BackgroundExtended duration human-robot interaction: Tools and analysis
Sarvadevabhatla, R. K., Ng‐Thow‐Hing, V., & Okita, S. Y. (2010) · doi:10.1109/roman.2010.5598676 · Cited by 5
“However, the frame rates were not high enough to capture extremely short phenomena such as quick gestures or microexpressions, which are brief involuntary facial expressions [5].”
BackgroundManifest anxiety and perception of micromomentary expression
Garwood, R., Guiora, A. Z., & Kalter, N. (1970) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(70)90021-0 · Cited by 5
Facial micro-expression recognition using discrete curvelet transform
Verma, G. K. (2017) · IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT) · doi:10.1109/infocomtech.2017.8340637 · Cited by 5
“Micro-expressions were first detailed in the 1960’s in psychological literature and have been contemplated since then [2], [3].”
BackgroundSpotting Macro- and Micro-expression Intervals in Long Video SequencesPreprint
He, Y., Wang, S., Li, J., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.11985 · Cited by 5
“There is a special type of expressions called “micro-expressions” that were first found by Haggard and Isaacs [5].”
BackgroundCross, E. S., & Kappas, A. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-040325-025951 · Cited by 11
Seeing the Unseen: Real-Time Micro-Expression Recognition with Action Units and GPT-Based Reasoning
Sălăgean, G. L., Leba, M., & Ionica, A. C. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15126417 · Cited by 8
The Effect of Synchrony of Happiness on Facial Expression of Negative Emotion When Lying
Solbu, A., Frank, M. G., Fei, X., Nwogu, I., & Neurohr, M. (2023) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-023-00447-4 · Cited by 4
“…that liars who are motivated not to get caught will attempt to suppress their emotional reactions to lying; these efforts often result in the emotional expression appearing on the face for only 500 ms or less (which are called a micro expression; Ekman & Friesen, 1969; Haggard & Isaacs, 1966).”
Xue, P., Guo, X., Bai, J., & Yuan, B. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3395116 · Cited by 5
“The phenomenon of MEs was proposed by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 when they explored the influence of FEs in psychotherapy [11].”
BackgroundDAS²-Theory of Personality: A Cognitive Approach to the Enneagram
Schwarz, E., & Zarrabi, S. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.811118 · Cited by 4
“This new term is akin to Condon & Ogsten’s (1966) microrhythms, Haggard & Isaacs’ (1966) micro-momentary facial expressions, and Paul Ekman and Friesen’s (2003) micro-expressions.”
MethodNonverbal Communication: Evolution and Today
Frank, M. G., & Solbu, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34964-6_5 · Cited by 4
Hidden Sadness Detection: Differences between Men and Women
Vesić, A., Micovic, A., Ignjatović, V., Lakićević, S., Čolović, M., Zivkovic, M. Z., & Marjanovic, M. (2021) · Zooming Innovation in Consumer Technologies Conference (ZINC) · doi:10.1109/zinc52049.2021.9499261 · Cited by 5
The Application of Deep Learning in Micro-Expression Recognition
Zhao, X., Sun, F., & Shen, X. (2021) · International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI) · doi:10.1109/mlbdbi54094.2021.00041 · Cited by 4
“Micro-expressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs, who called them “Micro-Momentary Expressions” (MMEs) [6].”
BackgroundA fixed-point rotation-based feature selection method for micro-expression recognition
Wang, M., Wang, Q., Wang, Q., & Zheng, Z. (2022) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2022.10.021 · Cited by 4
Hannan, N. B., Tearo, K., Malloch, J. W., & Reilly, D. F. (2017) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3025171.3025182 · Cited by 4
“Micro expressions Micro expressions were discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966, while conducting physiotherapy interviews [13].”
BackgroundMicro-Expression Recognition by Leveraging Color Space Information
Tang, M., Zong, Y., Zheng, W., et al. (2019) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2018edl8220 · Cited by 4
“Micro-expressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [1].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S.
- Venue
- Methods of Research in Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1966
- Pages
- 154-165
- OpenAlex
- W65855405
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- facial expressions, micro-expressions, psychotherapy, therapeutic process, nonverbal behavior
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